Polysci chapter 3, Polysci chapter 4, Polysci chapter 5

The establishment clause of the Constitution restricts which of the following?

-government from supporting religion over no religion -government from favoring one religion over another

The imminent lawless action test

-has two criteria for speech advocating the unlawful use of force. -says that for speech to be restricted, it must be directed at inciting or producing imminent lawless action. -says that speech must be likely to produce lawless action.

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to

-have a high median income. -be college educated.

The Supreme Court has recently employed the Eighth Amendment to ban which of the following?

-life sentences without parole for juveniles -the death penalty for the mentally ill -the death penalty for juveniles

Which of the following entities are in a competitive situation regarding taxation?

-states -localities

In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that enemy combatant detainees were protected by which of the following?

-the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice -the Geneva Convention

In the years following 1935 during the Great Depression, the Supreme Court loosened restrictions on

-the banking industry. -Congress's ability to regulate commerce. -Congress's taxing and spending power.

What are the religious clauses in the First Amendment?

-the establishment clause -the free-exercise clause

Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government lacked which of the following powers?

-the power to regulate interstate commerce -the power to draft an army or navy

Which of the following are rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

-the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples -the right to keep their jobs regardless of their sexual orientation

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

During the direst part of the Great Depression, approximately ______ percent of the nation's workers was unemployed.

25

How many distinct historical eras of federalism have occurred in the U.S.?

3

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

35; 12

Which of the following amendments contribute to ensuring criminal due process?

4th, 5th, 6th, 8th

Which amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals from testifying against themselves in a court of law?

5th

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

7

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely black

95

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which influential figure began civil rights work by organizing strikes by farmworkers to attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

Cesar Chavez

States alone are sovereign in a

Confederacy

What is the question at the heart of the debate over the Second Amendment?

Does the amendment give individuals the right to possess weapons?

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court argue that the Tenth Amendment gave the states, and not the federal government, the power to regulate factory practices?

Hammer v. Dagenhart

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Civil Rights Act

n 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans

Indian Civil Rights Act

The Republican-controlled Congress removed what provision of the Affordable Care Act in 2017?

Individuals were required to pay a penalty if they did not have insurance.

Why is the necessary and proper clause called the elastic clause?

It allows for adjustments to the national government's implied powers

What did the Supreme Court rule concerning the interstate commerce clause in the 1930s?

It covers only transportation of goods, not their manufacture.

Since the 1950s, how has the federal government responded to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed a series of laws that secured fundamental rights for African Americans.

What was the doctrine of nullification?

John C. Calhoun's argument that a state has the constitutional right to invalidate a national law

The Supreme Court determined that privacy rights extend to consensual activity between same-sex partners in

Lawrence v. Texas.

In 1965 the federal government partnered with states to provide health care to the poor as part of which program?

Medicaid

Which of the following cases established that law enforcement officers must advise detainees of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney, before beginning questioning in a criminal investigation?

Miranda v. Arizona

The Supreme Court had been handing down rulings against New Deal programs by 1937, and President Roosevelt put forth a plan to increase the number of justices in order to give himself a majority. How was this plan resolved?

One justice inexplicably changed sides, giving Roosevelt the majority he wanted.

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such things as race, color, and religion.

The Supreme Court decision that determined that the right to privacy extended to include abortion is

Roe v. Wade.

The president who began to move power, funds, and responsibility back to the states in what was called new federalism was

Ronald Reagan.

Freedom of ______ is the right of individual Americans to hold and communicate thoughts of their choosing.

Speech or expression

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County.

What is the connection between the Lochner decision and the Hammer decision?

The earlier Lochner decision actually made the later Hammer decision unenforceable.

The Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States established which principle?

The federal government can restrict free expression but it does not have unlimited authority to do so.

Since the 1930s,

The federal government had dramatically increased its power.

Where is the Bill of Rights located in the U.S. Constitution?

The first ten amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights.

What unique circumstance existed at the time of the Korematsu v. United States decision?

The nation was at war.

Which of the following best describes the limit that dual federalism?

The national government is kept from extending its power into policy areas traditionally reserved for the states.

How would the framers have reacted to the ways in which federal power has evolved over the decades?

They would be largely unsurprised.

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

Which of the following best describes the subject under consideration in Roe v. Wade?

abortion

In the case of Korematsu v. United States, the courts

allowed government polices during wartime that would not be allowed in times of peace.

In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court ruled that states cannot lawfully

ban sexual relations between consenting same-sex adults.

