Physiology Lab Exam 2 ( physioex 9, 12) (anatomy labs 35,40)
These cells recognize antigens and initiate the immune response . A ) lymphocytes B ) neutrophils , monocytes , and lymphocytes C ) neutrophils D ) monocytes
A ) lymphocytes
Which cell population primarily functions in providing antibody - mediated or humoral immunity ? A ) B cells B ) granulocytes C ) helper T cells D ) regulatory T cells E ) macrophages
A ) B cells
Which of the following is true ? A ) The ELISA is easier to perform and less expensive than the Western blot . B ) The Western blot is easier to perform than the ELISA . C ) The Western blot is less expensive than the ELISA . D ) The ELISA is easier to perform than the Western blot . E ) The ELISA is less expensive than the Western blot .
A ) The ELISA is easier to perform and less expensive than the Western blot .
What is true about the urethral sphincters ? A ) The internal urethral sphincter is under involuntary control . B ) Both sphincters are under voluntary control . C ) The external urethral sphincter is under involuntary control . D ) The internal urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle .
A ) The internal urethral sphincter is under involuntary control
What is not true about antibodies ? A ) They are cells . B ) They bind to a single , specific antigen . C ) They are found in plasma and other body secretions . D ) They are produced by plasma cells .
A ) They are cells .
What is true about the renal processes for making urine ? A ) Filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule . B ) Reabsorption occurs only in the proximal convoluted tubule . C ) Filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule , reabsorption occurs only in the proximal convoluted tubule , and secretion occurs only in the proximal convoluted tubule . D ) Secretion occurs only in the proximal convoluted tubule .
A ) filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule
During filtration in the nephron , substances move A ) from the glomerulus into the nephron B ) from the peritubular capillary into the nephron C ) from the nephron into the peritubular capillary D ) from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus
A ) from the glomerulus into the nephron
The juxtamedullary nephrons A ) have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla , and play an important role in concentrating urine B ) have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla C ) are located almost entirely within the renal cortex D ) are most numerous E ) play an important role in concentrating urine
A ) have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla , and play an important role in concentrating urine
The human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects A ) helper T cells . B ) suppressor T cells . C ) plasma cells . D ) cytotoxic T cells . E ) B cells .
A ) helper T cells .
B cells provide this kind of immunity . A ) humoral B ) antigenic C ) clonal D ) cellular
A ) humoral
Western blotting _______ A ) is a serological technique B ) uses the formation of a precipitin line to detect a positive result C ) uses fluorescence to detect a positive result D ) is a type of enzyme assay
A ) is a serological technique
Although all of the organs below can raise an immune response , only this one filters the lymph . A ) lymph nodes B ) tonsils C ) spleen
A ) lymph nodes
Name the structures in the kidney that produce urine . A ) nephrons B ) afferent and efferent arterioles C ) collecting ducts D ) major and minor calyces
A ) nephrons
In which segment of the nephron would you find cuboidal cells with many microvilli and mitochondria ? A ) proximal convoluted tubule B ) distal convoluted tubule C ) nephron loop ( thin segment ) D ) glomerulus
A ) proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following are described as large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx ? A ) tonsils B ) thymic corpuscles C ) lymph nodes D ) Peyer's patches E ) thymus glands
A ) tonsils
The pathway taken by blood from the renal artery to the afferent arteriole is , in correct sequence , A ) arcuate artery , interlobar artery , segmental artery , cortical radiate artery B ) segmental artery , interlobar artery , arcuate artery , cortical radiate artery C ) cortical radiate artery , segmental artery , interlobar artery , arcuate artery D ) interlobar artery , segmental artery , arcuate artery , cortical radiate artery
B ) Segmental artery , Interlobar artery , Arcuate artery , Cortical radiate artery
Why might a patient infected with HIV initially test negative with the indirect ELISA ? A ) The virus has gone dormant . B ) The patient has not yet undergone seroconversion . C ) Nonspecific binding between antigen and antibody was present . D ) The washing steps were eliminated .
