Policing in America: Chapters 11-13
Domestic Violence: -violent or aggressive behavior within the home -typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. -Common practices with addressing domestic violence include: approach carefully, separate the parties, photographs of the victim be taken, collect evidence, obtain protection orders, perform lethality assessments, do domestic violence analysis, and have protocols for protecting children. *
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Essay Question: What are homegrown violent extremists and lone wolf extremists? How do they function and what do they do? 2 Examples of both. -Homegrown terrorists are self-radicalized and encourage, endorse, justify, or support the commission of a violent criminal act in order to achieve a political, ideological, religious, social, or economic goal. They can include anyone wishing to commit terrorist acts inside Western countries or against Western interests abroad. Some examples are the San Bernardino couple and the Boston Bombers. -A lone wolf extremist is a single individual driven to hateful attacks based on a particular set of beliefs without a larger group's knowledge or support. They instead are inspired at home by a group's social media, literature, or extremist ideology. Some examples are Zachary Chesser and Eric Rudolph. *
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Immigration: -Some problems with immigration to the US are illegal and dangerous aspects that threaten the nation's security; rapists, murders, etc. -Some approaches police agencies are taking to attempt to address the problems is a web-based Basic Immigration Enforcement Training program that trains officers in such areas as determining immigrant/nonimmigrant status, identifying false identification, and notifying foreign nationals' embassy or consulate. *
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Ineffective Barriers to Communication: Some effective barriers to communication are the grapevine, poor writing skills in written communication, poor listeners, time, too little or too much information, the tendency to say what we think others want to hear, the failure to select the best word, prejudices, and strained sender-receiver relationships. *
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Police Departments v. Sheriff Offices: (477,000 sworn full-time officers) Municipal police departments employ an average of 2.1 full-time officers per 1,000 population; about one in eight of these sworn employees is a woman, and one in four is a member of a racial or ethnic minority. For educational requirements, about 15% of local police agencies require new officers to have some college experience, with 11% requiring at least a two-year college degree. The average starting salary for an entry-level local officer is about $44,000. (189,000 sworn full-time deputies) Country sheriff's departments have about one in eight employees is a woman, and 19% are members of a racial or ethnic minority. For educational requirements, about 10% of sheriff's offices require new deputies to have some college experience, with 7% requiring at least a two-year college degree. The average starting salary for an entry-level deputy is about $31,000. *
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Policing in Small and Rural Jurisdictions: -Have unique duties -work is more solitary in nature and danger is omnipresent (no backup or backup far away) -more flattened organizational structure -these officers typically must be generalists rather than have specialized assignments, working all manner of criminal cases from beginning to end -work varies -may be assigned more mundane chores -work more in the public eye *
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Political influence can range from major beneficial policy, personnel, and budgetary decisions to the overzealous city manager or city council member who wants to micromanage the police department and even appears unexpectedly at night at a crime scene to "help" the officers. The Board of Police Commissioners is a board of civilian officials legally charged with the making of policy for and the exercise of general supervisory powers over a police department. These policies can help put regulations on political influences so they do not affect policing. *
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Terrorism: -FBI term: is the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segments thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. -More Broadly: terrorism can be both domestic and international in nature -Some examples are environmental and animal activists who seek to further their agendas by burning greenhouses, tree farms, logging sites, ski resorts, and mink farms; hate-filled white supremacists, anti-government extremists, and radical separatist groups; internationally could be suicide bombings, shootings, kidnappings, assassinations, and beheadings. Bioterrorism- use of chemical/biological agents *
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The four methods of addressing terrorism are as follows: (1) gathering raw intelligence on the organization's structure, its members, and its plans (or potential for the use of violence), (2) determining what measures can be taken to counter or thwart terrorist activities, (3) assessing how the damage caused by terrorists can be minimized through rapid response and containment of the damage, and (4) apprehending and convicting individual terrorists and dismantling their organizations. *
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Two options are available for small agencies facing concerns about quality standards as well as staffing and funding shortages: consolidation and civilianization. -Types of consolidation- functional, cross deputization/overlapping jurisdictions, public safety, local merger, regional, metropolitan, government -Civilianization has been used for crime analysis (forensics), crime-scene investigation, report taking, and even supplemental patrol duties *
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-_______: the year when states began to change their laws with respect to marijuana, a majority of Americans supported marijuana legalization, and world leaders began calling for an end to the drug war -US now imprisons 2.2 million persons, and the majority of those incarcerated are in prison or jail for _______ _______ -Many of those violations involve ________ -Most commonly used and abused illicit drug in the US is _________
2013, drug violations, marijuana, marijuana
-________ ______ _______ ______ _____ ________- is a major law of the War on Drugs passed by the U.S. Congress which did several significant things: Created the policy goal of a drug-free America; Established the Office of National Drug Control Policy; and Restored the use of the death penalty by the federal government.
Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1988
-___________- (crisis intervention training/teams) where officers learn to approach mentally ill suspects differently, using body language and voice commands to de-escalate situations and to ease emotionally disturbed persons into compliance and safety. Officers are also trained to know the various diversionary options in their jurisdiction--where to admit such people into mental health/medical facilities rather than taking them to jail. -________ ______ ________ _______- and Multi-Agency Centers are multi-agency, multi-disciplinary co-located service centers that provide services to victims of inter-personal violence including, intimate partner violence, sexual assault, child abuse, elder or dependent adult abuse, and human trafficking -___ _________- was created in 2000 and allows some victims of human trafficking and immediate family members to remain and work temporarily in the US if they agree to assist law enforcement in testifying against the perpetrators. -_________ _______ __________- Established in 2012, they employ data-driven strategies for combating human trafficking -_______ ________- also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions — disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors -__________ _______- cities known to protect undocumented immigrants from being deported -__________ __________- is a person who, either lawfully or unlawfully, engages in hostilities for the other side in an armed conflict. Usually are members of the armed forces of the state with which another state is at war.
CIT, family justice center concept, T Visa, diagnostic center approach, mental illness, sanctuary cities, enemy combatants
Cocaine: -most cocaine available in the US continues to be produced in __________ and smuggled across the Southwest Border and, to a lesser extent, through the Caribbean -________ ________ ______- reducing the disparity between sentences for crack cocaine offenses v. powder cocaine offenses -crack cocaine tried more as it is the poor people's drug; tends to be sentenced more than powder cocaine (50 to 1) -powder cocaine is normally more expensive; rich people's drug
Colombia, Fair Sentencing Act
Human Trafficking: -modern-day slavery and affects thousands of people in the US -Under the ___________ _______ ________ _____ of 2000, human trafficking is the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Includes sex trafficking, in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the victim is under 18 years of age -often recruited to pre-existing conditions like mental illness, drug abuse, and/or family dysfunction -2.4 million people in the world are victims of sex trafficking and about 80% are sex slaves -must work together with organizations to stop this -T Visa
Trafficking Victims Protection Act
Prescription Drug Abuse: -abuse of prescription painkillers -219 million opioid prescriptions are written each year in the US -the longer the person is on such a drug, the better chance they will become ________ or develop a _________ to the drug's effects -about _____ million Americans are estimated to be addicted -50 Americans per day, more than _________ per year in total die from prescription-opioid overdoses -________ _______ ________ ______ ________ ________- establishes a system to track prescription drugs from the time they are manufactured until they are sold to the consumer. Calls for drug manufacturers, re-packagers, wholesale distributors, and dispensers to maintain and to issue key information about each drug's distribution history. Within four years of the law's establishment, prescription drugs are to be serialized in a consistent way industry-wide. This will allow for efficient tracking in order to respond to recalls and notices of theft and counterfeiting
addicted, resistance, 2.1, 17,000, Federal Drug Quality and Security Act
Organizational Structure: -It provides an excellent depiction of the various components of police organizations while also illustrating several major functions: 1) it ________ the workload among members and units according to a logical plan 2) it ensures that line of authority and responsibility are ________ and ______ as possible 3) it specifies a _______ ____ ________ throughout, so there is no question about which orders should be followed 4) it _______ responsibility and authority, and if responsibility is delegated, the delegator is held responsible 5) it coordinates the efforts of members so that all will work ___________ to accomplish the mission
apportions, definite, direct, unity of command, assigns, harmoniously
