PM Exam 2

Six Sigma's target for perfection is the achievement of no more than _____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities.

3.4

Which of the following is recommended for the creation of a good WBS?

A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

Which of the following is a difference between an activity list and an activity attribute?

An activity attribute provides more schedule-related information about each activity than an activity list.

_____ is the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range.

Appraisal cost

A(n) _____ Gantt chart compares planned and actual project schedule information.

Bloom's: Knowledge

Which of the following is a silimarity between scope control and schedule control?

Both are portions of the integrated change control process under project integration management.

_____ helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes.

CMMI

_____ diagrams trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations.

Cause-and-effect Fishbone Ishikawa

Which of the following is a network diagramming technique used primarily to predict total project duration?

Critical path analysis

_____ wrote Quality Is Free in 1979 and is best known for suggesting that organizations strive for zero defects.

Crosby

Projects that use Six Sigma principles for quality control normally follow a five-phase improvement process called _____.

DMAIC

In project time management, which of the following processes generate the main outputs of an activity list, activity attributes, and a milestone list?

Defining activities

Which of the following processes in project time management involves identifying the specific tasks that the project team members and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables?

Defining activities

_____ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved.

Defining scope

_____ is a quality planning technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.

Design of experiments

_____ is a technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.

Design of experiments

In project time management, which of the following processes involve analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule?

Developing the schedule

_____ dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care because they may limit later scheduling options.

Discretionary

_____ have no duration and no resources but are occasionally needed on AOA network diagrams to show logical relationships between activities.

Dummy activities

_____ is the number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task.

Effort

Which of the following is one of Deming's 14 Points for Management?

Eliminate the annual rating or merit system.

In project time management, which of the following processes involve calculating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities?

Estimating activity durations

Performing quality assurance is a subprocess of the _____ process of project quality management.

Executing

Which of the following dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities?

External

_____ is a cost that relates to all errors not detected and not corrected before delivery to the customer.

External failure cost

A run chart is a bar graph that depicts data points and their order of occurrence.

False

Customer requirements are an important aspect of the QA process.

False

DeMarco and Lister's study on organizations and productivity found direct correlations between productivity and programming language, years of experience, and salary.

False

Gantt charts cannot be used to aid project quality management.

False

Integration testing involves testing of each individual component to ensure that is is as defect-free as possible.

False

Which of the following techniques involve doing activities in parallel that one would normally do in sequence?

Fast tracking

_____ are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users.

Features

_____ means that a product can be used as it was intended.

Fitness for use

_____ is the degree to which a system performs its intended function.

Functionality

_____ provide(s) a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format.

Gantt charts

Which of the following is true of a finsih-to-finish dependency?

It is a dependency in which the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be finished.

_____ uses highly organized and intensive workshops to bring together project stakeholders— the sponsor, users, business analysts, programmers, and so on—to jointly define and design information systems.

JAD

Which of the following is an output of schedule control?

Lessons-learned reports

_____ addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product.

Maintainability

Which of the following types of dependencies are inherent in the nature of work being performed on a project?

Mandatory

_____ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas when creating a WBS.

Mind mapping

_____ occurs when a resource works on more than one task at a time.

Multitasking

_____ states that if something can go wrong, it will.

Murphy's Law

A network diagramming technique in which boxes represent activities is known as a(n) _____.

PDM

A difference between the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and critical path method (CPM) is that:

PERT uses different duration estimates whereas CPM uses one specific duration estimate.

_____ help users to identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system.

Pareto charts

_____ states that work expands to fill the time allowed.

Parkinson's Law

_____ addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use.

Performance

Process improvement plan, quality metrics, and quality checklists are the outputs of the _____

Planning QM

_____ correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements.

Process adjustments

_____ correct(s) or prevent(s) further quality problems based on quality control measurements.

Process adjustments

Which of the following documents is most likely to include planned project start and end dates which serve as the starting points for a detailed schedule?

Project charter

Which of the following is one of the main outputs of estimating activity resources process?

Project documents update

_____ includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project.

Project scope management

_____ involves the processes required to ensure timely completion of a project.

Project time management

_____ involves developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.

Prototyping

_____ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system.

Prototyping

The purpose of _____ is to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.

