Physiology Final Review

The resting potential of a neuron is ________ 70mV 55mV 0mV -55mV -70mV

-70mV

Normally, whole blood could be composed of _____% cells and _____% plasma. 25; 75 40; 60 60; 40 30; 70

40; 60

Facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in that: ATP is necessary for active transport, but not for facilitated diffusion. facilitated diffusion uses cell membrane proteins to move substances, whereas active transport does not facilitated diffusion moves water across the cell membrane, whereas active transport does not. potential energy is required for active transport but not for facilitated diffusion. facilitated diffusion uses a substrate to bind to a protein carrier, whereas active transport does not.

ATP is necessary for active transport, but not for facilitated diffusion.

Myosin binds to which protein? Nebulin Tropomyosin Actin Troponin

Actin

A patient has a yellow color to their skin and the whites of their eyes. Which is a possible clinical explanation? All of these are possible reasons increased break-down of erythrocytes liver disease or injury obstruction in the bile duct

All of these are possible reasons

The release of this ion initiates the power stroke. Na+ K+ Ca2+ Cl-

Ca2+

This ion triggers the exocytosis of neurotransmistters in a varicosity. K+ Na+ Ca2+ Cl1

Ca2+

During EC coupling and relaxation in a cardiac muscle cell, a contraction of the muscle is caused by _________ entering from the ECF and __________ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Na+; Na+ Ca2+ ; Na+ Na+; Ca2+ Ca2+; Ca2+

Ca2+; Ca2+

Which statement about sensory receptor cells is FALSE? Many sensory receptos cells are NOT nerve cells. Sensory transduction converts stimuli into graded potentials. Threshold is the minimal stimulus intensity required to generate an action potential Each type of sensory receptor only responds to one type of stimulus.

Each type of sensory receptor only responds to one type of stimulus.

Boyle's Law says that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases. True False

False

If a blood cell, an erythrocyte shrinks when placed in a solution, what does this tell us about the relative tonicities of the solution as compared to the erthyrocyte? It is isotonic It is hypertonic It is hypotonic It tells us nothing about tonicity

It is hypertonic

Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is FALSE? It contains troponin it is controlled by autonomic neurons It's contraction speed is faster than skeletal muscle fibers are arranged in sarcomeres

It's contraction speed is faster than skeletal muscle

Which of the following is responsible for the increased duration of a myocardial contractile cell action potential (i.e. the plateau phase)? Select all that apply. K+ Cl- Na+ Ca2+

K+ Ca2+

Binding of neurotransmitters in the neuromuscular junction results in _______ ion gates opening Cl- Na+ Ca2+ K+

Na+

Cardiac autorhythmic cells reach threshold due to leak ______ leak channels called If channels. Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl-

Na+

During a cardiac contractile cell action potential the membrane potential is depolarized by an influx of ______ Na+ Ca2+ Cl- K+

Na+

If a hyperpolarizing graded potential and a depolarizing graded potential of similar magnitudes arrive at the trigger zone at the same time, what is most likely to occur? Nothing. They will cancel each other out. The cell becomes easier to excite because it depolarizes. The cell dies. The cell becomes hyperpolarized. An action potential is fired off more quickly than usual.

Nothing. They will cancel each other out.

Which of the following is excitatory neurons is most likely associated with digestion of food? Parasympathetic Somatic motor Parasomatic Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Which of the following muscle types contracts the fastest? Select ALL that apply. Cardiac Smooth Skeletal

Skeletal

Which of the following is a similarity between neural and endocrine reflexes? Responses are fast. Stimulus intensity can be increased with increased signal. Signals travel to many different organs. Responses are short.

Stimulus intensity can be increased with increased signal.