-_______ ____ ______- is the title given to an appointed official or an elected one in the chain of command of a police department, particularly in North America -_________- an elected officer in a county who is responsible for keeping the peace; term originated from England -________ _______ _______ (RPI)- evaluate the needs of law enforcement agencies and other emergency responders in rural areas; develop expert training programs based on identified needs; deliver training programs to rural law enforcement officers and other emergency response providers; and conduct outreach efforts to ensure rural agencies are aware of training -________ ________- the merging of two or more city and/or county governments into a single policing entity. The advantages create unifying agencies and achieve cost savings -___________- where most citizens call for police service that does not involve a crime or require a sworn officer to enforce the law. Many agencies are increasingly using this for a lot of functions performed traditionally by sworn personnel. Advantages are that it is more cost-effective by using non-sworn personnel and it frees sworn officers for critical police work -__________- Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies; on-site team appointed by this conducts an assessment and writes a report on its findings. The benefits of being accredited are enhancing community understanding of the agency and its role in the community (as well as its goals and objectives), evaluation of agency policies and procedures, the opportunity to reorganize without the appearance of personal attacks on any personnel, and providing objective measures to justify budget and personnel decisions and policies. -_________ ________- created by Henry Mintzberg, states that there are three different primary roles of police CEOs which are the interpersonal, the informational, and the decision-maker roles. Each role is important in its own right and helps to support the other two roles.
chief of police, sheriff, rural policing institute, consolidated policing, civilianization, CALEA, Mintzberg Model
Organizational Communication: -_________ is one of the most important dynamics of an organization -Managers of all types of organizations spend an overwhelming amount of time engaged in the process of--and coping with problems--in communication -_________ is the primary problem in administration and lack of it is the primary complaint of employees about their immediate supervisors Chain of Command: -_______-__________ _________ _______- based on traditional pyramid and contains the elements of an organization and a bureaucracy; these agencies are organized into a number of specialized units. rank increases fewer people but more responsibilities, rank decreases the more people but fewer responsibilities. rank hierarchy allows an organization to designate authority and responsibility at each level and to maintain a chain of command
communication, communication, quasi-military organizational structure
-Communication more _______ than the past -Effective communication does not always mean more sophisticated -Modern communication often less ________ than the past (hackers, not fail safe) -Line services are the largest and the most visible -Most police agencies are understaffed
complex, reliable
Organizations: -the development of an organization should be done with careful ___________ or the agency may become unable to respond efficiently to community needs -general rule, at least _______% of all sworn police personnel should be assigned to patrol Bureaucracy: -_______ ________ a German sociologist wrote that bureaucracies generally adhere to the following principles: 1) ___________- The principle of fixed jurisdictional areas. Stated simply, every bureaucracy has its own specialized area; thus, physicians do not arrest criminals. Duties are assigned and everyone has a role (a jurisdiction). 2) _________ ____ _______- A bureaucracy creates a clear system of authority, with superiors and subordinates. The authority to give commands is distributed in a formal way and regulated; certain people have the right to control others, and this is spelled out clearly. This means that any position has only one immediate supervisor, allowing for clear lines of authority. 3) _______ ____ ______- Every bureaucracy has written rules and files that serve as the organizational memory of the bureaucracy. These guide the actions of personnel who are in a given position. 4) ___________ ___________- People are appointed to offices based on explicit qualifications. Only qualified people are employed; therefore, individuals may come and go, but the position is defined by the workflow and the rules guiding behavior of occupants in that position. 5) _________ __________ demands the ________ ______ ________ of the official- an officeholder is responsible for completing tasks of the office, regardless of the number of hours it might take (thus, many people working in a police organization work until the job is done, not until the clock tells them they can drop their work and go home). 6) Office _________ follows exhaustive, stable, written _______, which can be _________- Weber believed that in bureaucracy, knowledge of the organization's rules and responsibilities is key to job performance (this is why police chiefs and sheriffs are typically hired based on experience and education, not based on "on-the-job-training"--unlike, say, politically appointed foreign ambassadors who might do poorly b/c they do not understand the culture and "rules" of the country to which they are assigned) -today some people view bureaucracies as __________ as too often "going by the book" relies heavily on rules and regulations and on policies and procedures and not being flexible enough to respond to individual needs and problems -Weber's ideal bureaucracy was designed to eliminate ___________ and _______ in organizations
