physiology 3

how cell response to hormone?

Not all cells can respond to each hormone. To respond, a cell needs to have receptors for a hormone. When the hormone binds to a receptor usually a cell will do more or less of what it normally does -- contract, secrete, synthesize a product, divide ..... Most skeletal muscles have receptors for insulin, but most neurons do not. Skeletal muscles need insulin to take up glucose whereas neurons do not.

how hormone in posterior pitutary is released?

Posterior Pituitary. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release oxytocin (OT) or ADH into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These hormones are stored or released into the blood via the capillary plexus.

Name the releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus.

TSH, CRH, GhRH, GhIH, GnRH, PIF (same as dopamine)

melatonin

The pineal gland on the dorsal wall of the thalamus/ produces the sleepy-time

how is made possible for blood ca level are kept near 9mg/dl?

This is made possible by the large amount of calcium stored in our skeleton and 3 hormones that regulate blood calcium levels

Peripheral Endocrine Glands

Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Pancreas

hwat chemical class have a chain of amino acid. what organelle in the cell would be facoring? why would this type of hormone use less if consumed orally?

peptit ribosome because the protein will be detroyed by the acid in gastric juice.

aldosterone, where, function, what is it also called?

adrenal cortex also produces other steroid hormones including the mineralcorticoid called aldosterone, which helps regulate blood volume and Na-K levels. regular blood pressure

Cellular receptors that respond to the sympathetic catecholamines, norepinephrine and epinephrine, are called

adrenergic receptors.

There are two major subtypes of adrenergic receptors

alpha an beta

FSH and LH (the "gonadotropins")

are released beginning at puberty and awaken the gonads to secrete their hormone. -The gonadotropins include two glycoprotein hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, or gametes, including ova in women and sperm in men. FSH also promotes follicular growth; these follicles then release estrogens in the female ovaries. -Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation in women, as well as the production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. LH stimulates production of testosterone by the male testes

PTH

back of thyroid -On the the back the thyroid gland are the parathyroid glands that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is released when blood calcium levels fall below its set point and it causes bone to release calcium and stimulates formation of vitamin D hormone (calcitriol) in the kidneys, which promotes calcium absorption from the GI tract.

why cortisol is called glucocorticoid?

because it elavate blood sugar by stimulate break down of muscle. released in response to stress and low blood-glucose concentration.

what control posterior pitutary hormon

brain send signal to nerve

Glucocorticoids ("steroids")

can also open airways but their anti-inflammatory effect works through protein synthesis mechanisms and so their effect takes several days to have a significant impact. EPI immediately relaxes the smooth muscle that lines the airways.

what are adrenergic receptors?

cellular receptors that respond to the sympathetic catecholamines, norepinephrine and epinephrine, are called

finding variations among receptors for the same chemical messenger allows

drug companies to develop new drugs that bind to a particular subtype of receptor without interfering with communication at other sites in the body. This reduces the number of unpleasant side-effects of drugs.

calcitonin where, fuction

he thyroid gland produces calcitonin which reduces blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bone ("calcibonin").

6 steps:

hormone synthesis (amines, peptides and steroids) 2. hormone storage in vesicles (steroid hormones are not stored to any significant extent) 3. hormone release (via changes in monitored variables, changes in other hormones, changes in neural drive, or intrinsic rhythmic activity. 4. transport to target organs via the bloodstream 5. binding to receptors at target organs (receptors may be on the cell surface or inside cell and mediate increased or decreased activities of the target cell) 6. clearance -- the hormone has to be inactivated, sometimes through destructions in the body and in other cases (HCG during pregnancy-Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation. The presence of hCG is detected in some pregnancy tests. Wikipedia )they are secreted directly into the urine.

how release of the hormone from hypothalamus to anterior pitutary?

hypothalamus send hormine to the anterior pitutary through infundibulum then to anterior

what trigger release of adrenallin

hypothalamus-sympathetic system- adrenal medulla-epinephrine-adrenallin

calcitriol

in the kidneys, which promotes calcium absorption from the GI tract. - vitamin D hormone

epinphrine

increase heart rate, muscle trength, blood pressure/ andreal medulla/ beta cell

One of the reasons why the sympathetics can be excitatory at some organs (radial muscle of the iris) and inhibitory at others (GI tract)

is a difference in type of adrenergic receptors.

what is reasons why the sympathetics can be excitatory at some organs (radial muscle of the iris) and inhibitory at others (GI tract) ?

is a difference in type of adrenergic receptors. In the lungs and the heart beta receptors predominate. In the bladder and prostate alpha receptors predominate.

Oxytocin/ when release/ function?

is released during sexual arousal and orgasm is both male and female; it is also responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth and contracts the milk ducts during the let down reflex. the let down of milk

what are releases both insulin and glucagon

isullin vs glucagon

The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland because

it secretes hormones to the blood and digestive juices to the small intestine. There are six steps to communication in the endocrine system:

renin

kidney/ cause increase blood pressure, restoreation of pefusion pressure in kidney

what happen when blood calcium levels are rising above set point?

less PTH and more calcitonin from the thyroid gland will be released to the bloodstream. Calcitonin (which I affectionately call "calcibonin") stimulates bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) to remove calcium from the blood and deposit it in bones.

