Physiology Test 1
Appendicular skeleton vs. axial skeleton -sternum -tarsals -fibula -femur -ulna -true ribs -parietal bones -atlas -coxal bone -phalanges
Axial: -sternum -true ribs -parietal bones -atlas Appendicular: -tarsals -fibula -femur -ulna -coxal bone -phalanges
Synovial Joints
Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with synovial membrane Types: -Plane -Hinge -Pivot -Condylar -Saddle -Ball and socket Freely movable
Cartilagenous Joints
Bone ends/parts united by cartilage Types: -Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage) - immobile -Symphysis (fibrocartilage) - slightly movable
Appositional Growth
Bone increases in diameter
Categorize the 3 joints: -cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial 1. Joint created by the intervertebral discs 2. Skull sutures 3. Joint created by the teeth and mandible or maxillary bones 4. Joint created by the pubic symphysis 5. Hinge joint such as the elbow joint
Cartilaginous joint Fibrous joint fibrous joint cartilaginous joint synovial joint
Steps of formation of a fibrocartilage callus and a bony callus.
Fibrocartilage callus: -A combination of cartilage matrix, bony matrix and collagen fibers -Phagocytosis of dead tissue -Granulation tissue forms Bony Callus: -Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate and multiply -Spongy bone
Abnormal Spine Curvatures -Scoliosis -Kyphosis -Lordosis
Scoliosis: lateral curve of spine Kyphosis: posterior curve of spine Lordosis: anterior curve of spine
Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ________ bones. Short Irregular Long Flat
Short
Canaliculi
Small channels that radiate through the matrix of compact bone
Which of the following is a vital function of the skin? The skin absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. The skin converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D. The skin aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. The skin aids in dessication
The skin converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D.
Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in permanent hair loss? a family history of baldness excessive vitamin A ingestion chemotherapy ringworm
a family history of baldness
The mechanical force of contraction is generated by ________. a sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments shortening of the thin filaments the "accordian-like" folding of thin and thick filaments the temporary disappearance of thin filaments shortening of the thick filaments
a sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments
While doing "jumping jacks" during an exercise class, your arms and legs move laterally away from the midline of your body. This motion is called ________. extension circumduction abduction adduction flexion
abduction
What initiates an action potential on a muscle cell?**** ATP acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction myosin cross bridges binding to actin acetylcholinesterase
acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction
What is the unstoppable electrical current that travels down the length of the entire surface of a sarcolemma? action potential acetylcholine neurotransmitter neuromuscular junction
action potential
What is covered by the endomysium? smooth muscle only fascicles of muscle cells myofibrils an individual muscle cell an entire muscle
an individual muscle cell
Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as ________. a canaliculus the epiphysis a central (Haversian) canal a perforating (Volkmann's) canal an osteon (Haversian system)
an osteon (Haversian system)
What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints? articular cartilage endosteum spongy bone yellow marrow periosteum
articular cartilage
Two or more bones meet at a location called a(n) ________. articulation (joint) marrow cavity fracture hematoma
articulation (joint)
What condition results if muscles are not used, such as when immobilized in a cast for healing a broken bone? lordosis spina bifida atrophy scoliosis hypertrophy
atrophy
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ________ skeleton. central appendicular axial main
axial
The dens is a process projecting from the ________. axis intervertebral discs atlas coccyx sacrum
axis
Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse from the ________. myofibrils thick filaments sarcolemma of the muscle cell axon terminals of the motor neuron sarcoplasmic reticulum
axon terminals of the motor neuron
Which of the following is a skin cancer that accounts for 80% of all skin cancer cases and affects the cells of stratum basale? basal cell carcinoma malignant melanoma squamous cell carcinoma psoriasis
basal cell carcinoma
Which type of skin cancer is the least malignant but most common? basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma malignant melanoma impetigo
basal cell carcinoma
What is the function of red bone marrow? glucose storage mineral storage blood cell formation fat storage
blood cell formation
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (Haversian system) contains ________. yellow marrow and perforating, or Sharpey's, fibers blood vessels and nerve fibers cartilage and lamellae osteoclasts and osteoblasts red marrow
blood vessels and nerve fibers
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that ________. bone is dead bone length is no longer increasing bone length is increasing bone diameter is decreasing bone diameter is increasing
bone length is increasing
What causes hair to stand up and the skin to dimple when one is cold or frightened?**** contraction of arrector pili muscles hair follicles apocrine sweat glands sebaceous glands
contraction of arrector pili muscles
The heads of the myosin myofilaments are called ________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction. motor units neuromuscular junctions synapses cross bridges
