Plants

Seed Plants: Characteristics: Compared against Seedless Plants

-A seed is an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat; a multicellular structure that is much more resistant to harsh environments -Gymnosperms: conifers -"naked seed;" seeds are not enclosed in chambers -Angiosperms: flowering plants -seeds develop inside chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers & mature into fruits

Roots: Functions

-Anchor plant -Absorb water

Plant Adaptations: Desert

-Cactus pads are modified stems w/ a waxy coating -Shallow root system -Small rain roots can grow as soon as soil is moistened by rain. They later dry up. -Prickly spines are modified leaves that break up the evaporative winds blowing across pad surfaces & can help shade the stem. -Stomata open only at night when the plant is relatively cool, so less moisture is lost through transpiration (CAM Photosynthesis). Plants store CO2 until the sun comes out. -Virtually all cacti are succulents (store water). -Small leaves or spines limit the amount of surface area exposed to the dry heat. -Glossy leaves reflect the sun's radiant heat reducing leaf temps & evaporation rates

Mitochondria

-Cellular respiration

Define Xylem

-Conducts most of the water and minerals from roots to leaves (goes up) -Includes dead cells called tracheids

Define phloem

-Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products -Consists of living cells

Plant Adaptations: Taiga (Coniferous Forest: Gymnosperms)

-Enzymes that break down insects -Ingest food when conditions are not favorable for photosynthesis -Acid & nutrient poor soil -Leaves are bright, colorful, & fragrant to attract insects

Nucleus

-Genetic information -mRNA production

Plant Adaptations: Tundra

-Grow close to the ground to prevent from freezing & the strong arctic wind -Don't grow tall due to a lack of nutrients -Fuzz on petals to keep warm & to "fight" against the strong arctic wind -Fast growing roots to quickly absorb water during the summer

What was one of the main things that having vascular tubes allowed plants to do?

-Grow largers

Gymnosperms

-Gymnosperms bear "naked" seeds, typically on cones -Among the gymnosperms are many well-known conifers: Or cone-bearing trees, including pine, fir, & redwood -The gymnosperms include 4 plant phyla: Cycadophyta Gingkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta

Vascular Plants: Characteristics: Compared against Nonvascular plants

-Have specialized tissues *Xylem conducts water *Phloem transports food (carbohydrates & nutrients) -Have true roots, stems, & leaves -Can be larger in size due to vascular tissue / transport system -Ferns -Gymnosperms -Angiosperms

Cell membrane

-Homeostasis

Nonvascular Plants: Characteristics: Compared against Vascular plants

-Lack specialized tissues that conduct water & nutrients (no vascular tissue - xylem or phloem) -No true roots, stems, or leaves -Depend on water for reproduction -Draw up water by osmosis -Must be small & low to the ground -Bryophytes: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Leaves: Gas Exchange

-Leaves take in CO2 & release O2 during photosynthesis. The stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place.

Peroxisome

-Like lysosomes

Smooth ER

-Lipid synthesis, cell membranes

Plant Adaptations: Tropical Rainforest

-Mosses & orchids (epiphytes) use other plants to climb & reach sunlight due to the canopy -Trees have thick trunks limit moisture evaporation -Smooth bark to limit other plant growth on its surface -Broad leaves -Buttress Roots: shallow roots, but large to anchor the plant

What was the order that plants evolved from algae?

-Mosses (nonvascular bryophytes) -(Vascular system) -Ferns (seedless vascular) -(Seeds) -Pines (Gymnosperm) -(Flowers) -Flowering plants (Angiosperms)

Nonvascular and Vascular: Characteristics: Same

-Need sunlight to carry out photosynthesis -Depend on water & minerals

What was one of the main things that having seeds allowed plants to do?

-No longer depend on water for reproduction

Seedless Plants: Characteristics: Compared against Seed Plants

-No seeds -The spore is the only protective state in the plant life cycle -Spores were the main way that seedless plants spread over Earth for the first 100 million years of plant life on land -Spore is single-celled -Ferns

Leaves: Main Function: Photosynthesis

-Occurs in the mesophyll -Stomata open and allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit the plant

Golgi Apparatus

-Packages and sends

Chloroplasts

-Photosynthesis

Leaves: Adaptations

-Pitcher plant-leaf modified to attract insects -Cactus-leaves are protective non-photosynthetic thorns -Pine-sunken stomata, covered by waxy epidermis -Rock plant-few stomata, clear tissue allows light to penetrate into the leaf

Leaves: Transpiration

-Plants lose water through their leaves. This lost water is replaced by water drawn into the leaf by the xylem. (Capillary action because of cohesion & adhesion)

What defines plant structures as true roots, stems, or leaves?