Ca in typical adult

loses about 300 mg of calcium each day, mostly in the urine. To compensate, adults consume at least 1000 mg of calcium each day. This large amount reflects the body's poor ability to absorb calcium from our food

Hormones and neurotransmitters would be useless without.... give an example to prove

receptors to respond them. No information will get passed if a speaker cannot speak or a listener cannot hear. -For example, the effects of insulin on cells requires that insulin bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of target cells. This binding enables cells to pull nutrients like glucose and amino acids out of the blood. The most common type of diabetes mellitus in not from a lack of insulin but a loss of insulin receptors on target cells. This is known as insulin-independence diabetes mellitus and accounts for about 90% of all cases of sugar diabetes.

growth hormone, when release where, function in children and adult, anabolic or catabolic

release during sleep anter pitutary example of an anabolic hormone. This appears to be one of the hormones used by Barry Bonds. - In children GH promotes lengthening of bones.- -In adults it promotes thickening of bones, as well as growth in muscle mass and the breakdown of fat. -GH can promote repair of injured body parts. Children need more sleep than adults in large part because of their greater need to secrete GH.

ACTH

releases both insulin and glucagon. AP - also called corticotropin, stimulates the adrenal cortex (the more superficial "bark" of the adrenal glands) to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol -The release of ACTH is regulated by the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus in response to normal physiologic rhythms. A variety of stressors can also influence its release, and the role of ACTH in the stress response

The thyroid hormones (T4 90 and T3 10) function? what is it contain/ ingredient of thyroid hormone?what happen when too much or too few T3, T4? What role does the liver and kidney play on TH?

set the body's metabolic rate. -iodiel and tyrosin T-oo few thyroid hormones can lead to sluggishness and weight gain and goiter (enlarged thyroid); -too much can lead to weight loss, nervousness and difficulty sleeping in class. -Because T3 and T4 contain iodine they cannot be made if iodine is deficient in the diet. This is rare today because salt is fortified with iodine (as iodide) and we eat foods from all over the world. -their enzymes convert most of the T4 into T3 [80% of circulating T3 is derived from T4 outside the thyroid gland]

what is the chemical class of cortisol and testosterone and list one other name for the chemical class?

steroid, cholesterol

Hormones are divided into three major chemical classes:

steroids made from cholesterol, amines made from amino acids and peptides (small proteins).

what drugs that block beta receptors and how it works?

such as propranolol, have been used to weaken the heart and lower blood pressure. - Beta blockers have also been used to treat performance anxiety by calming your racing heart during an exam. -Beware, though! Beta-blockers may calm your nervous system, but used daily they can also dull your memory and cause depression -- even if you pass your exams. There's a law of nature -- when you fix one problem, you'll most likely create new ones. This law helps keep lawyers employed.

what drugs that block alpha receptors and how it works?

such as tamsulosin (Flomax), have been used block sympathetic effects on the bladder and prostate thereby facilitating the flow of urine.

both EPI and NE are released from... which one dominate of beta or alpha cell. where they located, function?

the adrenal medulla, although EPI dominates (about 80%). EPI has a higher affinity for the beta receptors than the alpha receptors, whereas NE has a higher affinity for the alpha adrenergic receptors than the beta receptors. Beta receptors predominate in the airways of the lungs so EPI solutions ("Bronkaid Mist" ...) are preferable to NE solutions to quickly dilate the airways of asthmatics.

If our calcium intake is inadequate

the bones will be 'robbed' of calcium to maintain blood levels for the soft tissues, where calcium is needed for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and the release of hormones and neurotransmitters

what happen if blood calcium levels fall below set point?

the parathyroid glands release PTH, which stimulates bone-destroying cells (osteoclasts) to release calcium from bones, reduces urinary loss of calcium and stimulates the conversion of Vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol ("vitamin D hormone") in the kidneys. Calcitriol then acts on the GI tract to enhance tang cao the absorption of calcium from our foods

what trigger release T4

thyroid stimulate hormone tsh

chemical class : amine. what is the name of hormone?

thyroxine

Can you predict the likely consequence of a tumor of the parathyroids that releases too much PTH?

too much PTH is released in the bloodstream and then access into the bone. in there, ca will be removed from bone to bloodstream lead to bone pain or osteoporosis. The high level of Ca in bloodstream can lead to high blood vessel , increase risk of heart attack or stroke because Ca built up in the artery. Aslo, the access Ca level affect the electrical system of the heart and cause palpitation. moreover, the access of Ca can built up in kidneys and cause kidney stones. High level Ca also affect or brain; it cause slower nervous system and lead to tired, depressive. -Also calcium deposits in soft tissues.

