P.M. Ch.8: Project Quality Management
Outputs of monitoring and controlling subprocess of project quality management
1) validated changes 2) validated deliverables
Benchmarking
generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside performing organization
The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance.
True
Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment and all employees must embrace its principles.
True
Reliability
ability of product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions
Appraisal cost
cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that project is error-free or within acceptable error range
unit test
done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible
Control chart
graphic display of data that illustrates results of process over time
Conformance to requirements
project's processes and products meet written specifications
Metric
standard measurement in quality management
Executing process of project quality management
subprocess is performing quality assurance
analyze phase of DMAIC tools
- fishbone (Ishikawa diagram)
Juran's 10 steps to quality improvement
1) build awareness of need and opportunity for improvement 2) set goals for improvement 3) organise to reach goals 4) provide training 5) carry out projects to solve problems 6) report progress 7) give recognition 8) communicate results 9) keep score of improvements achieved 10) maintain momentum
Outputs of Planning quality management process of project quality management
1) process involvement plan 2) quality metrics 3) quality checklists
A run chart is a bar graph that depicts data points and their order of occurrence.
False
DeMarco and Lister's study on organizations and productivity found direct correlations between productivity and programming language, years of experience and salary.
False
Customer requirements are an important aspect of quality planning process.
False
Gantt charts cannot be used to aid project quality management
False
Integration testing involves testing of each individual component to ensure that it is defect-free as possible.
False
Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits.
False
Reliability is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under deviant conditions.
False
Testing is an important stage only at the end of an information technology product development.
False
The design of experiments technique cannot be applied to project management issues such as cost and schedule trade offs.
False
Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of quality assurance process.
False
In TQC, product quality is more important than production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs.
True
Six sigma's target for perfection
achieve no more than 3.4 defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities
Maintainability
addresses case of performing maintenance on product
Performance
addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use
Defect
any instance where product or service fails to meet customer requirements
normal distribution
bell-shaped curve symmetrical regarding average value of population (data being analyzed)
Statistic sampling
choosing part of population of interest for inspection
Process adjustments
correct(s) or prevent(s) further quality problems based on quality control measurements
external failure cost
cost that relates to all errors not detected and not corrected before delivery to customer
Functionality
degree to which system performs its intended function
Pareto charts
help users to identify vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system
CMMI
helps: - integrate traditionally separate organizational functions - set process improvement goals and priorities - provide guidance for quality processes - provide point of reference for appraising current processes
user accpetance testing
independent test performed by end users prior to accepting delivered system
six 9s of quality rule
measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities problems
Associated technical tools and techniques of quality management for quality control process
often associated with: 1) Pareto charts 2) quality control charts 3) statistical sampling
Fitness for use
product can be used as it was intended
Rework
refers to action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations
DMAIC
5 phase improvement process used by projects using six sigma principles for quality control
define phase of DMIAC tools
- project charter - description of customer requirements - process maps - VOC data (voice of customer)
ISO 9000
- quality system standard - 3 part - continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization
Quality is free 1979
- written by Crosby - best known for suggesting that organizations strive for zero defects
Deming's 14 points for management
1) create constancy of purpose for improvement of product and service 2) adopt new philosophy 3) cease dependence on mass inspection 4) end practice of awarding business on price tag alone 5) improvement constantly and forever system of product and service 6) institute training 7) institute leadership 8) drive out fear 9) break down barriers between staff areas 10) eliminate slogans, exhortations, and target for workforce 11) eliminate numerical quotas (removing annual rating or merit system) 12 remove barriers to pride of workmanship 13) institute a vigorous program of education and retraining 14) take action to accomplish transformation
Products that are accepted by project stakeholders are considered to be validated deliverables.
True
Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
True
Quality assurance process involves taking responsibilities for quality throughout project's life
True
Features
system's special characteristics that appeal to users
Design of experiements
technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on overall outcome of a process
The term sigma means median.
False