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

Rather than using the Fourteenth Amendment to protect freed slaves, in 1886 the Supreme Court interpreted the amendment to provide protection to

business

Which of the following characterized the era of dual federalism?

business supremacy in commerce policy

Under the Fifth Amendment, suspects

charged with a federal crime cannot be tried unless indicted by a grand jury.

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

civil rights

The exclusionary rule restricts the ability of

courts to admit illegally obtained evidence during a trial.

Which of the following actions gave the national government more power than the states during George W. Bush's presidency?

creation of the Department of Homeland Security

The type of discrimination in which traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice despite legal protections is

de facto discrimination.

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

The ______ clause of the First Amendment bans the state from helping religious institutions, whereas the ______ clause bans the state from restricting the free practice of religion by individuals.

establishment; free-exercise

The two trends that defined federalism in the period from 1937 to the 1990s in the U.S. are

expansion and devolution of federal authority.

A governmental structure with two levels of government in which each level has sovereignty over different policy matters and geographic areas is a ______ system.

federal

According to the supremacy clause in Article VI of the Constitution, which layer of government prevails whenever federal and state law conflict?

federal

When white settlers first arrived in what is now the U.S., there were approximately 5 to 10 million Native American inhabitants. By 1900, there were

fewer than 1 million.

The First Amendment protection that makes it illegal for the government to enact laws that restrict the free practice of religion by any individual is known as the

free-exercise clause.

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of ______ classifications even though such classifications need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender

The supremacy clause of the U.S. Constitution

makes national laws the supreme law of the land

Which of the following minority groups make up the largest Hispanic population in the United States?

mexicans

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

minorities women

Which of the following terms best describes the power relationship between the various layers of government during the era of cooperative federalism?

overlapping

he right of an individual to be left alone without any interference from others is known as the right to

privacy.

According to the decision in United States v. Butler (1936), Congress's spending power is based upon, and limited by,

providing for "the general welfare."

A key factor in the struggle between the national and state governments to define the boundaries of federal-state power has been

public support for federal policies compared with state policies.

Law enforcement officials sometimes controversially rely on the practice of ______ ______, the assumption that certain groups of people are more likely to commit particular crimes.

racial profiling

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

Alexander Hamilton claimed that the federal government had the implied power to create a national bank through its power to

regulate currency.

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

In a 2010 CNN survey, 2 in 5 Americans stated that individuals arrested by police on suspicion of terrorism

should not be read their Miranda rights.

An 1886 Supreme Court ruling determined that corporations were

slavery

The Articles of Confederation created a union of

states

The reserved powers in the U.S. system of government fall to the

states

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications.

What was the name of the 1798 law that criminalized any speech or writings critical of the government, Congress, or the president?

the Sedition Act

The implied powers of Congress derive from which clause of the Constitution?

the necessary and proper clause

The 1977 Supreme Court case that provided guidance on the allowable restrictions on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly upheld which of the following?

the right of an American Nazi Party group to hold a parade in Skokie, a city with a large Jewish population that included Holocaust survivors

Griswold v. Connecticut was a case dealing with

the right to privacy.

Griswold v. Connecticut is the landmark case that established the right to privacy. The case involved the question of whether a state can prohibit

the use of contraceptives by a married couple.

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

When the key pieces of the New Deal programs were struck down by the Supreme Court, President Franklin Roosevelt responded by

threatening to pack the Court with his own justices.

The USA Patriot Act was passed

to combat terrorism.

Which of the following is a right of the accused that is protected by the Fifth Amendment?

to have a grand jury weigh the prosecution's evidence

In Hamden v. Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of secret military tribunals to try detainees accused of terrorism was ______, as detainees were entitled to a trial affording all the guarantees contained in the Constitution.

unconstitutional

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

-A state requires separate public bathrooms for black and white people. -Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections.

Which of the following are reasons why the policy role of the federal government has expanded greatly since the early twentieth century?

-Americans expect government help. -The federal government has superior taxing capacity. -American society is highly interdependent.

Which of the following cases involved attempts by the Supreme Court to curb business practices as part of their authority to regulate commerce?

-Hammer v. Dagenhart -Lochner v. New York

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

-It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. -It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

Which of the following are true statements about the federal structure of the United States?

-Madison and Hamilton argued that the states and national government would serve to check each other and thus protect peoples' rights. -Hamilton felt people would shift their trust between the national and state governments, depending on their needs and interests at the time.

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

-Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. -Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically.

Since the 1950s, what has been the government's approach to free speech?

