PICOT (Nursing), Healthcare Foundations PREP-U: Ch 2
adults
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as:
Decrease infection rates
A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in preparation for conducting a research study. The question is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared with other frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the statement reflects the "O"?
Quantitative research
A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research?
General Systems Theory (GST)
A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, and then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory?
Literature
Body of written works on a specific topic
Exposure
Contact with a factor being studied
Pressure Injury
Damage to the skin and underlying tissue due to pressure
Strength of Evidence
Degree of confidence in research findings
Characteristics
Distinctive qualities or features
PICOT
Format for asking clinical questions: Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time
Level 7
Lowest level of evidence
Diagnostic Test
Medical test to determine a diagnosis
O
Outcome - risk of disease, accuracy of a diagnosis, rate of occurrence of adverse outcome -outcomes must be observable and measurable
P
Patient population of interest (age, gender, ethnicity, individuals with certain disorders, etc)
Applications
Practical uses or implementations
Arch Questions
Questions that are fundamental and important
EBP Guidelines
Recommendations for evidence-based practice
Subgroups
Smaller groups within a larger population
Level 1
Strongest level of evidence
Systematic Reviews
Summaries of multiple studies on a specific topic
Research
Systematic investigation to gain knowledge or solve problems
Nursing Research
Systematic investigation to improve nursing practice
Authoritative Knowledge
The focus of nursing is always on which of the four common concepts in nursing theory?
Person
The focus of nursing is always on which of the four common concepts in nursing theory?
The rights of human participants will be respected during the research
The nurse researcher has submitted a proposed research project to the institutional review board (IRB) and has been granted approval. What conclusion can the nurse draw from this decision?
T
Time - the time it takes for the intervention to achieve an outcome or how long participants are observed
Comparison
Treatment or standard of care being compared
generate knowledge to guide practice.
What is one of the primary reasons for conducting nursing research is to:
Evidence-based research
What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and practice?
Health appraisal, Prevention of trauma, Promotion of recovery
Which is a focus of nursing research?
nursing theory
Which theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice?
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment?
Attempting to understand immigrants' experiences of being hospital clients when they do not speak the dominant language
For which research activity is a phenomenological research method most appropriate?
Theory
Framework explaining phenomena or predicting outcomes
Traditional knowledge
A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?
Age
Chronological period of life
C
Comparison/control of interest- could be a placebo or "business as usual" as in no disease, absence of risk factor, Prognostic factor B
Implications
Consequences or effects
use of outcome studies to guide decisions.
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and:
Population
Group of individuals with shared characteristics
Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health.
Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge?
Outcome
Result or effect of an intervention
Comprehensive
Thorough and inclusive
Predicting Factor
Variable used to predict an outcome
General Systems Theory
Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave?
Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian.
A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client?
Theory
A group of concepts and the relationships among them is what?
Chromium supplements
A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICOT format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention?
Population
A nurse is developing a foreground question for nursing research using the PICO model. Which component would be represented by the statement, "a 45-year-old male with coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation"?
Intervention
Action or treatment being studied
National Institute of Nursing Research
A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact regarding acquiring funding?
Evidence
Information or data supporting a claim or proposition
Research Questions
Inquiries that guide the research process
Evidence-Based Practice
Integration of best available evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
I
Intervention/indicator of Interest - exposure to a disease, risk behavior, prognostic factor
Setting
Location or context in which something occurs
