Physiology Exam 4 Study Guide
In the above diagram, which number best represents a sarcomere? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
In the above diagram, which number best represents the A band? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3
In the above diagram, which number represents an area with actin filaments only? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
"Motor unit" refers to ___________. A. a single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates B. a single muscle fiber plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it C. all of the motor neurons supplying a single muscle D. a pair of antagonistic muscles E. all of the muscles that affect the movement of any given joint
A
After ovulation, thecal cells of the ruptured follicle stay in the ovary and become the ________. A. corpus luteum B. corpus albicans C. corona radiata D. corpus pellucidum E. luteinizing hormone
A
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) may occur in _______. A. a second Rh-positive fetus developing in a Rh-negative woman B. a first Rh-positive fetus developing in a Rh-negative woman C. a second Rh-negative fetus developing in a Rh-negative woman D. a first Rh-negative fetus developing in a Rh-negative woman E. any fetus in a Rh-negative woman
A
Somatic motor neurons release which of the following neurotransmitters. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. epinephrine D. norepinephrine E. serotonin
A
The histamine released during an allergic reaction causes __________ of blood vessels and _________ of the bronchioles in the lungs. A. dilation/constriction B. dilation/dilation C. constriction/dilation D. constriction/constriction
A
Which of the following can be described as an encapsulated secondary immune organ? A. lymph nodes B. tonsils C. gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) D. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) E. all of the above are correct
A
Which of the following cells is a phagocyte? A. monocytes B. basophils C. mast cells D. cytotoxic T cells E. natural killer cells
A
Which of the following cells is not a granulocyte? A. macrophages B. neutrophils C. eosinophils D. basophils E. mast cells
A
Which of the following is matched correctly? A. innate immunity - nonspecific immune response B. acquired immunity - nonspecific immune response C. innate immunity - specific immune response D. cell-mediated immunity - antibody-mediated immunity E. humoral immunity - nonspecific immune response
A
Calcium must bind to which of the following proteins to initiate contraction of a skeletal muscle? A. actin B. troponin C. tropomyosin D. myosin E. dystrophin
B
During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, __________. A. ovulation occurs B. a new uterine lining forms C. the endometrium becomes secretory D.the corpus luteum forms E. the endometrium sloughs
B
Human gamete cells have ________. A. 46 chromosomes B. 23 chromosomes C. just 22 pairs of autosomes plus one pair of sex chromosomes D. 46 chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes E. 2n chromosomes
B
Luteinizing hormone targets _________ cells, which produce _________. A. Leydig/sperm B. Leydig/testosterone C. Sertoli/sperm D. Sertoli/testosterone E. Sustentacular/sperm
B
Place the following phases of the ovarian cycle in the correct order starting with day 1: 1. follicular phase 2. ovulation 3. luteal phase A. follicular phase - luteal phase - ovulation B. follicular phase - ovulation - luteal phase C. luteal phase - follicular phase - ovulation D. luteal phase - ovulation - follicular phase E. ovulation - follicular phase - luteal phase
B
Place the following phases of the uterine cycle in the correct order starting with day 1: 1. proliferative phase 2. menses 3. secretory phase A. proliferative phase - menses - secretory phase B. menses - proliferative phase - secretory phase C. secretory phase - proliferative phase - menses D. proliferative phase - secretory phase - menses E. menses - secretory phase - proliferative phase
B
Sperm production occurs in the __________. A. ductus deferens B. seminiferous tubules C. epididymis D. seminal vesicles E. rete testis
B
The transverse tubules of skeletal muscle fibers are lined with which of the following types of receptors? A. ryanodine receptors B. dihydropyridine (DHP) receptors C. acetylcholine receptors D. nicotinic receptors E. muscarinic receptors
B
Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscles? A. striated B. involuntary C. multiple nuclei per muscle fiber D. they position and move the skeleton E. all of the above are characteristics of skeletal muscle
B
Which of the following is not a characteristic of slow-twitch oxidative muscle fibers? A. they appear red B. they easily fatigue C. they have a rich blood supply D. they have numerous mitochondria E. they have a small diameter
B
Which of the following is the dominant hormone of secretory phase in uterine cycle? A. estrogen B. progesterone C. GnRH D. follicle stimulating hormone E. luteinizing hormone
B
Which of the following statements is/are false? A. aerobic metabolism produces a net of 30-32 molecules of ATP per glucose B. aerobic metabolism produces lactic acid C. anaerobic metabolism produces a net of 2 molecules of ATP per glucose D. anaerobic metabolism takes place in the cytosol of a cell E. all of the above statements are false
B
Which of the following types of antibodies can be passed along from a mother to a child through breast milk? A. IgG B. IgA C. IgM D. IgE E. IgD
B
Which of the following types of cells forms the blood-testis barrier? A. spermatogonia cells B. Sertoli cells C. interstitial cells D. cells of Leydig E. granulosa cells
B
Calcium is stored within the ________ of a skeletal muscle. A. sarcolemma B. sarcoplasm C. sarcoplasmic reticulum D. transverse tubules E. ribosomes
C
The male gonads include the _________, while the female gonads include the _________. A. penis/vagina B. scrotum/uterus C. testes/ovaries D. prostate gland/uterus E. scrotum/vagina
C
The structure that transports the ovum to the uterus is the _________. A. uterosacral ligament B. vagina C. fallopian tube D. infundibulum E. myometrium
C
Which of the following includes the two primary lymphoid tissues? A. bone marrow and spleen B. spleen and thymus gland C. thymus gland and bone marrow D. bone marrow and lymph nodes E. thymus gland and lymph nodes
C
Which of the following types of white blood cells produces antibodies? A. cytotoxic T cells B. helper T cells C. plasma cells D. memory cells E. neutrophils
C
Which of the following types of white blood cells specializes in allergic reactions and parasitic diseases? A. neutrophils B. basophils C. eosinophils D. monocytes E. macrophages