What energy is used to power the SGLT (Na+-glucose secondary active transporter)? no energy is needed ATP The chemical gradient of glucose The chemical gradient of sodium ions

The chemical gradient of sodium ions

Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. True only for the sympathetic division No answer text provided. true for both divisions True only for the parasympathetic division

True only for the sympathetic division

What happens if another action potential occurs after the latent period but before complete relaxation. a second twitch will occur and summation will occur a second twitch will occur but no summation because only neurons experience summation no second twitch will occur because a twitch can only occur after complete relaxation it will cancel out the first twitch

a second twitch will occur and summation will occur

The ______________ theory of fatigue best explains why you get tired when you run a marathon or engage in maximal exercise. accumulation absorption depletion lethargy

accumulation

A somatic motor neuron releases ________ into the motor end plate Ca2+ norepinephrine Na+ acetylcholine

acetylcholine

Following injury to the vessel, what role does tissue factor (factor III) play in coagulation? tissue factor (factor III) has not effect on coagulation activates the intrinsic pathway forms insoluble fibers that stabilize the platelet plug activates the extrinsic pathway decreases levels of factor VIII

activates the extrinsic pathway

Following injury to the vessel, what effect does exposed collagen have on coagulation? collagen has no effect on coagulation activates the extrinsic pathway decreases levels of factor VIII activates the intrinsic pathway forms insoluble fibers that stabilize the platelet plug

activates the intrinsic pathway

The concentration of calcium inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell transport even more calcium to the inside? active transport osmosis diffusion passive transport

active transport

The signal that goes from the sensor to the integrating center in a reflex response is called the input signal or the __________ signal. afferent interference efferent response

afferent

Which of the following fiber types is associated with fast pain and cold? C alpha-beta alpha-delta gamma

alpha-delta

____________ are the functional units of the respiratory system. Lungs bronchi Alveoli Bronchioles

alveoli

The Na+ / K+ ATPase pump is what type of active transport protein? polyport uniport symport antiport

antiport

________________ helps a muscle avoid fatigue and maintain tetanus. recruitment latency asynchronus recruitment summation

asynchronus recruitment

The division of the efferent nervous system that controls smooth and cardiac muscles and many glands is the __________ division. autonomic sympathetic parasympathetic somatic

autonomic

Action potentials are begin at the _____________. soma axon hillock nodes of Ranvier dendrites

axon hillock

An agonist of a primary ligand will bind to a receptor and elicit a response is unable to bind to a receptor because it is blocked by the primary ligand binds to a receptor but doesn't cause a response binds to a receptor and block receptor activity

bind to a receptor and elicit a response

Blood pressure is a highly regulated physiological variable mainly because it maintains adequate blood flow to which of the following organ(s)? brain liver kidneys skeletal muscles

brain

The ion necessary to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is zinc chloride calcium sodium potassium

calcium

Which of the following causes muscle relaxation? a second action potential by the somatic motor neuron ADP becoming ATP calcium being pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATP being hydrolyzed into ATP

calcium being pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following muscle types is controlled by sympathetic neurons? Select all that apply. skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle

cardiac muscle smooth muscle

The most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine is the cell that responds to it cell that releases it there is no difference method of transport

cell that responds to it

A sensor that responds to a change in pH is a __________. chemoreceptor thermoreceptor mechanoreceptor photoreceptor

chemoreceptor

______________ is the lungs ability to stretch. Surfactance Stretchiness Compliance Elastance

compliance

Fick's law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is proportional to membrane permeability, but inversely proportional to concentration gradient and surface area. membrane thickness and surface area. surface area and membrane thickness, but inversely proportional to concentration gradient concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability.

concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability.

The tonicity of a solution depends only upon the __________. total concentration of solutes, taking into account that some single molecules (such as salts, e.g., NaCl) ionize into more than one solute (Na+ and Cl-) concentration of non-penetrating solutes total concentration of solutes as initially added to the solvent when making the solution concentration of penetrating solutes

concentration of non-penetrating solutes

The pattern of synaptic connectivity where a large number of presynaptic neurons provide input to a single postsynaptic neuron, is known as saltatory conduction divergence convergence integration

convergence

An increase in surfactants will _________ the surface tension in the alveoli decrease not change increase

decrease

Down-regulation may allow a target cell to decrease its number of receptors for a ligand. decrease its number of receptors for a ligand and increase its binding affinity for a ligand increase its number of receptors for a ligand. increase its binding affinity for a ligand.

decrease its number of receptors for a ligand.