-Not a single individual has been convicted solely for criticizing the government's war policies. -The Supreme Court has ruled that spoken words do not pose a true threat to national security, so Americans can speak their minds politically. -The Supreme Court has ruled that national security must truly be at risk before the government can limit speech.

Which of the following statements are true concerning the right of assembly?

-Regulations of public assemblies must be applied fairly to all groups. -Individuals cannot hold an assembly at a busy intersection during rush hour. -Public officials can regulate the time and place of assemblies

Which of the following were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

-The national government had no power to tax. -The national government had no power to regulate interstate commerce.

Which of the following statements are true of the U.S. federal system?

-The national government now operates in many policy areas traditionally reserved to the states. -The authority of the national government has expanded greatly since the 1930s.

What did the Supreme Court decide in McCulloch v. Maryland? (Choose every correct answer.)

-The necessary and proper clause implies the power to establish a national bank. -National law overrides state law.

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

-Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. -The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

-They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. -Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

-been foundational in legal decisions -inspired a hope for eventual equality -given moral strength to diverse movements

Among the laws passed in the 1960s and 1970s that gave women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting which of the following?

-certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job -sexual discrimination in access to financial credit -sexual discrimination in higher education

In following the Eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court has used which of the following tests to determine if an action constitutes cruel and unusual punishment?

-determining if a punishment is "unnecessarily cruel" -determining whether a punishment is "disproportionate to the offence" -determining if a punishment violates "fundamental standards of good conscience and fairness"

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

-discriminatory practices in mortgage lending -discriminatory practices in housing -discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

-educational institutions -employers

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

-equal access to the opportunities society provides -equal access to public facilities -the right of every person to equal protection under the law

Which of the following constitutional protections were at issue in the Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona?

-the right to remain silent -the right to an attorney

Which of the following are the two most important forces in the evolution of the American federal structure?

-the strength of partisan interests that sought to change the balance of power between the nations and the states -the country's changing needs

Article I, Section 10, of the Constitution prohibits the states from which of the following actions?

-waging war -making treaties with other nations -printing money -raising armies

When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, there were more than _____ million workers who were employed by industry, compared to only 1 million in 1860.

10

Which post-Civil War amendment required states to give their residents due process of law?

14th

Which post-Civil War amendment required the states to provide their citizens equal protection under the laws?

14th

Which amendment passed at the end of the war granted African American men the right to vote?

15th

The First National Bank of the United States was established in what year?

1791

In which decade did the election of "tough on crime" candidates lead to state legislatures enacting stiffer penalties for crime while also limiting judges' abilities to reduce sentences for nonviolent crimes of first-time offenders?

1990s

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

19th

True or false: Block grants are more restrictive than categorical grants in how they can be used.

F

True or false: The right to appeal after conviction is guaranteed in the Constitution.

F

The use of the commerce clause during the 1930s gave the ______ government(s) increased power.

Federal

Which of the following Native American tribes have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Navajo Pueblo

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

In order to ensure equal employment opportunity for all, the federal government in the 1960s began to require agencies and businesses to

establish policies aimed at giving minority-group members equal opportunities to obtain jobs.

The law passed by Congress, soon after the 9/11 attacks, that allows the FBI and other intelligence agencies to access personal information and records without consent from targeted individuals is known as the

USA Patriot Act.

The exclusionary rule is based on the Supreme Court decision in

Weeks v. United States (1914).

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

The process by which the national government returns powers once held by state and local governments to these governments is called

devolution.

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the U.S.?

disease

What are the powers specifically given to the national government by the Constitution called?

enumerated

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

equality

In Engle v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court ruled against the reciting of prayers in public schools on grounds it violates the

establishment clause.

Regarding freedom of the press, the Supreme Court has generally upheld the principle of no prior restraint. This principle means that

government generally cannot stop the news media from reporting a story.

The barrier to restrict speech established in Brandenburg v. Ohio is best described as

imposing

The Supreme Court has ruled that prisoners should generally appeal their cases first

in state courts.

Hispanics who have immigrated to the U.S. are generally concentrated

in their states of entry.

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law

is almost always unconstitutional.

Compared to categorical grants, the use of block grants

is less narrowly defined, which means the recipients enjoy greater discretion.

In the case of New York Times Co. v. United States

it was ruled that prior restraint is unconstitutional without a compelling argument for the restriction.

Which of these groups is typically more protective of individual rights?

judges

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

True or false: Madison and Hamilton thought that the federal structure would encourage the state and national governments to check each other if either became abusive to individual freedom.

true

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians

were an inferior people.

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in

winning elective office.