C
A muscle fiber does not change length during a(n) ___________ contraction. A. isotonic B. eccentric C. concentric D. isometric E. it's impossible for a muscle to contract without changing length
D
The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract. 1. vas deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis Identify the order in which sperm must pass to exit from the body. A. 1, 3, 4, 2 B. 4, 3, 1, 2 C. 4, 1, 2, 3 D. 4, 1, 3, 2 E. 1, 4, 3, 2
D
The relaxation of skeletal muscle relies on the activity of the __________, which decreases cytoplasmic calcium concentration. A. ryanodine receptor B. dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel) C. acetylcholine receptor D. Ca2+ ATPase E. none of the above are correct
D
When a skeletal muscle generates enough force during contraction to shorten, __________. A. only the sarcomere will shorten B. only the A band will shorten C. only the I band will shorten D. the sarcomere and the I band will shorten E. the sarcomere, the A band and the I band will shorten
D
Which of the following genotypes represents a female? A. XX B. XO C. XXX D. all of the above E. none of the above
D
Which of the following hormones directly stimulates development of the ovarian follicle during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? A. oxytocin B. progesterone C. prolactin D. follicle stimulating hormone E. luteinizing hormone
D
Which of the following is a function of the immune system? A. protect the body from disease-causing invaders known as pathogens B. removal of dead or damaged cells C. recognize and remove abnormal "self" cells D. all of the above are correct E. none of the above are correct
D
Which of the following is not an example of innate defenses? A. skin and mucous membranes B. natural killer cells C. inflammation D. fever D. antibodies
D
Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is false? A. primary spermatocytes are not produced until puberty B. sperm cells are derived from germ cells called spermatogonia C. the testes must be kept 2-3⁰F cooler for normal sperm production D. the second division of spermatogenesis leads to the production of two spermatids and two polar bodies You Answered E. none of the above are false
D
Which of the following structures of a sperm cell contains enzymes to help penetrate the egg? A. mid-piece B, body C. flagellum D. acrosome E. none of the above are correct
D
Which of the following types of proteins coat pathogens so that phagocytes can recognize them as something to be ingested? A. pyrogen B. interferon C. heparin D. opsonins E. lysozyme
D
A person with type AB blood can receive blood from which of the following types of donors? A. type A B. type B C. type AB D. type O E. all of the above are correct
E
During the menses, __________. A. ovulation occurs B. a new uterine lining forms C. the endometrium becomes secretory D. the corpus luteum forms E. the endometrium sloughs
E
Immune cells are attracted to infected sites of the body by chemical signals known as _________. A. interferons B. lysozymes C. antigens D. opsonins E. chemotaxins
E
Place the following events of the contraction cycle between myosin and actin in the correct order. (Assume the cycle begins in the rigor state.) 1. Myosin releases ADP. 2. Myosin goes through a power stroke. 3. ATP binds to myosin. 4. The myosin ATPase enzyme hydrolyzes ATP and releases energy to rotate and reattach myosin to actin. 5. Myosin detaches from the actin filament. A. 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 B. 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 C. 3 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 5 D. 3 - 1 - 4 - 5 - 2 E. 3 - 5 - 4 - 2 - 1
E
The HIV virus preferentially infects and destroys __________ cells A. natural killer B. cytotoxic T cells C. B cells D. basophils E. helper T cells
E
Which of the following events would lead to a stronger muscle contraction? A. an increase in the frequency of stimulation B. recruitment of more muscle fibers C. muscle fiber summation D. changing the muscle fiber length to a more optimal position E. all of the above would lead to a stronger muscle contraction
E
Which of the following hormones spikes around day 14 of the ovarian cycle to trigger ovulation? A. oxytocin B. progesterone C. prolactin D. follicle stimulating hormone E. luteinizing hormone
E
Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation? A. redness B. heat C. swelling D. pain E. all of the above are cardinal signs of inflammation
E
Which of the following is a function of ATP in skeletal muscles? A. to help maintain the resting membrane potential by providing energy for the Na+-K+ pump B. to help detach myosin from actin after the power stroke C. to provide the energy needed for the myosin head to rotate and reattach to actin D. ATP is needed for muscle relaxation E. all of the above are functions of ATP in skeletal muscles
E
Which of the following is classified an autoimmune disorder? A. Systemic lupus erythematosus B. Type 1 diabetes C. Myasthenia gravis D. Multiple sclerosis E. All of the above are correct.
E
Which of the following is more characteristic of smooth muscle than skeletal muscle? A. calcium for contraction comes from the extracellular fluid as well as from the sarcoplasmic reticulum B. spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus C. the fibers are not striated D. lacks the protein troponin E. all of the above are characteristic of smooth muscle
E
Which of the following statements about oogenesis is correct? A. primary oocytes are made before birth B. eggs are derived from germs cells called oogonia C. the first division of meiosis I results in a secondary oocyte and a polar body D. the egg will not complete meiosis II unless it is fertilized E. all of the above are correct
E
Which of the following statements regarding cellular immunity is false? A. it destroys the intracellular phase of an infection B. cytotoxic cells (CD8) attack the affected cells directly C. it creates memory cells D. T cells mature in the thymus gland E. cytotoxic cells (CD8) bind to the MHC-II receptors of antigen-presenting cells
E
Both bacteria and viruses can be targeted and killed by antibiotics. True False
False
In single-unit smooth muscle, the muscle cells are electrically connected by desmosomes. True False
False
Most ovarian follicles never develop and die through a process called atresia. True False
True
Which of the following proteins is not part of the thin filament structure? A. actin B. troponin C. tropomyosin D. myosin E. all of the above are part of the thin filament structure
d