B ) The patient has not yet undergone seroconversion .
What causes the flow of lymph to slow within lymph nodes ? B ) There are more afferent vessels than efferent vessels . A ) Valves at the exit site regulate lymph flow , allowing only small amounts out at a time . C ) Afferent vessels contract , restricting lymph flow . D ) Afferent vessels are much larger in diameter than efferent vessels .
B ) There are more afferent vessels than efferent vessels
The vessel that supplies blood to the nephron is called the A ) efferent arteriole B ) afferent arteriole C ) cortical radiate artery D ) arcuate artery
B ) afferent arteriole
Compared to regular capillaries , lymphatic capillaries , A ) are much less permeable B ) are more permeable C ) are smaller in diameter D ) have smaller gaps between endothelial cells E ) have a round , regular outline
B ) are more permeable
Many nephrons empty into a A ) columnar duct B ) collecting duct C ) renal tubule
B ) collecting duct
Nephrons consist of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule . The renal corpuscles are located in the of the kidney . A ) columns B ) cortex C ) medulla D ) pelvis
B ) cortex
The outermost portion of the kidney is called the renal _______ A ) medulla B ) cortex C ) pelvis D ) column
B ) cortex
The renal artery enters the kidney at this indented area . A ) trigone B ) hilum C ) renal medulla D ) renal pelvis
B ) hilum
This medullary region of the lymph node contains primarily A ) B cells B ) macrophages C ) T cells D ) support cells
B ) macrophages
The washing steps are necessary to ________ A ) make sure that the fluorescent dye is activated B ) reduce any nonspecific binding that may occur C ) fix the sample to the slide D ) make sure that the antibody has the correct shape
B ) reduce any nonspecific binding that may occur
In both the direct and indirect ELISA , the substance that changes from colorless to colored in a positive result is the A ) antigen B ) substrate C ) enzyme D ) antibody
B ) substrate
The function of B cells in the immune response is A ) to attack bacteria B ) to produce plasma cells that make antibodies C ) to attack tumor cells D ) to attack virus - infected cells
B ) to produce plasma cells that make antibodies
Urine is formed by three processes . In which process do filtrate components that are useful to the body move from the nephron into the blood ? A ) tubular secretion B ) tubular reabsorption C ) filtration
B ) tubular reabsorption
Lymphatics carry lymph only from peripheral tissues to the _______ A ) fourth ventricle B ) venous system C ) renal system D ) arterial system E ) digestive system
B ) venous system
Germinal centers in the cortex of lymph nodes contain primarily . A ) support cells B ) macrophages C ) B cells D ) T cells
C ) B cells
_______ collect antigens from the lymph and present them in their cell membranes A ) Erythrocytes B ) Microglia C ) Dendritic cells D ) Plasmocytes E ) Lymphocytes
C ) Dendritic cells
Which lymph nodes might become infected as a result of a bladder infection ? A ) Peyer's patches B ) thoracic lymph nodes C ) abdominal lymph nodes D ) axillary lymph nodes
C ) abdominal lymph nodes
Antibodies A ) bind to an antigen and destroy it by phagocytosis B ) each recognize several different antigens C ) are proteins composed of heavy chains and light chains D ) provide for cellular immunity in the body
C ) are proteins composed of heavy chains and light chains
A positive result with the negative control would A ) invalidate the results B ) be a " false negative " and invalidate the results C ) be a " false positive " and invalidate the results D ) be a " false negative " E ) be a " false positive "
C ) be a " false positive " and invalidate the results
Which of the following is a function of the T cells ? A ) humoral immunity B ) iron storage C ) cell - mediated immunity D ) initiation of the immune response E ) removal of abnormal blood cells
C ) cell - mediated immunity
Helper T cells and suppressor T cells ___________ A ) are responsible for the production and secretion of antibodies B ) are responsible for the phenomenon in the body known as " humoral immunity " C ) control the activation and activity of B cells D ) can differentiate into plasmocytes when appropriately stimulated E ) include approximately 10-15 percent of the circulating lymphocytes
C ) control the activation and activity of B cells
When is the thymus at its greatest size relative to body size ? A ) from puberty to adulthood B ) during middle age C ) during the first year or two years after birth . D ) throughout life E ) during old age
C ) during the first year or two years after birth .
Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move A ) from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus B ) from the nephron into the peritubular capillary C ) from the peritubular capillary into the nephron D ) from the glomerulus into the nephron
C ) from the peritubular capillary into the nephron
A fenestrated squamous epithelium can be observed in this structure within the kidney . A ) proximal convoluted tubule B ) distal convoluted tubule C ) glomerulus D ) nephron loop
C ) glomerulus
This structure is a capillary bed from which blood is filtered into the nephron . A ) glomerular capsule B ) renal corpuscle C ) glomerulus D ) peritubular capillary
C ) glomerulus
List the parts of the nephron in correct sequential order : A ) proximal convoluted tubule , nephron loop , glomerulus B ) nephron loop , glomerulus , proximal convoluted tubule C ) glomerulus , proximal convoluted tubule , nephron loop D ) glomerulus , nephron loop , proximal convoluted tubule
C ) glomerulus , proximal convoluted tubule , nephron loop
Which of the following directly encloses the papilla of the renal pyramid ? A ) renal pelvis B ) major calys C ) minor calyx D ) renal column
C ) minor calyx
The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels , lymphatic tissue , lymph nodes , and lymphoid organs such as A ) thyroid , and thymus B ) pancreas , and spleen C ) spleen , and thymus D ) oropharynx , and tonsils
C ) spleen , and thymus
In the indirect ELISA , A ) both primary and secondary antibodies bind to the antigen B ) the primary antibody has an enzyme linked to it C ) the secondary antibody binds to the constant region of the primary antibody D ) the secondary antibody binds to the variable region of the primary antibody
C ) the secondary antibody binds to the constant region of the primary antibody
Which of the following is a primary function of the lymphatic system in the body ? A ) to produce myelin - producing cells B ) to distribute erythrocytes C ) to produce , maintain , and distribute lymphocytes D ) to produce hormones E ) to maintain actin and myosin concentrations for muscle contractions
C ) to produce , maintain , and distribute lymphocytes
Lymph vessels resemble these vessels of the systemic circulation . A ) capillaries B ) arteries C ) veins D ) arterioles
C ) veins
The property of immunological memory is A ) the ability to recognize one's own tissue cells as ' self B ) the ability to distinguish between closely related antigens C ) the ability to recognize and mount an attack on an antigen that was previously D ) the inability to recognize one's own tissue as ' self , ' resulting in an attack on one's own cells encountered
C. ) the ability to recognize and mount an attack on an antigen that was previously encountered
_________ attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses by direct contact , and are said to confer cell - mediated immunity on the body tissues they defend . A ) NK cells B ) Suppressor T cells C ) B cells D ) Cytotoxic T cells E ) Helper T cells
D ) Cytotoxic T cells
Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the small intestine are called ( the ) _________ A ) nodes B ) thymic corpuscles C ) lingual tonsils D ) Peyer's patches E ) germinal centers
D ) Peyer's patches
The increased incidence of ________ in the elderly reflects the fact that surveillance by the lymphatic system declines . A ) gallstones B ) strokes C ) muscle injury D ) cancer E ) heart attacks
D ) cancer
The right lymphatic duct A ) carries lymph from tissues inferior to the diaphragm B ) empties into the axillary vein C ) varies very little from individual to individual D ) carries lymph originating in tissues superior to the diaphragm on the right side of the body E ) carries lymph to the right brachiocephalic vein
D ) carries lymph originating in tissues superior to the diaphragm on the right side of the body
Which lymph nodes would likely become inflamed with an ear infection ? A ) thoracic lymph nodes B ) axillary lymph nodes C ) intestinal lymph nodes D ) cervical lymph nodes E ) none of the lymph nodes , but the spleen
D ) cervical lymph nodes
Blood flows from the peritubular capillary to the renal vein through this sequence of vessels . A ) cortical radiate vein , interlobar vein , arcuate vein B ) arcuate vein , cortical radiate vein , interlobar vein C ) Interlobar vein , arcuate vein , cortical radiate vein D ) cortical radiate vein , arcuate vein , interlobar vein