cross bridges
The heads of the myosin myofilaments are called ________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction. synapses neuromuscular junctions motor units cross bridges
cross bridges
In cell division, the term that refers to division of the cytoplasm is ________. meiosis mitosis interphase cytokinesis
cytokinesis
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber?*** endomysium epimysium perimysium aponeurosis
endomysium
The two main layers of skin are ________. stratum basale and dermis stratum corneum and dermis papillary layer and reticular layer epidermis and dermis epidermis and hypodermis
epidermis and dermis
hich of the following is only found associated with a child's bone? epiphyseal plate periosteum articular cartilage marrow cavity diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
What term refers to the end of a long bone?**** epiphysis epiphyseal line medullary cavity diaphysis
epiphysis
Which of these muscles is named for the arrangement of its fascicles?**** external oblique temporalis adductor longus deltoid
external oblique
The orbital cavities house the ________. eyes nose ears mouth
eyes
Which of these bones articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone? fibula sacrum patella femur tibia
femur
What type of burn only involves injury to the superficial epidermis? first third fourth second
first
What does collagen provide as a component of bone? elasticity flexibility resistance to compression brittleness hardness
flexibility
The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are ________. fontanels crista galli alveolar margins palates sinuses
fontanels
The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is the ________. occipital condyle intervertebral foramen foramen magnum vertebral foramen
foramen magnum
The DNA segment that carries information for building one protein or polypeptide chain is called a(n) ________. anticodon codon amino acid gene
gene
Skeletal muscle, as a whole, can generate different amounts of force, and different degrees of shortening, in response to stimuli. What is this concept called? action potential graded response incomplete, or unfused, tetanus twitch fused, or complete, tetanus
graded response
An incomplete bone break, known as a(n) ________ fracture, is commonly seen in children. spiral comminuted impacted greenstick
greenstick
When James shaves his face, which portion of the hair is removed? hair follicle hair matrix hair shaft hair root
hair shaft
The first step in bone healing involves the formation of a blood-filled swelling known as a(n) ________. bony callus hematoma fibrocartilage callus epiphyseal line
hematoma
The elbow is classified as a(n) ________. hinge joint condylar joint saddle joint pivot joint plane joint
hinge joint
What bone does NOT articulate directly with any other bone? mandible hamate hyoid calcaneus
hyoid
What skin disorder is recognized using the ABCDE rule? basal cell carcinoma impetigo psoriasis squamous cell carcinoma melanoma
melanoma
Which of these bones is associated with the hand? talus metatarsals tarsals metacarpals calcaneus
metacarpals
One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________. synaptic cleft motor unit neuromuscular junction sarcoplasmic reticulum
motor unit
Which of the following membranes lines body cavities that are open to the exterior? serous pleura mucous synovial cutaneous
mucous
What type of membrane is composed of epithelium resting on the lamina propria, a loose connective tissue membrane? mucous membrane synovial membrane serous membrane cutaneous membrane
mucous membrane
An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as ________. cystic fibrosis torticollis muscular dystrophy myasthenia gravis
muscular dystrophy
An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as ________. muscular dystrophy torticollis cystic fibrosis myasthenia gravis
muscular dystrophy
Which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses via cells called neurons? -connective tissue -muscle tissue -dense tissue -epithelial tissue -nervous tissue
nervous tissue
Which cavity would be lined with a mucous membrane?**** oral cavity thoracic cavity joint cavity abdominal cavity
oral cavity
The process of bone formation is known as ________. ossification hemostasis hematopoiesis metabolism
ossification
What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs? chondrocyte erythrocyte osteoclast osteoblast osteocyte
osteoblast
When growing bones widen through appositional growth, what kind of cells add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis? osteoclasts osteoblasts chondrocytes osteocytes erythrocytes
osteoblasts
Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the ________. stratum lucidum reticular layer of the dermis hypodermis subcutaneous tissue papillary layer of the dermis
papillary layer of the dermis
Which of these muscles is located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body? pectoralis major gluteus medius occipitalis latissimus dorsi gastrocnemius
pectoralis major
Which connective tissue bundles muscle fibers into fascicles? epimysium perimysium tendons endomysium
perimysium
Which connective tissue bundles muscle fibers into fascicles? perimysium endomysium epimysium tendons
perimysium
Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane? -carbohydrates -water -phospholipids -cholesterol
phospholipids
What type of joint is found between the atlas and the dens of the axis?*** plane condylar hinge pivot
pivot
Which of these terms refers to a body area found on the dorsal surface? -patellar -popliteal -deltoid -antecubital
popliteal
Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal? ventral distal posterior lateral
posterior
What is required for filtration to occur? protein carriers ATP pressure gradient solute pumps
