Physiological psych Final/ (all quizzes)

9.2 ​Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?

70%​

3.3 How does the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation of brain areas differ from magnetic inactivation?

Brain activation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation

9.3 ​When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?

CCK

4.2 What is the process called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon?​

Differentiation

4.1 Sex-linked genes are usually found on the Y chromosome.​

False

9.1 ​What evidence do we have that the preoptic area controls body temperature?

Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.​

7.3 ​What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease?

It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons.​

4.2 ____ steer new axonal branches and synapses in the right direction

Neurotrophins

9.2 ​What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure?

OVLT and subfornical organ​

3.3 ​Which method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow?

PET

5.1 ____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.​

Photopigments

6.1 What occurs to a tone as the frequency increase?

Pitch gets higher

7.2 ​Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum?

Purkinje cells​

1.1 Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body?​

Schwann cells

4.2 What is signaled by nerve growth factor (NGF

That a target cell has "accepted" an axon

6.2 Which statement is TRUE of various types of somatosensation?

They are at least partly distinct all the way from the receptors to the cerebral cortex

3.2 ​Which statement is TRUE of the cortical areas that are sometimes known as "association areas"?

They are best described as additional sensory areas

6.3 What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?

They are replaceable when old neurons die

3.2 What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common?

They both connect the two hemispheres

6.1 Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones?​

They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure

4.2 Which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells?​

They follow chemical gradients from the target cell.

4.1 Genes become more prevalent in a population if they contribute to reproductive success

True

4.1 To determine the contributions of heredity and environment, researchers rely mainly on studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

True

4.2 How much alcohol, if any, can a pregnant woman drink without worrying about the negative effects on her child?​

Unknown, and therefore abstention is recommended

2.1 A normal, healthy animal never contracts the flexor muscles and the extensor muscles of the same leg at the same time. Why not?​

When the interneuron sends excitatory messages to one, inhibitory messages go to the other.

1.1 What mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?​

a blood-brain barrier

3.1 Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

acetylcholine

8.2 Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____.​

acetylcholine

5.1 Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.

all-trans-retinal

9.3 ​In sham-feeding, animals are ____.

allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach​

3.3 Thus far, it appears that the brain feature most strongly correlated with IQ in humans is the ____

amount of gray matter

2.2 Autoreceptors monitor the ____.​

amount of neurotransmitter released

6.1 Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ____

analyzing the meaning of sounds

10.1 Which hormone(s) is/are likely to be found more abundantly in males than in females?​

androgens

9.2 ​Hypovolemia induces thirst by the production of which hormone?

angiotensin II​

9.2 ​Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure.

angiotensin II​

7.1 ​Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ____.

antagonistic muscles​

4.2 The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to ____.

apoptosis

9.3 ​Many kinds of information impinge onto two kinds of cells in one nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the "master area" for control of appetite. That area is the ____.

arcuate nucleus​

9.1 ​Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that ____.

are the same as the temperatures of their environments​

1.1 Neurons typically have one ____, but many ____.​

axon; dendrites

2.2 "Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters ____.​

back into the presynaptic neuron

9.1 ​How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature?

behaviorally

9.3 ​Leptin is produced by ____.

body fat​

6.2 Each spinal nerve has ____.

both a sensory and a motor component

3.1 ​The reticular formation is contained within the ____

brain stem

9.2 ​Hypovolemic thirst ____.

can be satisfied better by salt water than by pure water​

7.2 ​In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____.

cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it​

6.2 Large-diameter pain axons ____

carry sharp pain information

9.3 ​One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it ____.

causes the stomach to fill more quickly​

7.2 ​A saccade is initiated by impulses from the ____.

cerebellum

7.2 ​If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the ____.

cerebellum

9.2 ​Vasopressin raises blood pressure by ____.

constricting the blood vessels​

9.2 What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have?​

constriction of blood vessels​

4.2 Myelination in the human brain ____

continues well into the adult years

3.2 The precentral gyrus is essential for the ____.

control of fine movements

9.3 ​Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____.

convert glycogen to glucose​

6.3 Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____.​

cross-adaptation

2.2 Activation of autoreceptors tends to ____.​

decrease further neurotransmitter release

2.2 Many neurons release neuropeptides mostly from the ____.

dendrites

4.2 After the migrating neuron reaches its destination, ____ begin to form.

dendrites

1.2 What action tends to open the sodium gates across a neuron's membrane?​

depolarization of the membrane

2.1 An EPSP is to ____ as an IPSP is to ____.

depolarization; hyperpolarization

4.2 Immature neurons experimentally transplanted from one part of the developing cortex to another ____.​

develop the properties characteristic of their new location

6.2 Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to ____.

different areas of the body

7.3 ​What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

difficulty initiating movements​

9.3 ​The small intestine ____.

digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates​

10.1 Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?​

dopamine

3.1 What type of pathway in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?​

dopamine

7.3 ​Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter?