QM

_____ are groups of non-supervisors and work leaders in a single company department who volunteer to conduct group studies on how to improve the effectiveness of work in their department.

Quality circles

The _____ process is often associated with the technical tools and techniques of quality management, such as Pareto charts, quality control charts, and statistical sampling.

Quality control

_____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions.

Reliability

_____ refer to "conditions or capabilities that must be met by the project or present in the product, service, or result to satisfy an agreement or other formally imposed specification."

Requirements

_____ refers to action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations.

Rework

Genichi Taguchi's _____ methods focus on eliminating defects by substituting scientific inquiry for trial-and-error methods.

Robust Design

_____ refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.

Scope

_____ involves controlling changes to the project scope while keeping project goals and business strategy in mind.

Scope control

_____ is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.

Scope creep

_____ involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders.

Scope validation

In project time management, which of the following processes primarily involve identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities?

Sequencing activities

_____ is a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities.

Six nines of quality

The _____ model focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects.

Software Quality Function Deployment (SQFD)

_____ measures how much variation exists in a distribution of data.

Standard deviation

Which of the following is a relationship in which the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity is started?

Start-to-start

_____ involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.

Statistical sampling

The _____ is based on the fact that any complex system at any point in time often has only one aspect or constraint that limits its ability to achieve more of its goal.

Theory of Constraints (TOC)

Which of the following is true of dummy activities?

They show logical relationships between activities.

_____ is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date.

Total slack

In TQC, product quality is more important than production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs

True

PMs are ultimately responsibile for QM in their projects

True

Products that are accepted by project stakeholders are considered to be validated deliverables,

True

The Six Sigma approach works best for project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance

True

Using Six Sigma principles is an organizational-wide commitment and all employees must embrace its principles

True

The quality assurance process involves taking responsibility for quality throughout the project's life-cycle.

True. Performing QA involves periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards, The quality assurance process involves taking responsibility for quality throughout the project;s life cycle.

_____ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them.

Use case modeling

____ is an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system.

User acceptance testing

_____ involves formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables and during this phase the key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables.

Validating scope

_____ is the difference between planned and actual performance.

Variance

_____ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance.

Variance

A(n) _____ is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item.

WBS dictionary

In the activity defining process, the project team should review the _____ and activity attributes with project stakeholders before moving on to the next step in project time management.

activity list

The _____ is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule.

activity list

The activity list should include the _____, an activity identifier, and a brief description of the activity.

activity name

One of Juran's ten steps to quality improvement states that:

an organization should build awareness of the need and opportunity for improvement.

In the _____approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point.

analogy

An important tool used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process is the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.

analyze

Generating ideas by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products inside or outside the performing organization is known as _____.

benchmarking

A similarity between the crashing technique and the fast tracking technique is that:

both can shorten the time needed to finish a project.

In the _____ approach to creating a WBS, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible.

bottom-up

In the _____ approach, team members first identify as many specific tasks related to the project as possible and then aggregate the specific tasks and organize them into summary activities, or higher levels in the WBS.

bottom-up

In an AOA network diagram, _____ occur when two or more activities follow a single node.

bursts

Complete the formula: sample size = 0.25 * ( _____ /acceptable error) 2

certainty factor

In the DMAIC process, the letter "C" stands for

control

A _____ is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.

control chart

In project time management, the process of_____ primarily involves checking and managing changes to the project schedule.

controlling the schedule

The _____ means taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations.

cost of non-conformance

The technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost is known as _____.

crashing

A(n) _____ for a project is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which the project can be completed.

critical path

Subdividing the project deliverables into smaller pieces is known as _____.

decomposition

The main technique used in creating a WBS is _____, which involves subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces.

decomposition

A(n) _____ is any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements.

defect

In project time management, the main goal of _____ is to ensure that the project team has complete understanding of all the work they must do as part of the project scope so they can start scheduling the work.

defining activities

In project time management, the next step after defining project activities is:

determining their dependencies.

In project time management, the ultimate goal of _____ is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the time dimension of the project.

developing a schedule

One of the first reality checks on scheduling that a project manager should make is to review the _____.

draft schedule

After working with key stakeholders to define activities and calculate their resources, the next process in project time management is to:

estimate the duration of activities.