evaluation, 55, Max Weber, specialization, hierarchy of offices, rules and regulations, technical competence, official activity full working capacity, management rules learned, negative, inefficiency, waste
First-Line Supervisors: -also called sergeant -Supervisors push subordinates to their best. Task involves a host of activities, including communicating, motivating, mediating, mentoring, leading, team building, training, developing, appraising, counseling, and disciplining. -Generally the supervisors _______ leadership position -New supervisor must learn how to exercise command and be responsible for the behavior of several other employees. -Long-standing relationships put under stress when become supervisor -Ten tasks: 1)__________ subordinate officers in the performance of their duties 2)__________ __________ to subordinates 3)Ensuring that general and special ______ are followed 4)__________ subordinates in handling calls and other duties 5)Reviewing and approving various departmental _______ 6)__________ to problems voice by officers 7)_________ backup calls 8)Keeping superiors ________ of ongoing situations 9)Providing direct _________ for potential high-risk calls or situations 10)_________ policies and informing subordinates
first, supervising, disseminating information, orders, observing, reports, listening, answering, apprised, supervision, interpreting
Organizational Policies and Procedures: -Well-written policy and procedure manual serves as the __________ of a professional law enforcement agency -_________ are more detailed than _________ Communication within Police Organizations: -Communication within police organizations may be downward, upward, or horizontal. -There are five types of downward communication within such an organization: 1)_______ ________- communication that relates to the performance of a certain task 2)_______ ________- communication that relates a certain task to organizational tasks 3)_________ _______ _______- communication about organizational policies, procedures, rules, and regulations 4)________- communication about how an individual performs an assigned task 5)___________- communication designed to motivate the employee -________ organization- upward communication, bottom to top, negative is in bureaucracies because it is hard to communicate as it has to go through everyone; delays in communication -________ organization- horizontal communication; thrives when formal communication channels are not open, the disadvantage is since it is easier, it replaces vertical channels (grapevine)
foundation, procedures, policies, job instruction, job rationale, procedures and practice, feedback, indoctrination, formal, informal
-________ ________- state and major urban area serve as focal points for the receipt, analysis, gathering, and sharing of threat-related information between the federal government and state, local, tribal, and other agencies -_________ _______ _____- dramatically expanded the federal government's ability to investigate Americans without establishing probable cause for "intelligence purposes" and to conduct searches if there are "reasonable grounds to believe" there may be national security threats. Certain federal agencies are given access to financial, mental health, medical, library, and other records -___________ __________ _____- allows the president to establish military commissions to try unlawful enemy combatants; the commissions are also authorized to sentence defendants to death, and defendants are prevented from invoking the Geneva Conventions as a source of rights during commission proceedings. The law contains a provision stripping detainees of the right to file habeas corpus petitions in federal court and also allows hearsay evidence to be admitted during proceedings, so long as the presiding officer determines it to be reliable. The law also allows the CIA to question key terrorist leaders and operatives -_______ __________ ______ of 1878- prohibits using the military to execute the laws domestically; the military may be called on to provide personnel and equipment for certain special support activities, such as domestic terrorist events involving weapons of mass destruction
fusion centers, USA PATRIOT Act, Military Commissions Act, Posse Comitatus Act