dopamine​

10.1 In normal female rats, release of dopamine in the medial preoptic area activity is primed by ____.​

estradiol

7.1 ​The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____.

eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons​

3.3 Which technique is dependent upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules?

fMRI

5.3 Human newborns come into the world predisposed to pay more attention to ____ than any other stationary displays

faces

9.1 ​After damage to the preoptic area, an animal ____.

fails to shiver and sweat sufficiently​

7.1 ​Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?

fast-twitch muscles​

3.1 ​Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in ____

gray matter

5.2 In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?​

horizontal cells

6.3 How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?

hundreds

9.2 ​Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with ____.

hypovolemic thirst​

9.3 ​High levels of leptin are associated with ____.

increased activity and decreased eating​

5.3 Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues, with a dorsal branch important for ____.​

integrating vision with action

1.2 When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.​

into; into

9.1 ​A fever ____.

is part of the body's defense against an illness​

7.3 The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson's disease ____.

is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson's disease​

8.1 ​A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as ____.

jetlag

7.2 ​The posterior parietal cortex ____.

keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world​

9.3​ Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the ____.

lateral hypothalamus​

5.2 Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____

left eye

6.1 What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?

loudness

9.2 ​What causes hypovolemic thirst?

low blood volume​

6.1 In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____.​

mechanical displacement

7.2 ​Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system?

medial tract​

3.1 Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called ____.

meninges

6.1 Conductive deafness is also known as ____

middle ear deafness

7.2 ​Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.

mirror

5.3 Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular

mirror-reversal

7.3 ​As an option for treating Parkinson's patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be ____.

modestly effective, as with other treatments​

6.3 The receptors for taste are ____.

modified skin cells

8.2 When does sleep walking occur?​

mostly during slow wave sleep

5.3 Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of ____

motion perception

5.3 Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway

movement

10.1 Dopamine stimulation of D2 receptors facilitates ____.​

orgasm

9.2 ​What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?

osmotic​

1.2 When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.​

out of; into

6.1 The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the ____. ​

oval window

10.1 What hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm?​

oxytocin

9.3 ​Which area of the hypothalamus seems to be critical for the ending of meals?

paraventricular nucleus​

3.2 Which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for the sense of touch?

parietal lobe

3.1 Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes?

pituitary gland

7.2 ​Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____.

poorly planned movements​

7.1 ​A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____.

position and movement of a part of the body​

7.1 ​A ballistic movement ____.

proceeds automatically once it has been triggered​

9.3 ​For most obese individuals, giving them leptin would ____.

produce little effect​

2.2 The effect of a neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron is determined by the ____

receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

7.1 ​The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to ____.

relax

3.1 ​In addition to problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum will likely have problems with ____

shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

8.1 Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?​

sleep

6.2 Morphine is effective in relieving ____

slow, dull pain

3.1 Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that deliver messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system?

somatic

6.2 The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex

somatosensory; cingulate

5.3 When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____.

speed and direction of movement

2.1 Even at rest, most neurons have periodic production of action potentials, known as the ____.

spontaneous firing rate

4.2 Brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia, are called ____

stem cells

7.1 ​A muscle spindle responds to the ____.

stretch of the muscle​

3.3 Women on the average have a greater density of neurons in part of the ____

temporal lobe

4.2 Roger Sperry cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the eye. Axons from what used to be the dorsal part of the retina (now located on the ventral side) grew back to the target areas ____.​

that ordinarily get input from the dorsal retina

9.1 ​Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures?

their own and the skin​

6.2 The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body.

ventral posterior

5.3 The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the ____.​

ventral stream

5.3 An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____.​

visual agnosia

7.3 ​What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease?

​30-50 years old

9.3 ​What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs?

​Both activate the brain's reinforcement areas.

2.1 What do temporal summation and spatial summation have in common?

​Both enable a reflex to occur in response to weak stimuli.

3.3 ​Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n) ____.

​EEG

2.1 The primary difference between an EPSP and an action potential is that ____

​EPSPs are subthreshold events that decay over time and space

2.1 Which statement is TRUE about the spontaneous firing rates of neurons?​

​EPSPs increase the frequency.

2.1 A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an ____

​IPSP

5.1 Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?​

​It has tightly packed receptors.

2.2 What happens to acetylcholine after it attaches to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell?

​It is broken down into two components.

5.1 Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?​

​It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.

8.1 Which statement is TRUE with regard to the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle?​

​It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment.

7.3 ​What is the effect of MPTP?

​It kills the neurons that release dopamine.

8.1 What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?​

​Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves.

10.1 Which is true of androgens and estrogens?​

​Males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts.

10.1 Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development?​

​Müllerian inhibiting hormone

6.2 What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?​

​Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.

8.2 Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?

​Part of the brain is still asleep.