In project time management, the process of _____ involves deciding how many people, equipment, and materials a project team should use to perform project activities.

estimating activity resources

A backward pass through the network diagram determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity.

false

A disadvantage of using Gantt charts is that they do not provide a standard format for displaying planned project schedule information.

false

A drawback of the precedence diagramming method is that it cannot be used unless dummy activities are employed.

false

A drawback of the project management software is that it does not have the capacity to calculate the critical path(s) for a project.

false

A merge occurs when one node precedes mutiple nodes.

false

A work package must always represent less than 80 hours of work.

false

A work package represents one component of the product that the project aims to deliver.

false

After defining project activities, the next step in project time management is developing the schedule.

false

Critical chain scheduling assumes that resources multitask and maximizes multitasking.

false

Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software.

false

In a Gantt chart, thick black bars represent milestones achieved in a project.

false

In a critical path analysis, the shortest path is what drives the completion date for the project.

false

In a network diagram, it is mandatory for every item on the WBS to be shown instead of only those activities with dependencies.

false

In project time management, one should control the scheule before estimating the duration for each activity.

false

In project time management, the next step after sequencing activities is to define these activities.

false

In project time management, the primary output of defining activities is a schedule management plan.

false

Milestones are easy to achieve and are always achieved through one main activity.

false

One of PERT's main disadvantages is that it does not address the risk associated with duration estimates.

false

Start-to-finish relationships are the most frequently used dependencies between activities.

false

The arrows in a network diagram represent missed milestones in a project.

false

The final process in project time management is developing the schedule.

false

The main disadvantage of crashing is that it lengthens the time needed to finish a project.

false

Critical chain scheduling protects tasks on the critical chain from being delayed by using _____, which consist of additional time added before tasks on the critical chain that are preceded by non- critical-path tasks.

feeding buffers

AOA network diagrams use only _____ dependencies.

finish-to-start

A(n) _____ determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity in a project.

forward pass

The amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities is known as a _____.

free slack

Some organizations prescribe the form and content for WBSs for particular projects. These are known as _____.

guidelines

The main tool for performing scope validation is _____ and group decision making techniques.

inspection

The _____ for an activity is the latest possible time an activity might begin without delaying the project finish date.

late start date

The critical path is the _____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the _____ amount of slack or float.

longest; shortest

A work package is a task at the _____ level of the WBS.

lowest

A _____ is a standard of measurement in quality management.

metric

A(n) _____ on a project is a significant event that normally has no duration.

milestone

The _____ technique for creating a WBS uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas instead of writing down tasks in a list or immediately trying to create a structure for tasks.

mind mapping

Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the _____ subprocess of project quality management.

monitoring and controlling

A(n) _____ is a schematic display of the logical relationships among project activities and their sequencing.

network diagram

In a network diagram, a(n) _____ is the starting and ending point of an activity.

node

A ____ is a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical regarding the average value of the population (the data being analyzed).

normal distribution

Creating the WBS is a subprocess associated with the _____ process in project scope management.

planning

The first process involved in project time management is _____.

planning schedule management

A draft schedule for a project is most likely to be found in a _____.

project charter

In project time management, a(n) _____ is an output of controlling the schedule

project management plan update

The main outputs of scope definition are the _____ and project document updates.

project scope statement

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines _____ as "the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs."

quality

Performing _____ involves periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.

quality assurance

A(n)_____ is a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects.

quality audit

Performing _____ involves monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards while identifying ways to improve overall quality.

quality control

The ______ documents how project needs will be analyzed, documented, and managed.

requirements management plan

A(n) _____ is a table that lists requirements, their various attributes, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all are addressed.

requirements traceability matrix

A hierarchical structure that identifies the project's resources by category and type is known as a(n) _____.

resource breakdown structure

In a _____, the closer data points are to a diagonal line, the more closely the two variables are related.

scatter diagram

The main outputs of _____ include work performance measurements, organizational process assets updates, and project document updates.

schedule control

After reviewing the project management plan, project charter, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets, the project team uses expert judgment, analytical techniques, and meetings to develop the _____.

schedule management plan

The _____ includes the approved project scope statement and its associated WBS and WBS dictionary.