Synthetic "Designer" Drugs: -synthetic cannabinoids often sold in legal retail outlets as "herbal incense" or "potpourri" and synthetic cathinones are often sold as "bath salts" or "jewelry cleaner" -labeled "not for human consumption" to mask their intended purpose and avoid FDA regulatory oversight of the manufacturing process. users claim they mimic the psychoactive effects of marijuana -use of synthetic drugs is quite _____ especially among ______ people
high, young
Heroin: -threat is ________ -seizures at the Southwest Border have doubled over 5 years, since 2009 -Overdose deaths are increasing in many U.S. cities and counties -police carry naloxone blocks to reverse the effects of opioid medications and is used to treat a narcotic overdose in emergency situations -come from Mexico
increasing
Methamphetamine: -availability _______ in US -one-pot and shake-and-bake labs are where meth is most seized in US (usually made for personal use or a small group for these) -this drug can result in fires or explosions -hard to police people making the product -was a designer drug -Comes from Mexico
increasing
Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants -Numerous and powerful -Perform the following functions: (1) ________ assigned operations, (2) reviewing and making recommendations on _______, (3) helping to develop _______, (4) preparing work _________, (5) ________ records and equipment, (6) ____________ recovered or confiscated property, (7) ________ all laws and order -can flatten the organization by removing ranks of middle management -the closer the administrator is to the operations, the more effective the agency
inspecting, reports, plans, schedules, overseeing, overseeing, enforcing
Mintzberg Model of Chief Executive Officers: -describes a set of behaviors and tasks of chief executive officers (CEOs) in any organization: interpersonal, informational, and decision-maker roles -__________ role- figurehead, leadership, and liaison duties; ceremonial functions, motivate and coordinate workers while resolving different goals and needs within the department and the community; meet with representatives of the courts, juvenile system, and other criminal justice agencies -__________ role- CEO monitors/inspects (CEO constantly looks at the workings of the department to ensure that things are operating smoothly) and diseminates information (getting information to members of the department and to the public) and acts as a spokesperson. -_______-______ role- CEO serves as an entrepreneur, a disturbance handler (issues between staffs, riots), a resource allocator, and a negotiator
interpersonal, informational, decision-maker
Organizational Structure: -Every police agency, no matter what it size, has an _________ _________, which is often prominently displayed for all to see in the agency's facility. -________- or operations personnel are engaged in active police functions in the field. Can be subdivided into primary and secondary operations elements. _______ function (backbone of policing) is the primary operational element b/c of its major responsibility for policing. Most small agencies, patrol forces are responsible for all operational activities: providing routine patrol, conducting traffic and criminal investigations, making arrests, and functioning as generalists. The investigative and youth functions are ________ functions. -_________- or support functions and activities can become quite numerous, especially in a large agency. These functions fall into two broad categories: staff (or _________) services and auxiliary (or _________) services. The staff services usually involved personnel and include such matters as recruitment, training, promotion, planning and research, community relations, and public information services. Auxiliary services are the kinds of functions that civilians rarely see. They include jail management, property and evidence, crime laboratory services, communication processes, and records and identification. -Larger the agency, the greater the need for specialization and the more vertical the organizational chart will become
organizational structure, line, patrol, secondary, non-line, administrative, technical