pressure gradient
What is the function of the keratin found within skin cells? absorbs ultraviolet radiation sensory perception produces vitamin D prevents water loss
prevents water loss
Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction? pushing against an immovable wall nodding the head as to say "yes" bending the elbow shaking the head as to say "no" rotating the arm
pushing against an immovable wall
Which of the following elements of a control system detects a change? -effector -efferent pathway -stimulus -receptor -control center
receptor
What is key to offsetting the effects of aging on the muscular system? *** drinking plenty of water sleeping 6-8 hours per night regular exercise taking vitamins
regular exercise
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? support the body storage of fat and minerals protection of soft body organs regulation of blood pressure
regulation of blood pressure
What type of exercise causes increase in muscle size? *** infrequent exercise anaerobic exercise aerobic exercise resistance exercise
resistance exercise
Hasan is a three-year-old boy who lives in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is small for his age, has bowed legs, exhibits muscle weakness, and complains often of pain in his bones. Hasan most likely has __________. kyphosis rickets scoliosis osteoarthritis
rickets
What term describes the rotation of a bone around its longitudinal axis? dorsiflexion rotation circumduction inversion
rotation
The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________. sarcolemma sarcoplasm myofilament sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcomere
sarcolemma
What organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium? sarcomere sarcolemma sarcoplasmic reticulum cross bridge
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which bones form the shoulder joint?*** scapula and humerus clavicle and humerus scapula and clavicle scapula, clavicle, and humerus
scapula and humerus
What prevents skin from becoming brittle? hairs on the skin surface sebum sweat produced by eccrine glands sweat produced by apocrine glands
sebum
Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer? cutaneous synovial peritoneum mucous serous
serous
What type of membrane lines the compartments of the ventral body cavity and produces a lubricant that allows organs to move against neighboring organs without friction? mucous membrane cutaneous membrane synovial membrane serous membrane
serous membrane
What type of membrane provides lubrication to the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities?**** serous membrane cutaneous membrane synovial membrane mucous membrane
serous membrane
How many true ribs do humans have? fifteen three five twelve seven
seven
Which term does NOT describe smooth muscle cells? nonstriated involuntary skeletal visceral
skeletal
Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation? tendons visceral cardiac skeletal smooth
skeletal
What must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization? acetylcholine potassium ions calcium ions sodium ions acetylcholinesterase
sodium ions
Which bone of the cranium contains a small depression that surrounds the pituitary gland? frontal bone parietal bone occipital bone sphenoid bone
sphenoid bone
Which of the following bones is considered part of the axial skeleton? scapula metatarsals sternum radius femur
sternum
Which of these bones is part of the axial skeleton?**** coxal bone clavicle scapula sternum
sternum
Which of these is a function of the skeletal system?**** storage site for calcium creation of the structural framework within soft organs of the body removal of old or damaged blood cells communication system
storage site for calcium
Which of these bone markings is a projection that serves as a site for muscle or ligament attachment? foramen tubercle fossa fissure meatus
tubercle
Which two bones constitute the forearm? humerus and scapula femur and fibula ulna and radius fibula and tibia
ulna and radius
A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by ________. measuring urinary output and fluid intake performing enzyme studies observing the tissues that are usually moist using the "rule of nines" blood analysis
using the "rule of nines"
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called ________. 1. diarthroses; synarthroses 2. amphiarthroses; synarthroses 3. amphiarthroses; diarthroses 4. synarthroses; amphiarthroses 5. diarthroses; amphiarthroses
2. amphiarthroses; synarthroses
Which set of regions in the abdominopelvic cavity is medial? 1. Iliac (inguinal), lumbar, and hypogastric (pubic) regions 2. Epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric (pubic) regions 3. Right and left iliac (inguinal), and hypogastric (pubic) regions 4. Umbilical, right lumbar, and left lumbar regions 5. Epigastric, right, and left hypochondriac regions
2. epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric (pubic) regions
Which directional term best describes the location of the human nose? 1. Inferior 2. Distal 3. Anterior 4. Posterior 5. Lateral
3. Anterior (front or towards the body)
According to the sliding filament theory, how does muscle contraction occur? 1. A bands bunch up and shorten as myosin heads attach to thin filaments. 2. Both thick and thin filaments shorten as the muscle contracts. 3. Myosin heads form cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide. 4. Myosin heads attach and detach from thin filaments, causing thin filaments to shorten.
3. Myosin heads form cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide.
The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle? 1. The knee is superficial to the ankle. 2. The knee is medial to the ankle. 3. The knee is superior to the ankle. 4. The knee is contralateral to the ankle.