D ) cortical radiate vein , arcuate vein , interlobar vein
The functions of the urinary system include A ) excreting nitrogenous wastes B ) maintaining acid - base and fluid balance C ) maintaining electrolyte balance D ) excreting nitrogenous wastes , maintaining electrolyte balance , and maintaining acid - base and fluid balance
D ) excreting nitrogenous wastes , maintaining electrolyte balance , and maintaining acid - base and fluid balance
Antigens that can provoke an immune response include , A ) small molecules , called haptens that link to our own body proteins B ) foreign proteins C ) polysaccharides D ) foreign proteins , polysaccharides , and small molecules , called haptens that link to our own body proteins
D ) foreign proteins , polysaccharides , and small molecules , called haptens that link to our own body proteins
Of the following urinary system organs , major homeostatic functions are performed by the A ) urinary bladder B ) ureters C ) urethra D ) kidneys
D ) kidneys
Which cells become activated only if the antigen appears in the body at a later date ? A ) cytotoxic T cells B ) helper T cells C ) macrophages D ) memory B cells E ) suppressor cells
D ) memory B cells
As urine is formed it flows through the collecting ducts to enter , in order , the following structures . A ) renal pelvis , minor calyces , major calyces , ureter B ) major calyces , minor calyces , ureter , renal pelvis C ) minor calyces , renal pelvis , major calyces , ureter D ) minor calyces , major calyces , renal pelvis , ureter
D ) minor calyces , major calyces , renal pelvis , ureter
Which of the following describes the identity seen between human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin ? A ) nonidentity B ) unrelated identity C ) identity D ) partial identity
D ) partial identity
These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus . A ) squamous cells B ) cuboidal cells C ) columnar cells D ) podocytes
D ) podocytes
The veins that drain the kidney include all of those below except A ) arcuate veins B ) cortical radiate veins C ) interlobar veins D ) segmental veins
D ) segmental veins
The right lymphatic duct drains , A ) the head , thorax , and right upper extremity B ) the right side of the body C ) the right side of the head and thorax , the entire abdomen , the right upper extremity , and both lower extremities D ) the right side of the head and thorax , and the right upper extremity
D ) the right side of the head and thorax , and the right upper extremity
The ________. receives lymph from the left half of the body and part of the right side as well . A ) right lymphatic duct B ) cisterna chili C ) right subclavian vein D ) thoracic duct
D ) thoracic duct
This region of an antibody forms the antigen - binding site that binds a specific antigenic determinant of an antigen . A ) light chain only B ) constant portion of heavy and light chains C ) heavy chain only D ) variable portion of heavy and light chains
D ) variable portion of heavy and light chains
The nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by a looping , ladder - like blood vessel called the A ) peritubular capillary B ) medullary loop C ) perinephron capillary D ) vasa recta
D ) vasa recta
Possible reasons for an indeterminate test include A ) recent HIV infection of the patient B ) the presence of only small amounts of HIV C ) failure of the washing steps to remove nonspecific antibody in the patient sample D ) all of the above
D) all of the above
Components of the lymphatic system include the : ( 1 ) pancreas ( 2 ) spleen ( 3 ) lymphatic vessels ( 4 ) thymus ( 5 ) lymph nodes ( 6 ) thoracic duct A ) 1 , 4 , 6 B ) 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 C ) 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 D ) 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 E ) 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
E ) 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
Immunological surveillance is the function of activated macrophages and which of the following ? A ) helper T cells B ) cytotoxic T cells C ) suppressor T cells D ) plasmocytes E ) NK cells
E ) NK cells
Interstitial fluid resembles blood , but with a lower concentration of _________ A ) lymphocytes B ) lipids C ) nucleic acids D ) macrophages E ) proteins
E ) proteins
