Pop Quiz 3

How many amino acids are there?

20

How is DNA put together? What bonds hold the nitrogen bases together? What bases will bond to each other?

A nucleotide is attached upside down to the base, forming a hydrogen bond with them. Adenine will always bond with thymine and guanine will always bond with cytosine.

What is ATP?

ATP is adenosine triphosphate, which is three phosphate groups, ribose and adenine

What does ATP do?

ATP is the main source of energy in cells.

What are the 4 different nitrogen bases that make up a DNA strand? What does Uracil take the place of in a RNA strand?

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are the four different bases that make up a DNA strand. Uracil takes the place of thymine.

What do all living things have in common?

All living things have DNA

Proteins are built by?

Amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins (this is the monomer of proteins)

What are the building block (monomers) of Nucleic Acids?

Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA.

What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?

Polypeptide: chain of amino acids Protein: is made up of chains of polypeptides folded into a specific shape

When you bond a bunch of amino acids together the molecule is called a BLANK and they are held together by BLANK bonds. These molecules are usually BLANK of amino acids long.

polypeptide; peptide; hundreds to thousands

The shape of a polypeptide determines its BLANK

Function

What happens if a polypeptide is "denatured"?

High or low temperatures or too acidic or base environments will cause the polypeptide to no longer work anymore.

What factors determine how a polypeptide is folded?

Primary: amino acids chains-polypeptide Quartenary: made up of a number of polypeptide chains folded into a specific shape (protein). The R group characteristic determines how the polypeptide chain folds. This determines the proteins shape. Proteins are shape specific.

What are 3 main differences between RNA and DNA?

RNA: has uracil, single helix, found everywhere in cells. DNA: has thymine, double helix, found in nucleus

Why do Scientists think we have DNA? What is the "backbone" of DNA made of?

Scientists think we have DNA because they think life started with RNA, having that it contains a message, however, overtime we kind of had 2 RNAs wrap around each other and we eventually had DNA. The "backbone" of DNA is made up of a sugar attached to a phosphate to a sugar to a phosphate to a sugar.

What part is different? What is it called?

The R group, part that comes off the bottom, is going to be the only difference between the amino acids. This allows it to contain different properties.

What is the biggest job RNA and DNA have inside of cells? What does each do in the process?

The biggest job DNA and RNA have is making proteins inside the cells. The directions to make the proteins are found in the DNA and RNA is the worker that has a copy of the directions

What is the second thing RNA and DNA do? Where does YOUR DNA come from?

The second thing they do is they make up our genes, which is what we pass on to the next generations. My DNA comes from my parents, half from my mom and half from my dad, therefore I am a combination of my parents.

What are three components of amino acids that are the same?

Three components of amino acids that are the same: the middle part of each amino acid contains a carbon with a hydrogen attached to it, also known as alpha carbon. On the left side they have a nitrogen attached to 2 nitrogens, also called as the amino group. On the right side they have a carbon attached to a carbon and oxygen/hydrogen, also known as the carboxyl group.

How are nucleotides bonded to make RNA? What part of the nucleotide is covalently bonded to what part of the next?

Through dehydration reaction, we could lose a water and form a covalent bond between the two nucleotides. The pentose sugar is covalently bonded to the phosphate to the sugar to the phosphate to the sugar.

Describe how two or more amino acids are bonded together? What structures aid in this process?

Through dehydration synthesis by pulling H off of one amino acid and an OH off of another. Ribosomes help in the process of bonding amino acids in a process called protein synthesis.

What do we get when we eat food and what do we do then?

We get amino acids from our diet because we eat food and then we break them down into amino acids and then we can weave those back together again into the proteins that make us.