Can you predict the likely consequence of a tumor of the parathyroids that releases too much PTH?

too much PTH is released in the bloodstream and then access into the bone. in there, ca will be removed from bone to bloodstream lead to bone pain or osteoporosis. The high level of Ca in bloodstream can lead to high blood vessel , increase risk of heart attack or stroke because Ca built up in the artery. Aslo, the access Ca level affect the electrical system of the heart and cause palpitation. moreover, the access of Ca can bult up in kidneys and cause kidney stones. High level Ca also affect or brain; it cause slower nervous system and lead to tired, depressive...

Beta blockers have also been used to treat what? how the beta blocker work to treat

treat performance anxieties and phobias to prevent the "pounding heart" effect that can further terrorize a performer or phobic. -also treatment for cardiac arrhythmias and high blood pressure -propranolol. Beta blockers bind to EPI and NE receptors but do not activate them. They prevent EPI and NE from binding. The result is that heart rate slows and cardiac output declines. Less blood from the heart will mean lower blood pressure in the arteries.

take tryptophan to relieve depression and help sleep. what mechanism of action and chemical messengers involveld

tryptophan increase systhesis of melatonin and serotonin

what PTH and Calcitriol fuction inlevel of Ca2+?

when Ca is low , the parathyroid glands release PTH, which stimulates bone-destroying cells (osteoclasts) to release calcium from bones, reduces urinary loss of calcium and stimulates the conversion of Vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol ("vitamin D hormone") in the kidneys. Calcitriol then acts on the GI tract to enhance the absorption of calcium from our foods.

adrenergic receptors.

- alpha and beta receptors

prolactin

- increase during prenancy -stimulate breast develop spesical intialnate and maintain breast milk after birth. -infant sucking action stimulalate release prolactin lead to sua chay. =milk production

glucagon

- pancrea, alpha cell-released during a fast and helps to mobilized the body's energy reserves

tamsulosin (Flomax)

Drugs that block alpha receptors, such as tamsulosin (Flomax), have been used block sympathetic effects on the bladder and prostate thereby facilitating the flow of urine.

What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?

-An endocrine gland secretes its products, for example hormones, directly into the blood. An example of an endocrine gland is the adrenal gland which secretes adenaline made in the adrenal medulla directly into the blood. -exocrine gland is a gland that secretes its hormones into a system of ducts that lead to the external environment. As a result, exocrine glands are commonly known as duct glands - the effects and response time of endocrine glands take a longer time to manifest or endocrine glands usually have slower response times relative to exocrine glands -The duration of action of the hormones of the endocrine system lasts longer than that of the exocrine system.

TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

-The anterior pituitary - instructs the thyroid gland to release hormone, which is converted to T3 at target organs, parathyroid, calcitonin

cortisol

-adrernal cortext the principal glucocorticoid is cortisol (hydrocortisone). It is a catabolic steroid hormone, promoting the breakdown of protein and fat and the synthesis of glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis).

ADH

-is released when body water content is low. -It shuts down the kidneys and causes blood vessel walls to contract, thereby maintaining blood pressure. -negative feedback -vasopressin because, in very high concentrations, it causes constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance

insualin, when, function, lack of insulin or insulin receptor lead to? most common cause of the disease

-pancreas. beta cells - is released in large amounts after a meal and helps store nutrients away -Lack of insulin or insulin receptors leads to a chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) called diabetes mellitus, which is one of the 10 leading killers in the United States. The most common type of diabetes mellitus is not due primarily to lack of insulin, but due to loss of insulin receptors. This type of diabetes usually begins in adulthood and is associated with obesity.

what step unique in endocrine system communication compared to the synape

4. transport to target organs via bloodstream

Blood calcium levels are kept near

9 mg per dL of plasma regardless of our dietary intake of calcium.

compare and contract anterior and posterior pitutary?

Anterior: adenohypophesis that derives from ectoderm. Must be stimulated by hypothalamic releasing hormones. Posterior: neurohypophesis. Directly releases hormones into bloodstream

propranolol

Drugs that block beta receptors, such as propranolol, have been used to weaken the heart and lower blood pressure. Beta blockers have also been used to treat performance anxiety by calming your racing heart during an exam. Beware, though! Beta-blockers may calm your nervous system, but used daily they can also dull your memory and cause depression -- even if you pass your exams. There's a law of nature -- when you fix one problem, you'll most likely create new ones. This law helps keep lawyers employed.

give an example of "There are usually different receptors for the "

For epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine these "adrenergic" receptors are subtyped into alpha and beta receptors. Alpha and beta receptors have been subtyped further into alpha1 and alpha2 and beta1 and beta2 receptors. There are even subtypes of alpha1 receptors.

what is the major benefit to an animal of a nervous system instead of merely an endocrine system?

The endocrine system is an alternative communication system in the body. It is older and slower than the nervous system, but the messages in the form of hormones can persist longer than neurotransmitters