Plant Systematics Test 1
Stigma
-Apical part of carpel -landing pad for pollen -usually sticky/feathery
Inferior ovary
-Receptacle grows up and around the ovary -Calyx and corolla appear attached at top of ovary (like blueberry)
Axile placentation
-Seeds attached along central axis -fruits with compound pistil and multiple locules
Parietal placentation
-Seeds attached along several lines along ovary wall -fruits with compound pistil and one locule
Raceme
-a flower cluster with the separate flowers attached by short equal stalks at equal distances along a central stem -the flowers at the base of the central stem develop first (indeterminate)
Family ends in
-aceae
Order ends in
-ales
Schizocarp
-dehiscent dry fruit -capsule variation -one sees per locule -splits apart into one seeded units (mericarps)
Legume
-dehiscent dry fruit -derived from simple pistil -splits along two seams
Capsule
-dehiscent dry fruit -derived from compound pistil -multiple locules -opens along (usually) joined seams Ex.) okra
Follicle
-dehiscent dry fruit -one locule -opens along one seam Ex.) magnolia
Ovary
-enlarged basal part of carpel -contains ovules that become seeds and are attached to placentas
Drupe
-fleshy fruit -like a berry but normally one seed -seed surrounded by pit (hardened endocarp)
Achene
-indehiscent dry fruit -single seeded -seed held loosely within pericarp
Nut
-indehiscent dry fruit -single seeded -seed fused to hardened pericarp -usually with involucre Ex.) acorn
Style
-middle part of carpel -stalk between stigma and ovary -pollen tube passes through style
Berry
-mostly indehiscent (banana) -can have one or more seeds -fleshy pericarp -usually with skin or rind (exocarp)
Free central placentation
-seeds attached along central column -compound pistil one locule -no walls
Fruits classified by:
1. Derived from? (Number of pistils, flowers...) 2. Dry or fleshy? 3. Does it split open? 4. Specializations
Flowers vary in
1. Number of parts 2. Presence/absence of parts 3. Fusion of parts 4. Symmetry 5. Ovary position
Classification hierarchy
1. Species 2. Genus 3. Family 4. Order
whorled leaf arrangement
3 or more leaves per node
Angiosperms
A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary (seeds develop from ovule)
Aggregate fruit
A fruit derived from a single flower that has many simple pistils ex.) magnolia fruit
Multiple fruit
A fruit derived from an entire inflorescence ex.) pineapple, fig
Loment
A legume which is constricted between the seeds and split apart
Cypsela
Achene of asters
Caryopsis
Achene of grasses (seed fused to fruit wall)
Accessory fruit
Aggregate/multiple fruit embedded in non-ovary tissue ex.) strawberry
basal leaf arrangement
Alternate with short stem (leaves appear to come out of ground)
Inflorescence
Arrangement of flowers classified by... -developmental direction -branching patterns -bracts and things
Bulb
Compact underground stem (ex. Onion, carrot too I think)
Pericarp
Derived tissue surrounding the seed
LEARN LEAF MARGINS
Doing soo so good!!!
Umbel
Flat topped but pedicels attach at one point
Corymb
Flat topped raceme
Perfect flowers
Flowers with both stamens and pistil(s)
Imperfect flowers
Flowers with either stamens or pistils, but not both
Adnate
Fusion of adjacent whorls
Principle of Monophyly
Group comprised of common ancestor
Indeterminate growth
Growing from oldest to youngest (raceme)
Determinate growth
Growing youngest to oldest (cyme) -central flower develops first
Example of Genus epithet
Impatiens capensis
LEARN LEAF BASE SHAPE
Killing it !!!
Bracts
Leaves stuck in inflorescences
Spines
Modified leaves or stipules(*)
Tendrils
Modified stem, leaf or petiole
What is a pineapple?
Multiple fruit clustered with simple fruits
Simple fruit
One simple/compound pistol
Prickles
Outgrowths from epidermis or cortex (grow randomly)
Connate
Parts of same whorl fused
Node
Point of leaf attachment
Spike
Raceme without pedicels
Indument
Scales and hairs
Fruit
Seed bearing structure derived by an ovary/ovaries (usually derived from one flower)
Pedicels
Short stalk attaching a single flower to the inflorescence
Basal placentation
Single seed attached to base of ovary
LEARN LEAF APEX SHAPE
Slay
Male reproducing part of flower
Stamens (filament and anther)
Systematics
Study of biodiversity in evolutionary context
radial symmetry
Symmetry about a central axis
Locule
The chamber or opening inside the ovary where the ovules are found
Carpel
The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary
Tuber
Thickened stem or roots (ex. Potato)
Principle of nomenclatural types
Type= one step down Ex.) type for family is genus
Placentation
Where seeds attach
LEARN LEAF SHAPES
You are doing great!!
Stipules
a pair of leaf like appendages at the base of the petiole
Peduncle
a stalk supporting an inflorescence
Corolla
all petals
Androecium
all stamens
Calyx
all the sepals
Panicle
branched raceme
Perianth
calyx and corolla
Superior ovary
calyx and corolla attached to receptacle at base of ovary (like tomato)
Hypanthium
floral cup from fusion of bases of sepals, petals, and stamens
Marginal placentation
for an ovary with a single locule and simple pistil, ovules attached along single line along ovary wall
Monoecious
having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant (NOT PERFECT BECAUSE NOT SAME FLOWER)
Rhizome
horizontal underground stem
Endocarp
inner layer of the pericarp (pit or flesh)
palmately compound
leaflets arise from a common points
Mesocarp
middle layer of fruit (flesh or rind)
Thorns
modified branches
vegetative
non-reproductive
Indehiscent
not splitting open when mature
pinnately compound
primary leaflets set along a central rachis (like the veins in a pinnately veined leaf)
four whorls of a flower (all modified leaves)
sepals, petals, stamens, pistils
Dioceious
separate male and female plants
Synapomorphy
shared derived trait
Exocarp
skin (of fruit)
Internode
space between nodes
Dehiscent
splits open at maturity
Morphology
study of form
Gynoecium
the female part of a flower, consisting of one or more carpels (all pistils)
bilateral symmetry
the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane
Principle of priority
the valid scientific name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied; applies to new names as well as revisions
Purpose of stem
transport and support
Samara
winged achene