3. The knee is superior to the ankle.
Muscle Tissue Characteristics
-Can be described as voluntary or involuntary -is specialized to contract and produce movement
The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____. -Active transport -Facilitated diffusion -Simple diffusion -Cotransport -A process that requires energy from the cell
-Facilitated diffusion
Nervous Tissue Characteristics
-Found in the brain and spinal cord -Type of tissue whose two functional characteristics are irritability and conductivity
The portion of the cell's life cycle that does NOT involve cell division is known as ________. -Interphase -cytokinesis -metaphase -mitosis -prophase
-Interphase
The cells in our bodies are made up primarily of which four elements? -sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium -hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and oxygen -hydrogen, nitrogen, sodium, and oxygen -carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Which of these regions is distal to the antebrachial region? -coxal region -carpal region -tarsal region -antecubital region
-carpal region
Which of the following is NOT considered a cytoplasmic organelle? -Golgi apparatus -peroxisome -rough endoplasmic reticulum -mitochondrion -flagellum
-flagellum
Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane? -acting as receptors -forming the entire glycocalyx -anchoring cells to other structures -forming channels
-forming the entire glycocalyx
What characteristic is shared by both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue? -presence of short, branching cells -presence of intercalated discs -presence of striations -involuntary contractions -long, slow contractions
-involuntary contractions
Which of the following best explains diffusion? -movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration -movement of molecules from where there are fewer of them to where there are more -exchange of nonpolar molecules for polar molecules -movement of molecules farther away from equilibrium
-movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What are two types of endocytosis? -pinocytosis and passive transport -cellular secretion and solute pumping -active transport and phagocytosis -phagocytosis and pinocytosis -solute pumping and active transport
-phagocytosis and pinocytosis
What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid? -hydrophobic molecules -fatty acid tails -phosphate heads of phospholipids -cholesterol
-phosphate heads of phospholipids
Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane? -Impermeable -not permeable -fully permeable -semipermeable
-semipermeable
The two steps of protein synthesis, in the correct order, are ________ and ________. -transcription; translation -replication; mitosis -mitosis; cytokinesis -transcription; replication
-transcription; translation
Which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs? -pseudostratified columnar epithelium -simple squamous epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium -transitional epithelium -simple cuboidal epithelium
-transitional epithelium
What term describes an abnormal cell mass that may easily invade surrounding tissues? malignant neoplasm metastasis benign neoplasm hyperplasia
malignant neoplasm
The central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart is called the ________. quadrant pleural cavity visceral cavity mediastinum
mediastinum
The organelle responsible for making the majority of ATP in a cell is the ________. lysosome Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion
mitochondrion
Milk production during breastfeeding is increased by the suckling of a newborn from his mother's nipple. This type of feedback mechanism best describes ________. 1. an abnormal physiological mechanism 2. both negative and positive feedback 3. homeostatic imbalance 4. positive feedback 5. negative feedback
positive feedback
The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as ________. The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as 1. Irritability 2. Output 3. Metabolism 4. Homeostasis
4. Homeostasis
The right and left iliac (inguinal) regions are lateral to the ________ region. 1. Right hypochondriac 2. Left hypochondriac 3. Right lumbar 4. Hypogastric (pubic)
4. Hypogastric (pubic)
________ refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body. 1. Irritability 2.Homeostasis 3. Hematopoiesis 4. Metabolism
4. Metabolism
Levels of organization: 1. atoms --> molecules 2. smooth muscle cell 3. smooth muscle tissue 4. blood vessel 5. blood vessels/heart 6. human
Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organismal level
Which type of tissue is most likely to repair itself if injured? -Cardiac muscle tissue -Skeletal muscle tissue -Nervous tissue -Dense connective tissue -Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark feature of epithelial tissues? -Epithelial tissues have a basement membrane -Epithelial tissues fit closely to form continuous sheets. -Epithelial tissues are well vascularized -Epithelial tissues have an apical surface.
Epithelial tissues are well vascularized
________ glands possess ducts that transport secretions onto epithelial surfaces. -Adrenal -Endocrine -Thyroid -Exocrine
Exocrine
A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____. -Facilitated Diffusion -Exocytosis -Endocytosis -Active transport -Simple Diffusion
Exocytosis
Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____. -exocytosis -facilitated diffusion -endocytosis -simple diffusion -active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Which of these describes the effect of a negative feedback mechanism? -extends the duration of the initial stimulus -reduces the intensity of the initial stimulus -pushes the variable farther away from the set point -prevents the stimulus from occurring
Reduces the intensity of the initial stimulus
Which type of tissue is NOT readily repaired if damaged?* -tissues whose cells remain mitotic throughout life -tissues whose mature cells are amitotic -liver -epithelial tissue
Tissues whose mature cells are amitotic
What process does a cell use to make an RNA copy of a segment of DNA? -Replication -Cytokinesis -Transcription -Translation
Transcription
What is the unstoppable electrical current that travels down the length of the entire surface of a sarcolemma? neurotransmitter action potential neuromuscular junction acetylcholine
action potential
Jerome plays football and recently broke a bone in the tarsal region. This region is in the ________. ankle thigh wrist groin calf
ankle
Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ________. fixators prime movers antagonists synergists
antagonists
Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic imbalance? blood clotting wearing wool socks on a cold day perspiration being sick with the flu
being sick with the flu
Sequences of three bases found in messenger RNA (mRNA) are called ________. -anticodons -amino acids -ribosomes -deoxyribose sugars -codons
codons
What term refers to a smooth, sustained contraction? isotonic contraction complete tetanus isometric contraction muscle twitch
complete tetanus
The type of tissue that functions to protect, support, and bind together body tissues are classified as ________. epithelial tissues nervous tissues muscle tissues connective tissues
connective tissues
Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as ________. extensibility elasticity irritability contractility
contractility
Groups of cells that are similar in both structure and function are known as ________. organs organ systems tissues atoms
tissues
Which of the following molecules brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis? messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA DNA
transfer RNA
The process of transcription ________. -produces ATP from glucose and oxygen -creates proteins from mRNA -transfers information from DNA into mRNA -occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell -translates nucleic acids into amino acids
transfers information from DNA into mRNA
What happens to a muscle when the nerve supplying that muscle is cut? Muscle paralysis and atrophy occur. The muscle hypertrophies. Myasthenia gravis develops. Muscular dystrophy develops.