10.2 Of the various hypotheses based on hormone levels, which is the most plausible explanation for male homosexuality?​

​Prenatal testosterone levels were low during some sensitive period.

8.2 PGO waves are associated with ____.​

​REM sleep

10.2 When examining the data on sexual orientation of twins and other siblings, what seems to be the most reasonable conclusion?​

​Sexual orientation is determined by genetics as well as other factors.

7.3 ​Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?

​The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

1.2 Which of the following is an advantage of having a resting potential?​

​The cell is prepared to respond quickly to a stimulus.

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?​

​The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.

8.1 Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show?​

​They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours.

2.1 Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon?​

​Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons.

8.1 When traveling across time zones, how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?​

​Travel to the west is easier.

5.2 Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.​

​V1

6.1 Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____.

​V1; A1

5.3 Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy

​V4

8.2 What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?​

​Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.

5.3 To what does "shape constancy" refer?​

​We can recognize objects even at different orientations.

8.3 Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?​

​a clinico-anatomical hypothesis

8.2 A polysomnograph displays ____.​

​a combination of EEG and eye-movement records

7.1 ​Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators?

​a dog shaking itself to dry off

5.2 What is strabismus?​

​a failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time

10.2 Who would probably develop as an intersex?​

​a genetic female exposed to more testosterone than normal during early development

10.1 What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?​

​a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development

4.2 Migration requires ____

​a precise chemical environment

6.3 Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as ____.​

​across-fiber

8.2 It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from ____.​

​acting out our dreams

8.2 With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____

​almost completely inactive during sleep

6.1 What dimension determines the intensity of a sound wave?​

​amplitude

6.2 What is a dermatome?

​an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve

10.1 A sensitive period is ____.​

​an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect

10.2 Sex differences are to ____ as gender differences are to ____.​

​anatomy; behaviors

2.2 "Second messengers" carry their messages to ____.​

​areas within the postsynaptic cell

7.2 ​Lateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the ____.

​arms, hands, and toes

10.1 The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak ____.​

​around the time of ovulation

3.1 ​Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.

​arousal; relaxation

5.2 Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair ____.​

​as early as possible

1.1 Which type of glia release chemicals that modify the activity of neighboring neurons?​

​astrocytes

1.2 At what point do the sodium gates begin to close, shutting out further entry of sodium into the cell?​

​at the peak of the action potential

1.1 As a general rule, axons convey information ____

​away from their own cell body

3.1 ​Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?

​basal ganglia

7.2 ​The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____.

​basal ganglia

2.1 On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred?​

​behavioral observations

10.1 The most widely used and most effective birth control pill is one that contains which hormone(s)?​

​both estrogen and progesterone

10.1 Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is ____.​

​bound to alpha-fetoprotein

3.1 ​What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?

​brain stem

2.2 When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.

​calcium

5.1 Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?​

​cones only

7.1 ​Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.

​contraction; inhibition of contraction

7.1 ​Central pattern generators ____.

​contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement

3.1 After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?

​control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area

3.1 Vision is to ____ as hearing is to ____.

​cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII

10.1 By blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also ____.​

​decrease sexual activity

6.1 Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in ____.​

​difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds

2.2 The primary method for disposal of peptide neurotransmitters is ____.

​diffusion

7.3 ​A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease because it ____.

​does not cross the blood-brain barrier

4.2 After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become:

​dormant

3.1 The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called ____

​dorsal root ganglia

5.3 Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?​

​dressing themselves

9.2 ​After a lesion to the lateral preoptic area, a rat would react to an increase in sodium levels by ____.

​drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine

10.1 In general, when do hormones produce "organizing effects"?​

​during early stages in development

10.1 At what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are NOT on birth-control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity?​

​during the periovulatory period

10.1 In comparison to activating effects, organizing effects of hormones take place ____.​

​earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects

10.2 Which characteristic tends to be more important for women than men in choosing a mate?​

​earning potential

1.1 If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand, you would quickly pull your hand away. The information carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by ____.​

​efferent neurons

9.2 ​Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____.

​extracellular fluid

1.2 The speed of an action potential down an unmyelinated axon is best described as ____

​faster in thick axons than in thin ones

1.1 The cell membrane is composed of two layers of _____.​

​fat

7.2 ​People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements. a feelings of intention

​feelings of intention

10.1 Müllerian ducts are found in ____.​

​female and male fetuses early in development

7.1 ​Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?