scope baseline

The main outputs of _____are the project scope statement and updates to project documents.

scope definition

The _____ should list and describe all of the deliverables required for the project.

scope statement

The _____ is a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities problems.

six 9s of quality rule

A white diamond on a Tracking Gantt chart represents a(n) _____.

slipped milestone

Watts S. Humphrey defines a(n) _____ as anything that must be changed before delivery of the program.

software defect

In a(n) _____ relationship, the "from" activity must start before the "to" activity can be finished.

start-to-finish

Tasks in a WBS that are decomposed into smaller tasks are called _____ tasks.

summary

PMI uses the term "_____" to describe each level of work in the WBS.

task

A drawback of using _____ or sample files is that managers and their teams might rely heavily on them and ignore unique concerns for their particular projects.

templates

Scope creep refers to:

the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger.

Scope refers to:

the work involved in creating the products and the processes used to create them.

Duration estimates can be provided as a discrete number, a range, or as a(n) _____.

three-point estimate

In a project schedule, the variable that has the least amount of flexibility is _____.

time

The ultimate goal of developing a realistic project schedule is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the _____ dimension of the project.

time

The _____ approach for constructing a WBS involves refining the work into greater and greater levels of detail.

top-down

The _____ approach for constructing a WBS starts with the largest items of the project and breaks them into subordinate items.

top-down

A Tracking Gantt chart is based on the percentage of work completed for project tasks or the actual start and finish dates.

true

A dependency pertains to the sequencing of project activities or tasks.

true

A schedule management plan includes information which describes the format and frequency of schedule reports required for the project.

true

A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.

true

An activity is an element of work that has an expected duration, cost, and resource requirements.

true

It is important for the activity list and activity attributes to be in agreement with the work breakdown structure.

true

Knowing the amount of float allows project managers to know whether a project schedule is flexible.

true

Network diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activity sequencing.

true

Project schedules grow out of basic documents such as the project charter.

true

The critical path on a project can change as the project progresses.

true

The project scope statement, stakeholder requirements documentation, and organizational process assets are the primary inputs for creating a WBS.

true

The technique of fast tracking can result in lengthening the project schedule.

true

To define activities, the project team should start with reviewing the schedule management plan, scope baseline, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational processes.

true

A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope.

wbs

A(n) _____ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project.

wbs

Creating the _____ involves subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components.

wbs

A(n) ____ is a task at the lowest level of the WBS.

work package

Information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope.

true

Many information technology projects also require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement.

true

Many organizations provide different guidelines and templates for developing WBSs.

true

_____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization.

Benchmarking

_____ means the project's processes and products meet written specifications.

Conformance to requirements

_____ involves defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them.

Controlling scope

Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits.

False

Reliability is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under deviant conditions.

False

Testing as a stage is important only at the end of an information technology product development

False

The design of experiments technique cannot be applied to PM issues such as cost and schedule trade-offs.

False

Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the QA process.

False

_____, a quality system standard is a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization.

ISO 9000

_____ are the screens and reports the system generates.

System outputs

The scope of a project is clear and specific from the start.

false

The tasks in a WBS must be developed as a sequential list of steps.

false

Mind mapping allows people to write and even draw pictures of ideas in a nonlinear format.

true

A(n) _____ is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.

unit test

The _____ represents the number of units handled correctly through the process steps.

yield

The term sigma means median

False

Important tools used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process include a project charter, a description of customer requirements, process maps, and Voice of the Customer (VOC) data.

define

The term ______ describes a product produced as part of a project.

deliverable

Project scope statements must include the project boundaries, constraints, and assumptions.

false

The WBS is organized solely around project phases.

false

The executing tasks of the WBS remain constant from project to project.

false

The format of the WBS dictionary is essentially the same for all projects.

false

The project's size, complexity, importance, and other factors do not affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements for scope planning.

false

The scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors.

false

The term _____ means a product can be used as it was intended.

fitness for use

Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project.

true

Scope creep if not managed well can lead to the failure of information technology projects.

true

Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them.

true

The project scope statement should reference supporting documents, such as product specifications that will affect what products are produced or purchased, or corporate policies, which might affect how products or services are produced.

true

The scope management plan can be informal and broad or formal and detailed, based on the needs of the project.

true