Muscle paralysis and atrophy occur.
Osteoblast
A cell that stores calcium in bone by making bone matrix
Epiphyseal Line
A person with an epiphyseal lines is not growing taller
Epiphyseal Plates
A person with epiphyseal plates is growing taller
Osteocyte
-A mature bone cell trapped in bone matrix
Fibrous Joints
-Bone ends/parts unite by collagenic fibers Types: -Suture (short fibers) - immobile -Syndesmosis (longer fibers) - slightly mobile -Gomphosis (periodontal ligament) - immobile
Creatine phosphate (CP) functions within the muscle cells by ________. -forming a chemical compound with actin -inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments -storing energy that will be transferred to ATP to resynthesize ADP as needed -storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed -forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin
-storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed
Steps of healing a bone fracture
1. Blood filled swelling 2. Fibrocartilage callus 3. Bony callus 4. Bone remodeling
Which of the following is visible when viewing the anterior of a human body in anatomical position? Which of the following is visible when viewing the anterior of a human body in anatomical position? 1. occipital region 2. olecranal region 3. patellar region 4. popliteal region
3. patellar region
If a person has third-degree burns on both anterior and posterior surfaces of the lower limbs, what percentage of the body surface area is burned? 4.5 percent 9 percent 18 percent 36 percent
36 percent
What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue? -A bands and I bands -sarcoplasm and sarcolemma -Z discs and H zones -H zones and M lines -thick filaments and myosin heads
A bands and I bands
What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue? H zones and M lines A bands and I bands thick filaments and myosin heads sarcoplasm and sarcolemma Z discs and H zones
A bands and I bands
What step occurs first in the embryonic development of most bones? The medullary cavity is formed. Appositional growth occurs. A bony collar forms. Cartilage is digested away.
A bony collar forms.
Osteoclast
A cell that releases calcium from bone, increasing blood calcium levels Activated by PTH (parathyroid hormones)
Lamellae
Layers or rings of calcification that are found in compact bone
Which of the following letters in the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanomas is incorrect? A stands for asymmetry. B stands for border irregularity. C stands for color. D stands for diagnosis.
D stands for diagnosis.
Which of these statements describes the papillary layer of the skin?*** This deep layer of the dermis is made of irregularly arranged connective tissue fibers. Dermal papillae contain capillary loops to nourish the epidermis. Melanocytes in this layer provide protection from UV radiation. This layer contains dendritic cells and Merkel cells.
Dermal papillae contain capillary loops to nourish the epidermis.
Which of these statements describes a function of fontanels?*** Fontanels protect the brain as the young child begins to walk. Fontanels connect regions of the developing brain. Fontanels allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during childbirth. Fontanels compress the brain so that it will not grow too fast during infancy.
Fontanels allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during childbirth.