​flapping wings if suddenly dropped

8.1 Mammals have circadian rhythms ____.​

​for a variety of activities, including sleep

6.1 Pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound?

​frequency

6.1 The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.​

​frequency

8.1 What does "endogenous" mean?​

​generated from within

1.1 What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons?​

​glucose

6.2 A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter ____. A more intense pain also releases ____.​

​glutamate; substance P

2.1 Inhibitory synapses on a neuron ____.​

​hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell

2.2 Vesicles are located ____.​

​in presynaptic terminals

1.1 Chemicals are released by axons ____.​

​into the junction between neurons

8.2 What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?​

​irregular waves with low amplitude

4.2 Necrosis ____.

​is cell death caused by an injury or a toxic substance

1.1 Korsakoff's syndrome ____.​

​is marked by severe memory impairments

1.1 What do neurons have that other cells do not?​

​large, branching extensions

5.3 Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex, it ____.​

​may return to the primary visual cortex

10.1 In one study, women in the follicular phase, when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest, preferred male faces that were ____.​

​more masculine in appearance

9.3 ​Tryptophan enters the brain by an active-transport protein that it shares with ____ and other large amino acids.

​phenylalanine

6.3 Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on ____.​

​pheromones

2.2 Compared to ionotropic effects, metabotropic effects are ____.​

​slower and longer lasting

10.2 A more recent study on differences in the INAH3 suggests that compared to heterosexual men, homosexual men have ____.​

​smaller INAH3 neurons, but a comparable number

2.2 Although slower than an action potential, synaptic transmission is still relatively fast because ____.​

​the synaptic cleft is very narrow

6.1 The eardrum is also known as the ____.

​tympanic membrane

7.3 What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease?​

L-dopa​

6.1 Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear?

More force is needed to create waves in fluid

9.3 ​By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach?

activity of the splanchnic nerves​

9.3 ​The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____.

activity of the vagus nerve​

5.2 Astigmatism refers to the ____

asymmetric curvature of eyes

3.1 ​The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for ____.

attention

5.3 Once within the cerebral cortex, a mixed pathway of magnocellular and parvocellular cells is important for ____

brightness and color

9.3 ​Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by ____.

causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat​

7.2 ​Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?

cerebellum

5.3 The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____.​

dorsal stream

9.2 ​The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control ____.

drinking​

6.1 Tinnitus may be ____.​

due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb

9.3 ​After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals ____.

eat less​

9.1 ​One advantage of being homeothermic is that it ____.

enables the individual to stay active when the environment is cool​

2.2 A neuron excretes neurotransmitters through its membrane by a process called ____.

exocytosis

10.1 Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy ____.​

female

3.1 ​The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all ____.

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

3.1 ​Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in ____.

focusing attention and organizing sensory inputs

5.1 Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye.

ganglion cells

7.2 ​The greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the ____.

greater the collective duration of the response​

1.1 Radial glia ____.​

guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development

9.1 ​Humans expend most of their energy on which activity?

maintaining basal metabolism​

9.1 ​Homeothermic organisms include ____.

mammals and birds​

6.2 What does the vestibular system detect?

movement of the head

7.1 ​A motor program is a ____.

movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion​

7.1 ​A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the ____.

muscle spindles​

8.2 Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____.​

narcolepsy

4.2 The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as ____.​

neural Darwinism

8.2 In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____.​

norepinephrine

9.3 ​When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it ____.

produces extreme overeating​

10.1 The hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is ____.​

progesterone

4.2 The function of neurotrophins is to ____.

promote survival of axons

7.1 A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____

proprioception

5.2 The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____

thalamus

5.3 Damage to the ventral stream may interfere with ____

the ability to describe the shape or size of an object

9.3 ​The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ____.

the liver​

9.1 ​What defines a homeostatic process?

the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range​

3.2 Which statement is TRUE about laminae in the cerebral cortex?

​The laminae vary in thickness in different areas.`

2.2 Which neurotransmitter is released by stimulated neurons to dilate the blood vessels?​

​nitric oxide

4.2 Proliferation is the ____

​production of new cells

7.3 ​What is the relationship of genetics to Huntington's disease?

It is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4.​

3.2 ​If you could selectively damage the individual laminae of the cortex, damage to which layer would most likely affect visual sensation?

Layer IV of the occipital cortex

1.1 ___ in the brain and spinal cord and ____ in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons.​

Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

9.2 ​The hormone aldosterone results in the ____.

conservation of sodium​

9.1 ​Homeostasis is to ____ as allostasis is to ____.

constant; variable

7.2 ​People with posterior parietal damage ____.

have trouble converting vision into action​

6.1 The eardrum vibrates at ____

he same frequency as the sound waves that hit it

3.1 Which structure consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?

hindbrain

7.2 ​The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____.

holding a finger in a steady position​

9.2 ​Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote ____.

increased blood pressure​

9.3 ​Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to eating ____.

normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently​

6.3 The taste nerves initially project to the ____

nucleus of the tractus solitarius

9.3 ​Which group would most likely benefit from taking leptin?

obese people who fail to produce leptin​

9.2 ​The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration is termed ____.

osmotic pressure​

6.2 Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, relieve pain by ____.

reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissues

7.2 What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to another?

saccade

9.3 ​The increasing prevalence of obesity obviously relates to the increased availability of our diet and ____.

sedentary lifestyle​

7.2 ​In order to elicit movement, the motor cortex ____.

sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord​

2.1 What is the proper ordering of a reflex arc?​

sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

7.1 ​Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____.

slow-twitch fibers​

9.3 ​What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?

small intestine​

7.1 What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs?

smooth

6.3 Olfaction also plays a subtle role in ____

social behavior

2.1 What causes an EPSP?​

the opening of sodium channels

7.2 ​Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____.

timing; voluntary movements​

5.1 At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best

trichromatic; opponent process

7.2 ​Mirror neurons are active when ____.

watching others perform movements​

5.1 According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____

which neurons are active

7.1 ​Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human?

yawning

2.2 What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?​

​It breaks acetylcholine down into components for recycling.

8.3 If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?​

​The more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep

1.2 Which of the following describes the transmission of information in a local neuron?​

​The signal decreases in strength as it travels.

8.2 Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?​

​being obese

8.1 A "zeitgeber" is a(n) ____.​

​environmental cue that resets a biological clock

3.2 Neurons in the prefrontal cortex ____ than neurons in other cortical areas.

​have more dendritic spines

3.1 The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones ____.

​into the bloodstream

3.2 ​People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble ____

​locating objects in space

3.1 What causes hydrocephalus?

​obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid

3.1 Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?

​sympathetic

2.1 Specialized junctions between neurons are called ____.​

​synapses

5.2 Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?

​to the lateral geniculate

7.1 If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?

It could chase prey only over short distances.​

3.1 The ascending portion of the reticular formation ____.

increases arousal and attention

1.2 When the potential across a membrane reaches threshold, the sodium channels ____.​

open to let sodium enter the cell rapidly

6.2 The brain chemicals known as endorphins produce effects similar to which substance?

opiates

9.1 ​Beyond about 40° or 41°C, ____ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties.

proteins

5.3 In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty____.​

recognizing different kinds of plants and animals

7.2 ​The prefrontal cortex ____.

responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.​

9.2 ​A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.

salty

7.3 ​The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following?

schizophrenia

2.2 The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?​

serotonin

9.3 ​Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain.

stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus​

​7.1 A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes.

stretch

7.1 ​Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____.

stretch; tension​

7.1 ​What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?

striated

6.2 What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?

substance P

7.3 ​In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?

substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen

6.1 Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing ____.​

sudden-onset sounds

7.2 ​Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex.

supplementary motor cortex​

7.2 ​Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.

supplementary motor cortex​

5.1 Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____

the periphery; the fovea

2.1 Sherrington deduced that transmission at a synapse must be slower than conduction along an axon. This was based on what kind of evidence?​

the speed of reflexive responses

7.3 ​What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease?

twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement​

4.2 Chemicals in the amphibian tectum guide the growth of axons from the retina to their correct location in the tectum by ____.​

using a chemical gradient

9.2 ​Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of ____.

vasopressin

8.1 What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?​

​Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles.

4.2 Why is it that every axon in an adult mammal has a target cell (muscle cell or other neuron) with which it makes synaptic contact?​

​Axons that fail to find a target cell die.

10.2 What conclusion can be drawn from the unusual gender identity cases from the Dominican Republic?​

​Early child-rearing experiences are not the sole determinant of gender identity.

10.1 How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?​

​Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Müllerian structures.

10.1Genetic males with testicular feminization (androgen insensitivity) develop looking and acting female. This condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which effect?​

​It prevents testosterone from having its usual effects.

7.2 ​After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test?

​The initial rapid movement to the nose

10.2 What were the findings of a study of CAH girls in adolescence?​

​They read more sports magazines than the average for other teenage girls.

8.1 An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness. What is likely to happen? ​

​They sleep poorly during rest periods.

10.2 Which circumstance will be most likely to cause a genetic male to develop a mostly feminine anatomy?​

​a condition that prevents androgens from exerting their effects

1.2 What causes potassium ions to leave the axon just after the peak of the action potential?​

​a continuing concentration gradient and the opening of the potassium gates

7.3 ​It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is ____.

​a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease

8.1 When do the secretions of melatonin begin?​

​a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep

9.3 ​A Danish study correlating the weights of 540 adopted children with various adoptive and biological relatives found ____.

​a higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives

3.1 ​Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely result in ____

​a movement disorder

1.2 The all-or-none law states that ____

​a neuron produces an action potential of maximal strength, or none at all

9.1 A set point refers to ____.​

​a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level

6.2 An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with ____

​ability to locate where they are being touched

8.1 Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last ____.​

​about a day

6.1 The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called ____

​absolute pitch

9.3 ​The large intestine ____.

​absorbs water and minerals

9.3 ​Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in ____.