An athlete using erythropoietin (E P O) is hoping to increase blood volume leukocytes erythrocytes platelets

erythrocytes

An integrating center is the disturbance or change that sets the pathway in motion. is the minimum stimulus that must be achieved to set the reflect response in motion. evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint. is an electrical and/or chemical signal that travels to the effector.

evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the setpoint.

Neurotransmitters are usually released into synapses by __________. protein-mediated transport simple diffusion active transport exocytosis

exocytosis

A GLUT4 transport protein utilizes _____________ facilitated diffusion primary active transport simple diffusion secondary active transport

facilitated diffusion

Which is a way for solutes to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration? active transport and facilitated diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport facilitated diffusion and osmosis

facilitated diffusion

An action potential will diminish (lose strength) over time True False

false

A __________________ muscle brings two bones closer together. originator extensor aligner flexor

flexor

Most people are not actively aware of the sensation of clothes on their body throughout the day. This lack of awareness of the stimulus of clothing on the skin is due to which process? discrimination receptive field habituation perceptual threshold

habituation

A female has a resting tidal volume of 400 m L, respiratory rate of 13 breaths/min, and dead space of 125 m L. When she exercises, which would be most efficient for increasing oxygen delivery to her working skeletal muscle? increase tidal volume to 500 m L and respiratory rate to 15 breaths/min increase tidal volume to 550 m L, but no change in respiratory rate increase respiratory rate to 20 breaths/min, but no change in tidal volume

increase tidal volume to 500 m L and respiratory rate to 15 breaths/min

If an arteriole constricts, what happens to mean arterial pressure (M A P)? it increases it decreases no change

it increases

The short period of time between the muscle action potential and the beginning of muscle tension development is called the ____________ refractory period latent period relaxation period fatigue period

latent period

The gate control theory of pain modulation states that pain transmission can be blocked by tonic activity of the inhibitory neurons in the dorsal horn mechanical stimulation of alpha-beta fibers. stimulation of C-fibers cold stimulation of alpha-delta fibers.

mechanical stimulation of alpha-beta fibers.

In order to signal a stronger stimulus, action potentials become higher in amplitude only longer-lasting only higher in amplitude and longer-lasting more frequent only higher in amplitude ad more frequent

more frequent only

The larger the receptive field, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex in the brain that perceives the sensation. more primary sensory neurons synapse on one secondary sensory neuron stronger the stimulus intensity required to activate a sensory receptor fewer primary sensory neurons are involved.

more primary sensory neurons synapse on one secondary sensory neuron

the basic unit of muscle contraction containing both the fibers and the motor neuron is called the muscle fascile sarcomere motor unit muscle bundle

motor unit

Spatial summation refers to suprathreshold potentials triggering action potentials that are extra-large. electrical signals reaching neurons from outer space. repeated graded potentials reaching the trigger zone one after the other multiple graded potentials arriving at one location.

multiple graded potentials arriving at one location.

During the relative refractory period follwing an action potential a stimulus _____________________ will usually not trigger another action potential will always trigger another action potential must be larger than normal to trigger another action potential will never trigger another action potential

must be larger than normal to trigger another action potential

In a ____________ feedback loop deviation from a homeotic setpoint initiates a homeotic response pathway that immediately returns the body to its setpoint. feed-forward positive reflex negative

negative

Plasma proteins decrease in a person with liver failure. What effect does this have on capillary exchange? net filtration increases no effect on capillary fluid exchange net filtration decreases

net filtration increases

Which is the most common leukocytes in a healthy human? eosinophils basophils monocytes neutrophils lymphocytes

neutrophils

Postganglionic autonomic neurons have what type of receptors on their soma? they can have all of the above nicotinic adrendergic muscarinic

nicotinic

These are the sites where saltatory conduction occurs in an action potential soma axon hillocks nodes of Ranvier dendrites

nodes of Ranvier

Cells in the CNS that form mylein are called ________________ ependymal cells astrocytes schwann cells microglia oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