-_________- entities of two or more people who cooperate to accomplish an objective -___________- is rule conducted from a desk or office (i.e., by the preparation and dispatch of written documents--or, these days, their electronic equivalent). In the office are kept records of communications sent, received, filed, and archived -______ ___ _______- is a rank hierarchy which allows an organization to designate authority and responsibility at each level -_______ ____ ______- is an organizational principle dictating that every officer should report to one and only one superior (following the chain of command) until the superior officer is relieved -______ ____ ______- refers to the number of subordinates that one individual can effectively supervise -________- serve as guidelines to think, rather than action. They also reflect the purpose and philosophy of the organization and help interpret them for the officers. An example might be that everyone found to be driving while under the influence of drugs or alcohol must be arrested -__________- provide the preferred methods for handling matters pertaining to investigation, patrol, booking, radio transmissions, filing reports, roll call, activation of body-worn cameras, use of force, arrest, sick leave, evidence handling, promotion, and many other elements of the job -______ ______ _______- specific guidelines that leave little or no latitude for individual discretion. An example could be that police officers do not smoke in public
organizations, bureaucracy, chain of command, unity of command, span of control, policies, procedure, rules and regulations
Executive Officers: Police Chief and County Sheriff -the chief or sheriff of a ten-person agency faces many of the same problems and expectations as his or her big-city counterpart. -difference between managing large and small departments is a matter of ______ -executives of large departments face a larger _________ of many of the same problems that executives of small departments face -the leader of a small department must not only deal with all these managerial concerns but in many cases must also perform the _______ of a working officer -________ ___ ________- job requirements depend on location (smaller less requirements, bigger more requirements), some places want homegrown chiefs and no outsiders, longer tenure if appointed from inside the agency than from outside, hired -_________- tend to be elected, most candidates aligned with a political paper, no tenure, 2 or 4 year terms, maintain and operate the country correctional institutions; serving civil processes and performing other civil duties; collecting certain taxes and conducting real estate sales for the county; performing order-maintenance duties by enforcing state statutes and county ordinances, arresting offenders, and performing traffic and criminal investigations; serving as bailiff of the courts
police chief, county sheriff, scale, volume, duties, chief of police, sheriff
Mental Health and Criminal Justice System: -criminal justice system's role is the ________ mental health system in this country -Brain diseases bring the mentally ill into increasing contact with the police and the criminal justice system -20-40% of police calls or service involve mentally ill persons -Mental illness has become something that officers frequently come into contact with. Some officers do not know how to help those that are mentally ill effectively, which leads to most of these meetings to end with the mentally ill person dead. -+CIT, (Crisis Intervention Training/Teams) where officers learn to approach mentally ill suspects differently, using body language and voice commands to de-escalate situations and to ease emotionally disturbed persons into compliance and safety. Officers are also trained to know the various diversionary options in their jurisdiction--where to admit such people into mental health/medical facilities rather than taking them to jail.
primary
-______ ____ ______- In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities; policy aimed at reducing the sale and use of drugs -_________ _______- synthetic; structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests -_______ ________ ______ _______ ______ (HIDTA) program- created by Congess with the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, provides assistance to federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies operating in areas determined to be critical drug-trafficking regions of the US -_______ ______- those who did not train at a terrorist camp or join the ranks of a terrorist organization overseas, but who are inspired at home by a group's social media, literature, or extremist ideology -_________ ______ ______ ________- (JTTF) Overseen by the FBI, it brings together more than 500 state and local agencies and 55 federal agencies into a single team to address terror threats of all kinds. Are essentially small cells of highly trained, locally based, investigators, analysts, linguists, SWAT experts, who chase down leads, gather evidence, make arrests, provide security for special events, conduct training, collect and share intelligence, and respond to threats and incidents at a moment's notice -___________ __________ ________- (NCTC) integrates and analyzes all intelligence information pertaining to terrorism possessed or acquired by the U.S. government (except purely domestic terrorism). It then shares knowledge with multiple departments and agencies from across the intelligence community
war on drugs, designer drugs, High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas, lone wolf, Joint Terrorism Task Forces, National Counterterrorism Center