​an increase in food seeking behaviors

10.2 Certain individuals with an XY chromosome pattern have the genital appearance of a female. This condition is known as ____.

​androgen insensitivity

10.1 Two major classes of sex hormones are ____.​

​androgens and estrogens

10.1 The sexually dimorphic nucleus is located in the ____.​

​anterior hypothalamus

1.1 Dendrites ____.​

​are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends

8.2 The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.​

​are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep

8.2 In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams ____.​

​are more likely to include complicated plots

5.1 In comparison to cones, rods ____.​

​are more sensitive to dim light

1.1 Glial cells ____.​

​are smaller but more numerous than neurons in the human brain.

6.1 According to the frequency theory, the ____

​basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency

5.1 In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.

​bipolar cells

8.2 Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____.​

​block histamine

1.2 A drug that blocks the sodium gates of a neuron's membrane will ____.​

​block the action potential

1.2 When a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?​

​both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient

4.2 Which of the following are selective as axons form synapses with target cells

​both axons and target cells

8.1 The proteins PER and TIM, originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also, influence circadian rhythms by ____.​

​building up during the day and declining during sleep

4.2 Which of the following best describes the process by which developing axons find their general target areas?​

​chemical attraction

5.2 What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?​

​complex

6.3 In adult humans, the taste buds are ____.​

​concentrated along the outside edge of the tongue

8.2 What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?​

​consistently feeling sleepy during the day

8.1 If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.​

​continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

3.1 If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ____ to each other.

​contralateral

5.1 According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____

​contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

6.2 Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ____.​

​emotion areas of the brain

6.3 Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____.​

​endopiriform cortex

2.2 COMT and MAO are ____

​enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals

10.1 Which hormone(s) is/are likely to be found more abundantly in females than in males?​

​estrogens

8.1 Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____.​

​expose them to bright lights while they work

8.1 Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____.​

​exposure of the eyes to light

10.2 What would cause a genetic female to develop a partly masculinized anatomy?​

​exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period

6.1 Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____.​

​frequency theory; place theory

5.2 The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____

​have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field

3.2 ​If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, an individual may ____.

​have difficulty remembering where s/he just placed the keys

3.1 The term rhombencephalon refers to the ____.

​hindbrain

6.1 A sound shadow refers to ____

​how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound

6.3 Olfactory information is coded in receptor cells through ____.​

​hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical

1.2 What occurs when a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?​

​hyperpolarization

8.2 What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?​

​hypnagogic hallucinations

2.2 Releasing hormones are synthesized in the ____ and released in the ____

​hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

9.2 ​Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ____.

​if you are very thirsty

8.3 Compared to REM, research suggests that NREM is ____.​

​important for strengthening memories of lists of words

10.2 One objection to the use of the one-mate strategy in women is that ____.​

​in some cases, having multiple sex partners can result in more offspring

8.2 Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep ____.​

​includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

4.2 In response to nervous system injury, neurotrophins ____.​

​increase regrowth of damaged axons

8.2 Research found that during REM sleep, activity ____.​

​increased in both the pons and the limbic system

7.1 ​A Golgi tendon organ responds to ____.

​increases in muscle tension

7.3 ​L-Dopa, a common treatment for Parkinson's disease, is a drug that ____.

​increases the brain's production of dopamine

1.2 Which action would depolarize a neuron?​

​increasing membrane permeability to sodium

10.1 One way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____.​

​increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area

5.3 Which structure has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?​

​inferior temporal cortex

2.1 In a reflex arc, the coordination between contraction of certain muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by ____.​

​interneurons

8.2 A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.​

​interrupted or shortened REM sleep

2.2 Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What type of effect is this?​

​ionotropic

2.2 A receptor can directly open a channel and thereby exert a(n) ____ effect, or it can produce slower but longer ____ effects.

​ionotropic; metabotropic

9.1​ The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring ____.

​its own temperature

2.1 The "spontaneous firing rate" of a neuron refers to ___

​its rate of producing action potentials even when it is not stimulated

8.1 Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be ____.

​just over 24 hours

3.2 The large-scale integration problem is the difficulty of ____

​knowing how the areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception

6.3 Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of coding is referred to as ____

​labeled-line

10.2 At this point, the conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are ____.​

​lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them

10.1 The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is ____.​

​larger in males than in females

5.2 Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?​

​lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

8.1 What is the principal zeitgeber for land animals?​

​light

3.1 ​The parasympathetic nervous system has ____

​long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons

6.1 What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?​

​loudness and timing

3.1 Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?

​medulla

8.1 The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. ​

​melatonin

8.3 Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks. ​

​memory

9.3 ​Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability?

​metabolizing the sugar in milk

1.1 Glial cells whose function most closely resembles that of the immune system are called ____.​

​microglia

8.1 A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest ____.​

​mid to late afternoon

3.1 ​In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?

