Plant Systematics Test 1

Stigma

-Apical part of carpel -landing pad for pollen -usually sticky/feathery

Inferior ovary

-Receptacle grows up and around the ovary -Calyx and corolla appear attached at top of ovary (like blueberry)

Axile placentation

-Seeds attached along central axis -fruits with compound pistil and multiple locules

Parietal placentation

-Seeds attached along several lines along ovary wall -fruits with compound pistil and one locule

Raceme

-a flower cluster with the separate flowers attached by short equal stalks at equal distances along a central stem -the flowers at the base of the central stem develop first (indeterminate)

Family ends in

-aceae

Order ends in

-ales

Schizocarp

-dehiscent dry fruit -capsule variation -one sees per locule -splits apart into one seeded units (mericarps)

Legume

-dehiscent dry fruit -derived from simple pistil -splits along two seams

Capsule

-dehiscent dry fruit -derived from compound pistil -multiple locules -opens along (usually) joined seams Ex.) okra

Follicle

-dehiscent dry fruit -one locule -opens along one seam Ex.) magnolia

Ovary

-enlarged basal part of carpel -contains ovules that become seeds and are attached to placentas

Drupe

-fleshy fruit -like a berry but normally one seed -seed surrounded by pit (hardened endocarp)

Achene

-indehiscent dry fruit -single seeded -seed held loosely within pericarp

Nut

-indehiscent dry fruit -single seeded -seed fused to hardened pericarp -usually with involucre Ex.) acorn

Style

-middle part of carpel -stalk between stigma and ovary -pollen tube passes through style

Berry

-mostly indehiscent (banana) -can have one or more seeds -fleshy pericarp -usually with skin or rind (exocarp)

Free central placentation

-seeds attached along central column -compound pistil one locule -no walls

Fruits classified by:

1. Derived from? (Number of pistils, flowers...) 2. Dry or fleshy? 3. Does it split open? 4. Specializations

Flowers vary in

1. Number of parts 2. Presence/absence of parts 3. Fusion of parts 4. Symmetry 5. Ovary position

Classification hierarchy

1. Species 2. Genus 3. Family 4. Order

whorled leaf arrangement

3 or more leaves per node

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary (seeds develop from ovule)

Aggregate fruit

A fruit derived from a single flower that has many simple pistils ex.) magnolia fruit

Multiple fruit

A fruit derived from an entire inflorescence ex.) pineapple, fig

Loment

A legume which is constricted between the seeds and split apart

Cypsela

Achene of asters

Caryopsis

Achene of grasses (seed fused to fruit wall)

Accessory fruit

Aggregate/multiple fruit embedded in non-ovary tissue ex.) strawberry

basal leaf arrangement

Alternate with short stem (leaves appear to come out of ground)

Inflorescence

Arrangement of flowers classified by... -developmental direction -branching patterns -bracts and things

Bulb

Compact underground stem (ex. Onion, carrot too I think)

Pericarp

Derived tissue surrounding the seed

LEARN LEAF MARGINS

Doing soo so good!!!

Umbel

Flat topped but pedicels attach at one point

Corymb

Flat topped raceme

Perfect flowers

Flowers with both stamens and pistil(s)

Imperfect flowers

Flowers with either stamens or pistils, but not both

Adnate

Fusion of adjacent whorls

Principle of Monophyly

Group comprised of common ancestor

Indeterminate growth

Growing from oldest to youngest (raceme)

Determinate growth

Growing youngest to oldest (cyme) -central flower develops first

Example of Genus epithet

Impatiens capensis

LEARN LEAF BASE SHAPE

Killing it !!!

Bracts

Leaves stuck in inflorescences

Spines

Modified leaves or stipules(*)

Tendrils

Modified stem, leaf or petiole

What is a pineapple?

Multiple fruit clustered with simple fruits

Simple fruit

One simple/compound pistol

Prickles

Outgrowths from epidermis or cortex (grow randomly)

Connate

Parts of same whorl fused

Node

Point of leaf attachment

Spike

Raceme without pedicels

Indument

Scales and hairs

Fruit

Seed bearing structure derived by an ovary/ovaries (usually derived from one flower)

Pedicels

Short stalk attaching a single flower to the inflorescence

Basal placentation

Single seed attached to base of ovary

LEARN LEAF APEX SHAPE

Slay

Male reproducing part of flower

Stamens (filament and anther)

Systematics

Study of biodiversity in evolutionary context

radial symmetry

Symmetry about a central axis

Locule

The chamber or opening inside the ovary where the ovules are found

Carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary

Tuber

Thickened stem or roots (ex. Potato)

Principle of nomenclatural types

Type= one step down Ex.) type for family is genus

Placentation

Where seeds attach

LEARN LEAF SHAPES

You are doing great!!

Stipules

a pair of leaf like appendages at the base of the petiole

Peduncle

a stalk supporting an inflorescence

Corolla

all petals

Androecium

all stamens

Calyx

all the sepals

Panicle

branched raceme

Perianth

calyx and corolla

Superior ovary

calyx and corolla attached to receptacle at base of ovary (like tomato)

Hypanthium

floral cup from fusion of bases of sepals, petals, and stamens

Marginal placentation

for an ovary with a single locule and simple pistil, ovules attached along single line along ovary wall

Monoecious

having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant (NOT PERFECT BECAUSE NOT SAME FLOWER)

Rhizome

horizontal underground stem

Endocarp

inner layer of the pericarp (pit or flesh)

palmately compound

leaflets arise from a common points

Mesocarp

middle layer of fruit (flesh or rind)

Thorns

modified branches

vegetative

non-reproductive

Indehiscent

not splitting open when mature

pinnately compound

primary leaflets set along a central rachis (like the veins in a pinnately veined leaf)

four whorls of a flower (all modified leaves)

sepals, petals, stamens, pistils

Dioceious

separate male and female plants

Synapomorphy

shared derived trait

Exocarp

skin (of fruit)

Internode

space between nodes

Dehiscent

splits open at maturity

Morphology

study of form

Gynoecium

the female part of a flower, consisting of one or more carpels (all pistils)

bilateral symmetry

the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane

Principle of priority

the valid scientific name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied; applies to new names as well as revisions

Purpose of stem

transport and support

Samara

winged achene