Define each fracture type: Greenstick Depression Spiral Comminuted Impacted
Greenstick = incomplete bone break Depression fracture = broken bone portion is pushed inward Spiral fracture: ragged bone break resulting from twisting forces Comminuted fracture = bone breaks into many fragments Impacted fracture = broken bone ends are forced into each other
What mineral is released within muscle cells to trigger contraction?*** potassium ATP sodium calcium
calcium
Small canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to the central canal are known as ________. central (Haversian) canals canaliculi perforating (Sharpey's) fibers perforating (Volkmann's) canals
canaliculi
Which of these allow nutrients to diffuse from the central canal to all the osteocytes within an osteon? lacunae lamellae perforating canals canaliculi
canaliculi
The cells in our bodies are made up primarily of which four elements?*** carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and oxygen hydrogen, nitrogen, sodium, and oxygen
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle. cardiac smooth skeletal either smooth or skeletal
cardiac
Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is ________. dense irregular skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle dense regular
cardiac muscle
What type of muscle tissue is both striated and involuntary? visceral muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
Which type of muscle is characterized by the presence of striations and intercalated discs? smooth muscle skeletal muscle voluntary muscle cardiac muscle
cardiac muscle
What pigment found in skin originates from outside the body? melanin carotene jaundice hemoglobin
carotene
From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae? sacral, cervical, lumbar cervical, lumbar, thoracic cervical, thoracic, lumbar lumbar, thoracic, cervical
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
The tailbone is the ________. sacrum coccyx pubis patella ischium
coccyx
What provides toughness to the dermis and holds water in this skin layer? epidermis dendritic cells elastic fibers Merkel cells melanocytes collagen fibers
collagen fibers
A bone fracture that results in the bone being broken into many fragments is a ________. comminuted fracture greenstick fracture compression fracture compound fracture simple fracture
comminuted fracture
What term refers to a smooth, sustained contraction?*** isotonic contraction isometric contraction muscle twitch complete tetanus
complete tetanus
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a disease that results in progressive paralysis. While the ultimate cause is unknown, __________ is the direct cause of the paralysis. malfunctioning mitochondria inflammation degeneration of motor neurons UV light
degeneration of motor neurons
Which of these terms refers to the shape of a muscle? biceps mastoid deltoid rectus
deltoid
Which of these terms refers to the shape of a muscle? mastoid rectus deltoid biceps
deltoid
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________. osmosis diffusion filtration absorption evaporation
diffusion
What is the function of creatine phosphate? **** makes oxygen available for aerobic respiration catalyzes aerobic respiration directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell triggers anaerobic respiration
directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell
When correctly situated in anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees? -medial -deep -superior -proximal -distal
distal
Which glands play a role in thermoregulation?***** hair follicles apocrine glands sebaceous glands eccrine glands
eccrine glands
Which of these carries out the commands of a homeostatic control center? -receptor -stimulus -effector -nerve
effector
During soccer practice, Sadie tripped and tried to stop her fall with her outstretched arms. Her humerus broke and the broken ends were forced into each other. Sadie suffered a(n) __________ fracture. compression spiral impacted comminuted
impacted - common when trying to break fall with arms
What is the first stage to occur during tissue repair (wound healing)? -inflammation -formation of granulation tissue -fibrosis -regeneration -formation of scar tissue
inflammation
What is the function of epidermal dendritic cells?*** produce keratin absorb ultraviolet radiation ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system stimulate the sensory nerve endings associated with touch receptors
ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system
Which of these characteristics applies only to cardiac muscle tissue?*** striations involuntary stimulated by hormones intercalated discs
intercalated discs
Which of these is a typical characteristic of the female pelvis? deeper than the male pelvis minimal flaring of ilia ischial spines that are short and farther apart pubic arch less than 90 degrees
ischial spines that are short and farther apart
Contractions in which muscles shorten and produce movement are known as ________. resistance exercises isotonic contractions isometric contractions twitches
isotonic contractions
What is the distinguishing feature of a synovial joint? joint cavity epiphyseal plate fibrocartilage fibrous connective tissue
joint cavity
Which chemical is produced during vigorous exercise when the supply of oxygen is limited or inadequate? creatine glycogen lactic acid carbon dioxide
lactic acid
Which of the following consists of two large, flat muscles that cover the lower back? deltoid pectoralis major biceps brachii triceps brachii latissimus dorsi
latissimus dorsi
Which of these muscles moves the upper limb? brachialis external oblique latissimus dorsi trapezius
latissimus dorsi
Where are mucous membranes found? covering the brain lining the inside of the stomach lining joint cavities lining the abdominal cavity wall covering the heart
lining the inside of the stomach
The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ________. compact bones long bones flat bones sesamoid bones irregular bones
long bones
The white crescent area located over the nail matrix is called the ________. bed cuticle lunule matrix
lunule
The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the ________. jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint manubrium, body, xiphoid process pubis, ischium, ilium true ribs, manubrium, xiphoid process ischium, ilium, coccyx
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to the increased presence of ________. keratin sweat melanin epidermis dendritic cells oil
melanin
Creatine phosphate (CP) functions within the muscle cells by ________. forming a chemical compound with actin storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin storing energy that will be transferred to ATP to resynthesize ADP as needed
storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed
Which layer of the epidermis forms the nail bed? stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum stratum basale stratum lucidum
stratum basale