​midbrain

6.2 Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by ____.​

​mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses

6.3 Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with ____ in young women who are not sexually active.

​more regular menstrual cycles

8.3 Research suggests that REM is ____.​

​most important for strengthening memories of motor skills

7.2 ​The basal ganglia are most critical for learning ____.

​motor habits that are difficult to describe in words

9.3 ​What is the first point in the digestive system where enzymes begin to break down food?

​mouth

9.3 ​The esophagus brings food from the ____.

​mouth to the stomach

8.2 People with REM behavior disorder ____.​

​move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams

3.1 ​The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?

​movement

1.2 Electrical gradients lead to the ____.​

​movement of ions to areas having opposite electrical charges

2.1 Spatial summation refers to ____.

​multiple weak stimulations that occur at the same time

8.2 Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?​

​narcolepsy

6.3 The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located ____.​

​near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors

9.1 ​Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as ____.

​negative feedback

1.2 The resting potential is mainly the result of ____

​negatively charged proteins inside the cell

6.1 What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?

​nerve

7.1 ​What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?

​neuromuscular junction

2.2 Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to ____ outside the membrane, and attach to ____ inside the membrane.

​neurotransmitters; G-proteins

3.2 Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?

​occipital

10.2 Some studies have linked male homosexuality to having a greater number of ____.​

​older brothers

6.3 Olfactory receptors carry their message to the ____.​

​olfactory bulb

1.1 What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?​

​oligodendrocytes

8.2 The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.​

​only one of several systems involved in arousal

8.1 ​The SCN is located just above the ____.

​optic chiasm

5.1 According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.​

​our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

10.1 A woman's hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle.​

​ovaries

9.3 ​An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus?

​paraventricular

9.3 ​Hunger and satiety-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus affect neurons in the ____, thereby affecting meal size.

​paraventricular nucleus

3.2 Someone who suddenly loses the ability to identify objects by feeling them has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?

​parietal lobe

3.2 ​The ____ monitors all the information about eye, head, and body positions and passes it on to brain areas that control movement.

​parietal lobe

5.2 Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells?​

​parvocellular

3.2 ​The "binding problem" is the issue of how we ____.

​perceive visual, auditory and other aspects of a stimulus as a single object

8.2 Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as ____.​

​periodic limb movement disorder

1.2 Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their ____.​

​permeability

6.1 Humans localize low frequencies by ____ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences

​phase; loudness

5.1 Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____.​

​photopigments

6.1 The structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the ____

​pinna

10.1 During the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels increase and decrease under the influence of hormones released by which gland?​

​pituitary

10.1 If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity her ____.​

​pituitary and ovaries will produce steady levels of hormones instead of cyclic levels of hormones

3.3 A stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for ____.

​placing an electrode in the brain

5.2 The receptive field of a receptor is the ____

​point in space from which light strikes the receptor

8.2 The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____

​pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex

3.2 ​The only area of the cerebral cortex known to receive input from ALL sensory modalities is the ____

​prefrontal cortex

1.1 An axon has many branches, each of which swells at its tip. These are known as ____.​

​presynaptic terminals

7.1 ​The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____.

​prevent extreme muscle contractions

3.2What is the primary target area in the cortex for information regarding muscle-stretch and joint receptors?

​primary somatosensory cortex

2.2 A drug that inhibits the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase will have the effect of ____

​prolonging the action of acetylcholine at its synapses

4.2 Nerve growth factor (NGF) ____.

​promotes the survival and growth of the axon

7.2 ​The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____.

​pyramids of the medulla

2.2 Ionotropic effects are characterized by ____.​

​rapid and short-lived effects

6.2 Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ____.

​rapid mechanical pressure

2.1 Which pattern of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential?​

​rapid sequence of EPSPs

2.1 The "decision" for a neuron to fire is determined by the ____.​

​ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs

5.3 Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with ____.

​reaching out to grasp an object

5.1 In what order does visual information pass through the retina?​

​receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

5.1 Color constancy is the ability to ____

​recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

5.3 A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____

​recognize visual objects

5.3 Someone with prosopagnosia has difficulty with ____.​

​recognizing faces

6.3 Chemicals that prevent sodium from crossing the membrane ____.​

​reduce the intensity of salty tastes

6.3 Taste perception in the brain depends on ____.​

​relative activity of different taste neurons

5.1 According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.

​relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

8.2 Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?​

​relaxed wakefulness

3.1 One function of the thalamus is to ____.

​relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex

8.1 ​Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____.

​remain relatively stable

5.2 V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.​

​repeating stripes on a flag

8.1 The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____.​

​respond directly to light, but respond very slowly

5.2 In depth perception, different views are received by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed. What is this called?​

​retinal disparity

5.2 Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ____.​

​retinal disparity

5.1 Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.​

​retinex

5.2 Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____

​rods and cones; bipolar cells

8.3 A decrease in the amount of sleep most likely to affect the performance of migratory bird during ____.​

​seasons other than migration

6.2 Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?​

​semicircular canals and otolith organs

5.1 In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.​

​sensitive to detail

10.1 Pregnant women often experience nausea because of the heightened activity of the ____ receptor.​

​serotonin 3

2.2 In general, a single neuron releases ____ neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to ____ neurotransmitter(s).

