PKA 7

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes made of cells containing organelles called what?

Plastids

The delivery of pollen to the female region of a flower is called what?

Pollination

The process by which pollen comes into contact with ovules is called what?

Pollination

What are features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Presence of vascular tissue Reproduction using spores

A fern is an example of a what?

Pteridophyte

What are all the seedless vascular plants?

Pteridophytes Lycophytes

Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called what?

Stomata/Stoma/Stomate

The function of lignin in the cell walls of tracheids is to do what?

Support

Because seeds can remain dormant, they allow plants to what?

Survive in unpredictable conditions

If environmental conditions are unfavorable, seeds can remain in a state of _________ until conditions improve.

Dormancy

An advantage of the alternation of generations life cycle of bryophytes, compared to the haploid-dominant life cycle of streptophyte algae, is that what?

Each sporophyte can produce more spores

The ginkgos, cycads, and conifers are what?

Gymnosperms

What refers to the phylum that include cycads, conifers, ginkgos, and gnetophytes?

Gymnosperms

What are the two types of seed plants?

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

What are all places in which placental transfer tissues occur?

Haploid gametophyte tissues Diploid embryo tissues

This figure depicts the _________-___________ life cycle.

Haploid-Dominant

Because seed plants produce female spores and male spores, they are said to be what?

Heterosporous

What are all types of seeds adapted for animal dispersal?

Hickory nuts Acorns

Fossils indicate that the first vascular plants appeared _______ than the earliest non-vascular plants or _____________.

Later; Bryophytes

What are all the statements that are true for the sporophytes of vascular plants, but not bryophytes?

Become independent of gametophytes Able to branch

The ______________ __ ___________ life cycle of __________ produces a larger number of genetically-diverse spores than the life cycle of aquatic algae.

Alternation of Generations; Bryophytes

What characteristic separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.

In bryophytes, ____________ hold sperm, and ____________ hold eggs.

Antheridia; Archegonia

What are the features that have helped land plants to thrive in terrestrial environments?

Apical meristems that produce tissues Specialized structures to disperse gametes and spores

Fertilization is the union of these two entities.

Egg Sperm

What are the multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote. They were one of the first critical innovations in land plants?

Embryos/Embryo

Angiosperm seeds are unique in that they possess a specialized seed tissue called what?

Endosperm

Because plant cells contain nuclei, plants are said to be what?

Eukaryotic

The union of an egg cell with a sperm cell is a process called ___________, which produces a diploid zygote that develops into the embryo.

Fertilization

What characteristics is common to both the alternation of generations and haploid-dominant life cycles?

Fertilization produces a zygote

Bryophytes produce ___________ sperm that need liquid water to swim to eggs to accomplish fertilization.

Flagellate

What is a waterproofing material found in the cell walls of tracheids?

Lignin

Angiosperms are distinguished from other plants by the presence of what?

Fruits Endosperm Flowers

Placental transfer tissues occur in haploid ______________ tissues that lie closest to the embryo.

Gametophyte

Lycophyte and pteridophyte ________________ are small and delicate whereas _____________ form large adult plants with many leaves.

Gametophytes; Sporophytes

In this moss life cycle, the spores within the red circle are what?

Genetically different from each other because they were produced by meiosis

What plant has the potential to be the largest?

Lycophyte sporophyte

What are the plant clades in order based on divergence, with the oldest/earliest lineage at the top?

Lycophytes Pteridophytes Seed Plants

In the evolutionary sequence of vascular plants, the ____________ arose first while the ____ _______ appeared last.

Lycophytes; Seed Plants

The megaspores of pines develop within what?

Megasporangia

In this alternation of generations life cycle, the spores indicated by the blue circle are produced by what?

Meiosis

The microspores of pines develop within what?

Microsprangia

This figure highlights the alternation of generations life cycle. The type of cell division indicated by the red circle is called what?

Mitosis

What is transported by conducting tissues of vascular plants?

Organic Compounds Water Minerals

What are all features of plant embryos?

Multicellular Diploid

What occurs in an alternation of generation life cycle but not in a haploid-dominant life cycle?

Multicellular Sporophyte

According to fossil evidence bryophytes are _____ ____ vascular plants.

Older than

What materials pass through stomata?

Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide

During plant development, __________ transfer tissues aid in the transfer of nutrients from mother to embryo.

Placental

The transfer of nutrients from mother to embryo is aided by what?

Placental transfer tissues

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ____ plants.

Seed

Heterospory describes the spores of different sizes and functions that are produced by what plant group?

Seed

Lycophytes and pteridophytes are known as what?

Seedless Vascular Plants

Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are called what?

Seeds

The embryos of spermatophytes are produced within protective and nourishing structures known as what?

Seeds

The fact that seed plants dominate modern ecosystems suggests that what?

Seeds have reproductive advantages

What are all characteristics of the sporophytes of bryophytes?

Short lifespans Remain attached to gametophytes Inability to branch

During fertilization in bryophytes, a gametophyte structure called the antheridium releases ______ cells, which swim toward the ____ cell that is contained in a gametophyte structure called the archegonium.

Sperm; Egg

The organism that we associate with the name fern is the _____________.

Sporophyte

What is shown in the figure?

The Haploid-dominant life cycle

What is shown in this figure?

The haploid-dominant life cycle

The most dominant plants in many ecosystems are spermatophytes. Their success is likely largely due to what?

The reproductive advantage conferred by seeds

Why is water necessary for fertilization in bryophytes?

The sperm are flagellate and have to swim to the eggs

What adaptation to the terrestrial habitat is an important feature of plant evolution?

Three-dimensional Tissue Apical Meristems

Xylem and phloem enable plants to conduct organic compounds, _____, and __________ through the plant body.

Water; Minerals

Winged seeds are adapted for _____ dispersal and fleshy seeds are adapted for _______ dispersal.

Wind; Animal

This figure depicts the life cycle of a moss. The green arrow (top left) is pointing to a what?

Zygote