What layer is affected when a scrape affects the most superficial epidermal layer? stratum corneum stratum basale stratum lucidum stratum spinosum stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis contains the greatest concentration of keratin?***** stratum basale stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum corneum
stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis is composed of flattened, dead, keratin-filled cells? stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum basale stratum corneum
stratum corneum
The factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are) ________. sex hormones growth hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH) stress of gravity and pull of muscles on the skeleton calcium level of the blood
stress of gravity and pull of muscles on the skeleton
Jan got her microscope slides mixed up in lab as they were unlabeled. The slide with abundant adipose tissue should be labeled as the ________. subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) epidermis reticular layer of the dermis papillary layer of the dermis stratum corneum
subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
Which movement is associated with the hand but actually occurs in the forearm? opposition inversion supination dorsiflexion
supination
The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________. motor unit sarcomere cross bridge synaptic cleft neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft
The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________. neuromuscular junction motor unit sarcomere synaptic cleft cross bridge
synaptic cleft
Immovable joints are functionally classified as ________. synarthroses symphyses amphiarthroses diarthroses
synarthroses
What term refers to a muscle that aids another muscle by producing the same the movement or reducing undesirable movements?*** fixator synergist prime mover antagonist
synergist
The ________ membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints. mucous serous cutaneous synovial
synovial
Which of the following reduces friction in movable joints, such as the knee? sebum synovial fluid keratin sweat serous fluid
synovial fluid
Plane, hinge, and pivot joints are examples of ________. fibrous joints amphiarthroses synarthroses cartilaginous joints synovial joints
synovial joints
Which membrane is composed of areolar connective tissue and NOT an epithelial tissue?***** serous membrane cutaneous membrane mucous membrane synovial membrane
synovial membrane
Which of the following membranes is composed of loose areolar connective tissue? cutaneous membrane serous membrane pleural membrane mucous membrane synovial membrane
synovial membrane
Which of these body parts is distal to the crural region? acromial region gluteal region tarsal region carpal region
tarsal region
The condition of skeletal muscle fatigue can be best explained by ________. inadequate numbers of mitochondria in muscle cells the inability to generate sufficient quantities of ATP due to feedback regulation of synthesis the all-or-none law a total lack of ATP in the body the inability of the muscle to contract even if it is being stimulated
the inability of the muscle to contract even if it is being stimulated
Which one of the following is composed mostly of the protein myosin? thin filaments all myofilaments Z discs thick filaments light bands
thick filaments
What type of burn damages the skin so severely that regeneration of the damaged tissue is NOT possible?**** first-degree burn second-degree burn third-degree burn an erythema
third-degree burn
What cavity is superior to the diaphragm? -pelvic cavity -spinal cavity -abdominal -thoracic
thoracic
How is the rule of nines used by a clinician?*** to estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns to identify whether a burn is first-, second-, or third-degree to determine whether the patient can survive the burns to diagnose the type of skin cancer
to estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns
The two major body cavities are ________ and ________. ventral; dorsal cranial; dorsal abdominopelvic; thoracic thoracic; ventral
ventral; dorsal
The white, cheesy-looking substance that is produced by the sebaceous glands and protects a baby's skin while it is floating in its water-filled sac inside the mother is called ________. lanugo vellus milia vernix caseosa
vernix caseosa
What bones protect the spinal cord? sternum ribs vertebrae coxal bones
vertebrae
Which important metabolic compound is produced by skin cells?**** vitamin D carotene urea sweat
vitamin D
Tendons and ligaments are classified as ________. -Areolar connective tissue -Loose connective tissue -Dense connective (fibrous) tissue -Skeletal muscle tissue
-Dense connective (fibrous) tissue
What is the function of creatine phosphate? -Catalyzes aerobic respiration -Directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell -Makes oxygen available for aerobic respiration -Triggers anaerobic respiration
-Directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell
Match the prefixes/suffices/roots to their meanings: 1. Brachi 2. Ante 3. Hypo 4. Trans
-brachi: arm -ante: before -hypo: below -trans: across/through
A primary active transport process is one in which __________. -Molecules move across the plasma membrane without an input of energy -Molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP -The plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle containing extracellular material -An intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid -Molecules pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
-Molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP
Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position? -Nose facing forward -Arms fully extended -Legs are straight with toes aimed forward -Palms facing inward towards the thighs
-Palms facing inward towards the thighs
Connective Tissue Characteristics
-Protects, supports and binds tissues together -Consists of living cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. -Contains collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers -can be classified as loose or dense.
Damaged tissues that are repaired by the same kind of cells experience a replacement process known as ________. -Clotting -Fibrosis -Inflammation -Regeneration -Scarring
-Regeneration
Which of these is an example of maintaining boundaries? -Calcium deposits make bones hard. -The cells in the retina of the eye absorb light. -The cell membrane controls the movement of substances into or out of the cell. -The nerve endings in the skin keep us aware of the external environment.
-The cell membrane controls the movement of substances into or out of the cell.
Which of these is an example of physiology? -Skin consists of two kinds of tissue. -The surface of the brain is highly folded. -Tendons are composed of collagen fibers. -The liver produces many of the blood proteins.
-The liver produces many of the blood proteins.