​several; many

1.1 Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their ____.​

​shape

8.3 Another aspect of sleep's contribution to memory relates to: ​

​sleep spindles

8.2 With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.​

​slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number

1.2 The action potential of a neuron depends mostly on what movement of ions?​

​sodium ions entering the cell

1.2 In the normal course of an action potential, ____.

​sodium remains much more concentrated outside than inside the neuron

8.2 Typically, a person who falls asleep enters ____.​

​stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order

8.2 Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?​

​stage 2

8.2 Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.

​stages 3 and 4

8.2 Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____.​

​staying awake

10.1 If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will ____.​

​still develop into a male

8.3 According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, it should be possible to predict (with better than chance accuracy) the content of a person's dreams if we know what information about the person?​

​stimuli currently acting on the body and areas of spontaneous brain activity

9.3 ​The vagus nerve is to ____ as the splanchnic nerves are to ____.

​stomach fullness; nutrient contents of the stomach

8.2 What is narcolepsy?​

​sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

10.1 In the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a(n) ____.​

​sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone

10.1 Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.​

​surge of prolactin and oxytocin

1.1 The surface of a dendrite is lined with specialized junctions through which the dendrite receives information from other neurons. What are these junctions called?​

​synaptic receptors

6.3 A person who "sees" spoken language or music may be experiencing ____.​

​synesthesia

3.2 What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations?​

​temporal

3.2 Which lobe seems to be especially involved in the comprehension of spoken language in humans?

​temporal

2.1 A certain weak stimulus produces no reflexive response, but a rapid repetition of that stimulus may produce such a response. What is this phenomenon called?​

​temporal summation

10.1 Decreases in ____ levels generally decrease male sexual activity.​

​testosterone

10.1 In general, when do hormones produce "organizing effects"?​

​testosterone

10.1 A means of controlling sex offenders has involved reducing ____.​

​testosterone levels

3.1 Which structure provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?

​thalamus

5.2 In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth

​thalamus; cortex

5.2 Blindsight refers to ____

​the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field

10.1 What determines whether a mammal develops male or female external genitals?​

​the amount of testosterone during prenatal development

7.3 ​The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also ____.

​the approximate age of onset

3.3 ​An electroencephalograph measures ____.

​the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain

6.2 The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____

​the body and its movements

8.3 According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?​

​the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity

2.2 What is the synaptic cleft?​

​the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

10.1 According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effect on ____.​

​the hypothalamus

6.2 An acceleration of the head at any angle causes ____

​the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells

5.1 Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?​

​the left half

6.2 When mechanical pressure bends the membrane of a Pacinian corpuscle, ____.​

​the membrane's resistance to the flow of sodium ions decreases

3.1 Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by ____.

​the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons

10.2 Gender identity can be defined as ____.​

​the sex one identifies with and calls oneself

10.1 What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures?​

​the sex region Y (SRY) gene

10.2 What measurable differences are apparently related to homosexual versus heterosexual orientation in adult men?​

​the size of certain parts of their hypothalamus

1.2 The neuron will produce an action potential only if the depolarization exceeds the ____.

​threshold of excitation.

8.3 A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is ____.​

​to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes

10.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs because the adrenal gland releases ____.​

​too little cortisol

4.2 Early in development, the nervous system begins as a ____.​

​tube surrounding a fluid-filled cavity

10.2 The interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than ____.​

​twice as large in heterosexual men as in women

6.2 A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on ____.​

​unusually slow axons

9.2 ​Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?

​vasopressin

8.2 Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior. ​

​vegetative

3.1 Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____.

​vision; hearing

Which ability would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?​

​visually tracking an object while dancing

6.3 We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because ____.​

​we have many different bitter receptors

10.1 Which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones?​

​whether an organism develops as male or female

5.2 What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?​

​whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location

10.2 A hermaphrodite is an individual ____.​

​whose genital anatomy is intermediate between male and female

3.2 The prefrontal cortex is important for ____.

​working memory

3.3 Computerized axial tomography creates an image from ____.

​x-rays

6.3 If you are a supertaster, then ____

​you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes

10.2 Which mate-selection preference is stronger for men than for women?​

​youthfulness

8.1 Social stimuli - that is, the effects of other people - are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.​

​zeitgebers

6.2 Itching is primarily the result of ____

​​histamine release

4.2 Apoptosis ____

​​is a programmed mechanism of cell death

3.2 Cortical blindness may result from the destruction of ____.

​​the occipital cortex