POLI 11 Quiz Chapter Five
Inclusive governing party
Inclusive governing party: regonizes and accepts at least some other groups and organizations, but may repress those that it sees as serious challenges to its own control.
Institutional groups
Institutional groups: (bureaucratic agencies and military factions, can also be important interest aggregators.
Military governments
Military governments: had instruments of force and organizational capacity, and in the absence of a strong constitutional tradition, it was an effective contender for power.
Multiparty systems
Multiparty systems have election laws and party systems that virtually ensure that no single party wins a legislative majority and no tradition of preelection coalitions.
Authoritarian party system
Noncompetitive or authoritarian party systems: parties seek to direct society.
Party-System
Party Systems * Authoritarian vs. Competitive (Elections) (China or North Korea) * Two-Party vs. Multiparty) * Downs: The Median Voter Theorem * In two-party systems, both parties/candidates will converge to the position of the median voter * Multiparty Systems: * No median voter result
Patron-client networks
Patron-client networks: structures in which a central officeholder, authority figure, or group provides benefits (patronage) to supporters in exchange for their loyalty.
Single-member district (SMD)
Single-Member District: party officials select the candidates, either locally or nationally. In proportional representation elections, the party draws up a list of candidates for each district.
Strategic Voting
Strategic voting: giving your support to a party or candidate that is not your first choicein order to avoide an even worse outcome.
Closed-list PR
Closed-list PR systems: the elected representatives are then simply drawn from the top of this list, declining order, and ordinary voters have no say about their candidates.
Competitive party system
Competitive party systems: parties primarily try to build electoral support
Conflictual Party System
Conflictual Party System: the legislature is dominated by parties that are far apart on issues or are antagonistic toward each other and the political system (Russian party system in 1990s)
Accommodative/Consociational party system
Consociational (or accommodative): refers to party systems in which political leaders seek to bridge intense social divisions through power-sharing, broad coalition governments, and decentralization of sensitive decisions to the separate social groups.
Two-party system
Duverger's Law states that there is a systematic relationship between electoral systems and party systems, so that plurality single-member district election systems tend to create two-party systems in the legislature, while proportional representation electoral systems generate multiparty systems.
Duverger's Law
Duverger's Law: states that there is a systematic relationship between electoral systems and party systems, so that plutality single-member district election systems tend to creat two-party system in the legislature, while proportional representation electoral systems generate multiparty systems.
Effective Number of Parties
Effective number of parties: measure takes into account both the overall numbr of parties and their relative sizes.
Electoral Authoritarianism
Electoral Authoritarianism: there is a facade of democracy providing "some space for political opposition, independent media, and social organizations that do not seriously criticize or challenge the regime."
Electoral System
Electoral System: the rules by which elections are conducted are among the most important structures that affect political parties
Exclusive governing party
Exclusive governing party: insists on almost total control over political resources.
Majoritarian two-party system
Majoritarian two party systems either are dominated by just two parties, as in the US, or have two dominant parties and election laws that usually create legislative majorities for one of them, as in Britain.
Double-ballot/Majority runoff
Majority runoff (or double ballot) system used in France and in presidential elections in Russia. Under this system, voting happens in two stages, normally separtaed by a couple of weeks. First round - takes a majority of all votes (50% +one vote) to win. To win, the candidate most win more votes than all the other candidates combined. If no majority winner, then only a smaller numbner of candidates make it into the second round, in which whoever gets the largest number of votes (plurality) is elected.
Majority-coalition system
Majority-Coalition Systems: parties establish pre electoral coalitions so that voters know which parties will attempt to work together to form government.
Mechanical effect
Mechanical Effect: to be found in the way that different electoral systems convert votes into seats. In single-member district systems, parties get no representation unless they finish first in at least one district.
Median Voter Result
Median Voter Result: the voter who is at the midpoint of the policy spectrum, with as many other voters to the right as to the left.
Primary elections
Primary Elections voters directly select the candidates (US)
Proportional Representation (PR)
Proportional representation (PR) cocuntry divided into a few large districts, which may elect as many as 20 or more members. These districts often the states or providences that make up the country.
Psychological Effect
Psychological Effect: lies in the fact that both voters and candidates anticipate the mechanical effect. Voters do not throw their support toward "hopless" parties and candidates.
Single-member district plurality (SMDP) election rule
Single-Member District Plurality (SMDP) election rule: "first past the post," a horse-racing term, because the winner need only finish ahead of any of the others but need not win a majority of the votes. The candidtae who gains more votes that any other (plurality) wins the election.
Open-list PR system
voters can give preference votes to individual candidates, and these votes determine which candidates will represent the party in that district.