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
-Tissue that can be simple or stratified -Has an apical surface and a basement membrane -Is common in glands and their ducts
What happens when body cells are placed in a hypertonic solution? -Water enters the cell and the cell swells. -The cells will burst. -Water leaves the cells and the cells shrink. -The size or shape of the cells does not change.
-Water leaves the cells and the cells shrink.
What changes occur in the sarcomere during muscle contraction? -A band decreases in length. -I band increases in length. -The thin filament shortens. -Z discs move closer together.
-Z discs move closer together.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. 1. armpit 2. ankle 3. curve of shoulder 4. forearm 5. thigh 6. calf 7. hip 8. groin 9. arm 10. leg
1. Axillary - armpit 2. Tarsal- ankle 3. Deltoid - curve of shoulder 4. Antebrachial - forearm 5. Femoral - thigh 6. Sural - calf 7. Coxal - hip 8. Inguinal - groin 9. Brachial - arm 10. Crural - leg
Match vocabulary terms and their meaning: brachial, transverse, antecubital & hypogastric 1. The body region located in front of the elbow is the _____ region. 2. A ____ plane takes a cross-section of the body. 3. The main artery in the arm is called the _____ artery. 4. The body region located below the stomach is the _____ region.
1. antecubital 2. transverse 3. brachial 4. hypogastric
Proximal Distal Superficial (external) Deep (internal)
1. towards top of head 2. towards feet 3. shoulder blades towards outwards 4. shoulder blades towards inwards
In reference to the relationship between the patellar and popliteal regions, which of the following statements is correct? 1. The patellar region is superior to the popliteal region. 2. The patellar region is distal to the popliteal region. 3. The patellar region is anterior to the popliteal region. 4. The patellar region is proximal to the popliteal region. 5. The patellar region is lateral to the popliteal region.
3. The patellar region is anterior to the popliteal region.
The correct order of phases of the mitosis is ________. 1. prophase, interphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 2. metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase 3. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 4. prophase, anaphase, telophase, metaphase 5. telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase
3. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
The nucleotides of DNA join in a complementary way in which adenine pairs with ________ while cytosine pairs with ________. 1. guanine; thymine 2. adenine; cytosine 3. thymine; guanine 4. uracil; guanine
3. thymine; guanine
The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain? 1. The cranial bones are lateral to the brain. 2. The cranial bones are proximal to the brain. 3. Cranial bones are anterior to the brain. 4. The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.
4. The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.
________ tissue is commonly called fat. Dense fibrous Reticular Bone Adipose
Adipose
Which of these planes would show the heart, lungs, and liver in the same section? 1. Frontal (coronal) plane 2. Horizontal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane? -Simple diffusion requires molecules to move through special doorways in the cell membrane. -Simple diffusion is passive but facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses energy. -In simple diffusion, molecules move down the concentration gradient but in facilitated diffusion molecules move up the concentration gradient. -In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.
In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.
The epigastric region is ________ to the right hypochondriac region of the abdominopelvic cavity. superior dorsal lateral medial
Medial
Which of the following is located in a median position? lung Right foot mouth shoulder
Mouth
Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion? CO2 Na+ O2 small lipids
Na+
What are the three basic parts or regions of a cell? -nuclear envelope, DNA, and nuclear pores -cytosol, cytoplasm, and intracellular fluid -nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane -nucleus, intracellular fluid, organelles -cytoplasm, plasma membrane, extracellular fluid
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?* -phospholipid "tails" -proteins -phospholipid "heads" -sugar groups
Phospholipid "tails"
The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____. -Secondary Active Transport -Exocytosis -Simple Diffusion -Primary Active Transport -Facilitated Diffusion
Primary Active Transport
Drag and drop the essential functions to the statement that correctly describes the function. Digestion Responsiveness Growth Metabolism Reproduction Excretion Maintaining boundaries Movement ______ the ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them ______ includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system _____ keeping one's "inside" distinct from the "outside" ______ breaking food down into smaller pieces ______ removing wastes from the body _______ increasing in size _____ producing offspring _____ all chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Responsiveness Movement Maintaining boundaries Digestion Excretion Growth Reproduction Metabolism
Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion? -High temperature -Small molecule size -Small concentration gradient -Higher concentration of molecules
Small concentration gradient
Which organelle synthesizes proteins that are used in the cytoplasm? -Golgi apparatus -ribosomes that are free within the cytoplasm -rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) -mitochondria
ribosomes that are free within the cytoplasm
Which term does NOT describe smooth muscle cells? involuntary nonstriated skeletal visceral
skeletal
The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is ________. skeletal muscle both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
The net effect of the effector is to shut off the original ________, or reduce its intensity, during the negative feedback mechanism to restore homeostasis. -stimulus -response -receptor -control center
stimulus