Which of the following is the high energy molecule utilized by muscle when working to generate energy? creatine adrenaline phosphocreatine glucogon

phosphocreatine

Which has its cell body in a ganglion? somatic motor neuron preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron preganglionic neuron preganglionic, postganglionic, somatic motor postganglionic neuron

postganglionic neuron

Surfactants ____________________________ phagocytizes small particulate matter and pathogens protect the surface of the lungs. replaces mucus in the alveoli prevent the alveoli from collapsing are not found in healthy lung tissue.

prevent the alveoli from collapsing

The two-point discrimination test is used to measure lateral inhibition modality receptive field size minimum threshold

receptive field size

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) increase membrane permeability to sodium ions decrease potassium ion exit from the cells. result in depolarizations decrease calcium ion exit from cells result in hyperpolarizations.

result in hyperpolarizations.

Blood returns from the body and enters the ___________. Right atrium Left atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle

right atrium

Calcium is contained in the __________. sarcoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum motor end plate T-tubule

sarcoplasmic reticulum

From a muscle biopsy you observe that the muscle cells are dark red, have lots of mitochondria, capillaries, and are small in diameter. They are likely _______________. slow-twitch oxidative fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic fast-twitch glycolytic

slow-twitch oxidative

Which of the following muscle types does not have troponin? Select all that apply Cardiac Skeletal Smooth

smooth

The division of the efferent nervous system that controls skeletal muscles is the __________ division. parasympathetic autonomic sympathetic somatic

somatic

You were hired to work on a research project to design a drug. Which of these drug mechanisms would decrease the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft? decreasing diffusion stimulating uptake blocking receptors with an antagnoist inhibiting enzymes (like MAO) that break down neurotransmitters

stimulating uptake

_________________ post-ganglionic neurons release norepinephrine neurotransmitters. Somatic motor Parasympathetic Sympathetic Parasomatic motor

sympathetic

Decreased activity in the digestive tract is caused by a _________________ sympathetic agonist parasympathetic agonist

sympathetic agonist

The space between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron is called the soma synaptic void synaptic cleft synapse

synaptic cleft

Your instructor announces a pop quiz;. This stimulates a reflex pathway that stimulates your sympathetic nervous system to increase your heart rate. In this reflex pathway, your heart is the ________. target output (efferent) signal receptor receptor

target

Which of the following is not a somatic sense? nociception temperature touch taste

taste

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs? spatial summation hyperpolarization decrease in speed of impulse transmission temporal summation inhibition of the impulse

temporal summation

Maximum muscle tension is obtained at complete____________. rigor tetanus summation flex

tetanus

Tertiary neurons are found in the ___________. hypothalamus medulla spinal cord thalamus

thalamus

The minimum stimulus required to trigger a physiological response recpetor effector threshold setpoint

threshold

During rest, arterioles are under ________ control from the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. feedforward competitive tonic antagonistic

tonic

This type of receptor will continue to fire as long as a stimulus is present caustic tonic phasic modic

tonic

The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to the length of the axon amplitude of the graded potential total number of action potentials amplitude of the action potential.

total number of action potentials

Transport of a substance from the lumen (cavity) of an organ into one side of a cell and out the other side of the cell into the ECF is called __________. transcellular transport secretion absorption paracellular transport

transcellular transport

A graded potential will diminish (lose strength) over time True False

true

Somatic motor neurons are only excitatory, they cannot be inhibitory True False

true

One contraction and relaxation cycle of a muscle is called a _____________. twitch summation recruitment tetanus

twitch

If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows all of the air out until they cannot exhale any more, the amount of air expelled is called the total lung capacity inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume vital capacity tidal volume

vital capacity