-Presence of a vascular (transport) system

Rough ER

-Protein production

Ribosomes

-Protein synthesis

Large Central Vacuole

-Store water, turgor pressure

Cell wall

-Structure and support

Cytoskeleton

-Support

Nucleolus

-Transcription, replication

Define Nonvascular plants

-Transport materials by osmosis and diffusion -Contain rhizoids -Must be small -Reproduction requires water -Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

Stems: Functions

-Transport substances between roots & leaves -Hold leaves up to the sunlight -Produce leaves, branches, & flowers

Cytoplasm

-Transportation, homeostasis

Stems Adapted for Storage

-Tubers-grow underground & stores food (potatoes) -Rhizome-ginger "root" is actually an underground stem -Bulbs & corms-garlic, onion many layers protect the stem

Seedless and Seed Plants: Characteristics: Same

-Vascular Tissue -Complex bodies organized into roots, stems, & leaves -Surfaces coated with a waxy covering that reduces water loss

Define gymnosperms

-Vascular tissue -Roots, stems, and leaves -Size varies greatly -Pollination -Naked seeds -Seeds in cones -Examples: pines, firs, spruces

Define Primitive Vascular Plants

-Vascular tissue -Roots, stems, leaves -Size varies greatly -Reproduction requires water -Examples: Ferns, club mosses, horsetails

Define angiosperms

-Vascular tissue -Roots, stems, and leaves -Size varies greatly -Pollination -Flowers -Covered seeds -Seeds in fruit -Examples: Grass, elm, and flowering plants

A variety of physical processes are involved in the different types of transport

1) Roots absorb water (via OSMOSIS) & dissolved minerals from the soil 2) Water & minerals are transported (conducted) upward from roots to shoots as xylem sap. 3) Transpiration, the loss of water from leaves (mostly through stomata), creates a force within leaves that pulls xylem sap upward. 4) Through stomata, leaves take in CO2 & expel O2. The CO2 provides carbon for photosynthesis. Some O2 produced by photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration 5) Sugars are produced by photosynthesis in the leaves 6) Sugars are transported (conducted) as phloem sap to roots & other parts of the plant. 7) Roots exchange gases with the air spaces of soil, taking in O2 & discharging CO2. In cellular respiration, O2 supports the breakdown of sugars.

The Life Cycle of a Fern

1) Sporangia release spores. Most fern species produce a single type of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. 2) The fern spore develops into a small, photosynthetic gametophyte. 3) Although this illustration shows an egg & sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of mechanisms promote cross-fertilization between gametophytes. 4) Fern sperm use flagella to swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia. 5) A zygote develops into a new sporophyte, & the young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parent, the gametophyte. 6) On the underside of the sporophyte's reproductive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster of sporangia.

What structure in angiosperms best insured varied seed dispersal?

A fruit (covered seed)

What does an ovule consist of?

A megasporangium, megaspore, & protective integuments

Leaves: Main Function

Absorbs light to carry out photosynthesis

What is pollen?

Airborne

What is the common ancestor for all plants?

Algae ( it isn't a plant, it's a protist)

How do they obtain nutrition?

Autotrophs or photoautotrophs

How does the leaf get carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

CO2 enters the leaf through the stomata via diffusion (passive transport)

What is their cell wall made of?

Cellulose

Are plants eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

What structure in angiosperms best insured that pollination would occur?

Flower to attract pollinators

Define geotropism

Gravity causes a response in a plants growth

In what part of the leaf does photosynthesis usually occur?

Ground tissue called mesophyll (palisade mesophyll)

Roots: Define Fibrous

In a fibrous root the primary & secondary roots are all basically the same size.

Roots: Define taproot

In a taproot, the primary root is large & the smaller secondary roots grow out of the primary root.

Are plants multicellular or unicellular?

Multicellular

Which plants would be considered the most primitive, vascular or nonvascular?

Nonvascular

What happens to the oxygen made during photosynthesis?

O2 leaves the leaf through the stomata via diffusion (passive transport); some oxygen is used during aerobic cellular respiration

Define thigmotropism

Plants bend or grow because of touch. An example would be when vines wrap around an arbor frame

Roots: Root Hairs

Root hairs significantly increase the surface area of the root. This allows for increased water absorption.

Are they motile or sessile?

Sessile

How do plants reproduce?

Sexually or asexually

What would happen to a plant if its stomata stayed open all the time?

The plant would dehydrate (lose water via transpiration)

How are leaves protected from the excessive loss of water?

The waxy cuticle provides a waterproof barrier & the closing of the stomata

Define phototropism

The way a plant grows or bends in response to light

Define hydrotropism

The way a plant grows or bends in response to water

Stems: Transport

The xylem & phloem form continuous tubes from the roots through the stems to the leaves. This vascular tissue conducts water, nutrients, & other compounds through the plant.

What happens to the sugars after they are produced?

Used as food during cellular respiration to make ATP. The sugars are transported from the leaf to all parts of the plant by the phloem. Some sugars are stored in the roots as starch.

Explain the movement of water in the celery stalk

Water carrying the dye moved up the stem into the flower by using the vascular tissue (xylem).

How does the leaf get water for photosynthesis?

Water is absorbed by the roots via osmosis & is transported by the xylem to the leaves