PKA 7
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes made of cells containing organelles called what?
Plastids
The delivery of pollen to the female region of a flower is called what?
Pollination
The process by which pollen comes into contact with ovules is called what?
Pollination
What are features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Presence of vascular tissue Reproduction using spores
A fern is an example of a what?
Pteridophyte
What are all the seedless vascular plants?
Pteridophytes Lycophytes
Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called what?
Stomata/Stoma/Stomate
The function of lignin in the cell walls of tracheids is to do what?
Support
Because seeds can remain dormant, they allow plants to what?
Survive in unpredictable conditions
If environmental conditions are unfavorable, seeds can remain in a state of _________ until conditions improve.
Dormancy
An advantage of the alternation of generations life cycle of bryophytes, compared to the haploid-dominant life cycle of streptophyte algae, is that what?
Each sporophyte can produce more spores
The ginkgos, cycads, and conifers are what?
Gymnosperms
What refers to the phylum that include cycads, conifers, ginkgos, and gnetophytes?
Gymnosperms
What are the two types of seed plants?
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
What are all places in which placental transfer tissues occur?
Haploid gametophyte tissues Diploid embryo tissues
This figure depicts the _________-___________ life cycle.
Haploid-Dominant
Because seed plants produce female spores and male spores, they are said to be what?
Heterosporous
What are all types of seeds adapted for animal dispersal?
Hickory nuts Acorns
Fossils indicate that the first vascular plants appeared _______ than the earliest non-vascular plants or _____________.
Later; Bryophytes
What are all the statements that are true for the sporophytes of vascular plants, but not bryophytes?
Become independent of gametophytes Able to branch
The ______________ __ ___________ life cycle of __________ produces a larger number of genetically-diverse spores than the life cycle of aquatic algae.
Alternation of Generations; Bryophytes
What characteristic separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?
Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.
In bryophytes, ____________ hold sperm, and ____________ hold eggs.
Antheridia; Archegonia
What are the features that have helped land plants to thrive in terrestrial environments?
Apical meristems that produce tissues Specialized structures to disperse gametes and spores
Fertilization is the union of these two entities.
Egg Sperm
What are the multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote. They were one of the first critical innovations in land plants?
Embryos/Embryo
Angiosperm seeds are unique in that they possess a specialized seed tissue called what?
Endosperm
Because plant cells contain nuclei, plants are said to be what?
Eukaryotic
The union of an egg cell with a sperm cell is a process called ___________, which produces a diploid zygote that develops into the embryo.
Fertilization
What characteristics is common to both the alternation of generations and haploid-dominant life cycles?
Fertilization produces a zygote
Bryophytes produce ___________ sperm that need liquid water to swim to eggs to accomplish fertilization.
Flagellate
What is a waterproofing material found in the cell walls of tracheids?
Lignin
Angiosperms are distinguished from other plants by the presence of what?
Fruits Endosperm Flowers
Placental transfer tissues occur in haploid ______________ tissues that lie closest to the embryo.
Gametophyte
Lycophyte and pteridophyte ________________ are small and delicate whereas _____________ form large adult plants with many leaves.
Gametophytes; Sporophytes
In this moss life cycle, the spores within the red circle are what?
Genetically different from each other because they were produced by meiosis
What plant has the potential to be the largest?
Lycophyte sporophyte
What are the plant clades in order based on divergence, with the oldest/earliest lineage at the top?
Lycophytes Pteridophytes Seed Plants
In the evolutionary sequence of vascular plants, the ____________ arose first while the ____ _______ appeared last.
Lycophytes; Seed Plants
The megaspores of pines develop within what?
Megasporangia
In this alternation of generations life cycle, the spores indicated by the blue circle are produced by what?
Meiosis
The microspores of pines develop within what?
Microsprangia
This figure highlights the alternation of generations life cycle. The type of cell division indicated by the red circle is called what?
Mitosis
What is transported by conducting tissues of vascular plants?
Organic Compounds Water Minerals
What are all features of plant embryos?
Multicellular Diploid
What occurs in an alternation of generation life cycle but not in a haploid-dominant life cycle?
Multicellular Sporophyte
According to fossil evidence bryophytes are _____ ____ vascular plants.
Older than
What materials pass through stomata?
Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide
During plant development, __________ transfer tissues aid in the transfer of nutrients from mother to embryo.
Placental
The transfer of nutrients from mother to embryo is aided by what?
Placental transfer tissues
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ____ plants.
Seed
Heterospory describes the spores of different sizes and functions that are produced by what plant group?
Seed
Lycophytes and pteridophytes are known as what?
Seedless Vascular Plants
Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are called what?
Seeds
The embryos of spermatophytes are produced within protective and nourishing structures known as what?
Seeds
The fact that seed plants dominate modern ecosystems suggests that what?
Seeds have reproductive advantages
What are all characteristics of the sporophytes of bryophytes?
Short lifespans Remain attached to gametophytes Inability to branch
During fertilization in bryophytes, a gametophyte structure called the antheridium releases ______ cells, which swim toward the ____ cell that is contained in a gametophyte structure called the archegonium.
Sperm; Egg
The organism that we associate with the name fern is the _____________.
Sporophyte
What is shown in the figure?
The Haploid-dominant life cycle
What is shown in this figure?
The haploid-dominant life cycle
The most dominant plants in many ecosystems are spermatophytes. Their success is likely largely due to what?
The reproductive advantage conferred by seeds
Why is water necessary for fertilization in bryophytes?
The sperm are flagellate and have to swim to the eggs
What adaptation to the terrestrial habitat is an important feature of plant evolution?
Three-dimensional Tissue Apical Meristems
Xylem and phloem enable plants to conduct organic compounds, _____, and __________ through the plant body.
Water; Minerals
Winged seeds are adapted for _____ dispersal and fleshy seeds are adapted for _______ dispersal.
Wind; Animal
This figure depicts the life cycle of a moss. The green arrow (top left) is pointing to a what?
Zygote