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Correctional nursing

A specialized subset of forensic nursing in which clients are inmates Primary goal is to maintain a safe, secure, and humane environment for the inmates Recognize safety and security issues for the nurse; always maintain an escape route Understand the prison culture Inmates manipulate nurses Environment is highly isolated

Risk assessment

A systemic way of distinguishing the risks posed by potential he harmful exposures. The four main steps are hazard identification, risk description, exposure assessment, and risk estimation.

Macroscopic Approach to Solving Community Health Problems

-Examines interfamily and intercommunity themes in health and illness -Delineates factors in the population that perpetuate the development of illness or foster the development of health -Emphasizes social, economic, and environmental precursors of illness -Nursing interventions may include modifying social or environmental variables -May include social or political action

Microscopic Approach to Solving Community Health Problems

-Individual, and sometimes family, response to health and illness -Often emphasizes behavioral responses to individual's illness or lifestyle patterns -Nursing interventions are often aimed at modifying individual's behavior by changing his or her perceptions or belief system

Food desert

A neighborhood with little to no access to healthy foods

Global travel and affect on pandemic

A pandemic is a steady occurrence of a disease, or an epidemic, that covers large geographical area or is evident worldwide. Travel from many countries can easily spread the infectious agent

Intimate partner violence

A pattern of coercive behaviors perpetrated by someone who is or was in an intimate relationship with the victim May include battering, resulting in physical injury, psychological abuse, and sexual assault to progressive social isolation and intimidation of the victim Typically repetitive and often escalates in frequency and severity

Why are health care providers concerned over such social issues as mass transit, clean power, and the farming industry? a. Because air pollutants are contributors to asthma and other health problems. b. Clean power would reduce the pollution that results from burning of high-sulfur coal. c. Manure runoff from industrial farming is polluting water and killing fish throughout the United States. d. Mass transit would remove the problem of so many Americans being killed or injured by drunken or impaired drivers

A. Because air pollutants are contributors to asthma and other health problems. All three (mass transit, clean power, and industry) emit air pollutants, which result in smog, the most common outdoor air pollutant in the United States. Atmospheric pollutants cause or contribute to asthma, allergic reactions, bronchitis, lung cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and death. They also harm animals and plants. The most inclusive answer refers to air pollutants, although certainly, the others are true in society today.

The local stream was full of trash. The Boy Scouts had a cleanup day so they could again canoe on the stream. Which of the following actions should be taken by nurses in the local community? a. Hold a dialogue with community members about the problem and its effects b. Fight for stronger "do not trash" laws and harsher penalties c. Lecture community organizations about the value of safe water for recreation d. Put all personal trash in appropriate trash receptacles

A. Hold a dialogue with community members about the problem and its effects An important nursing goal is to help people learn from their own experiences and analyze the world with an intention to change it. It is essential that those affected participate in the process of identifying and working to solve environmental problems. The nurse's role is to ask critical questions and help groups reflect on the environmental realities of their lives. The only way for the nurse to promote this involvement is through a dialogue with the community members.

Ecomap

Another classic tool that is used to depict a Family's linkage to their suprasystems. Portrays an overview of the family and their situation; it's a depicts the important nuturant or conflict laden connections between the family in the world. It demonstrates the flow of resources, or the lack and deprivations. This mapping procedure highlights the nature of the interfaces and points to conflict to be mediated, bridges to be built and resources to be sought and mobilized.

Upstream thinking

Actions focus on modifying economic, political, and environmental factors that are the precursors of poor health throughout the world. Instead of fixing something that's already occurred this way of thinking works to prevent the problem from originally happening

Mental health in the correctional facility

Adjustment to incarceration is extremely difficult for many mentally ill individuals Deinstitutionalization led to what amounts to the "criminalization of the mentally ill" Access to mental health treatment and medication is a right for prison inmates Nurses must always be aware of the vulnerabilities of people with mental illness who are incarcerated

Medicare part C

Also known as the Medicare advantage plans, is optional gap coverage provided by private insurance companies that are approved by, and under contract with, Medicare, and may include health maintenance organizations and preferred provider organizations. Covered services vary by plan and may include vision, hearing, and dental care as well as other services and supplies not covered by Medicare part A, B, and D.

Medicare part A

Although this Medicare part is an entitlement program, the enrollee must pay deductible for health services. This deductible is the beneficiaries only cost for up to 60 days of Medicare covered inpatient hospital care in a benefit period.

Aggregate

Are sub groups or sub populations that have some common characteristics or concerns. Ex. Pregnant teens within a school district. A community composed of people who have common characteristics. For example, members of a community may share residence in the same city, membership in the same religious organization, or in similar demographic characteristics such as age and ethnic background. Senior citizens, for example comprises primarily retirees who frequently share ages, economic pressures, life experiences, interests, and concerns.

Hill-Burton Act of 1946

Authorized federal assistance in the construction of hospitals and health centers with stipulations about services for the uninsured. As a result, hospitals with obligations to care for the uninsured were built in towns and cities across United States. Through these measures, the hospital care became more assessable, but by the late 1990s, the high cost of healthcare, combined with decreasing lengths of stay and increasing use of primary care, forced the closure of many of the hospitals built with these funds.

Which of the following describe a problem with the U.S. water quality today? (Select all that apply.) a. Companies demand high reimbursement when asked to stop dumping heavy metals into local water sources. b. Many aquifers are contaminated with pesticides and fertilizers. c. More than 45 million Americans drink untreated water. d. Sediment from construction, agriculture, and deforestation is often present. e. Underground water, if contaminated, cannot be cleansed. f. Water-related diseases (cholera, typhoid, dysentery) frequently occur.

B, C, D, E More than 45 million Americans obtain water from private wells, which have no treatment or monitoring guidelines. Water quality problems include dosing reservoirs with chemicals to reduce algae, contaminating aquifers with pesticides and fertilizers, and leaching lead from water pipes. Underground water cannot be cleansed. Companies demand high reimbursement when asked to stop dumping heavy metals into local water sources and the frequent occurrence of water-related diseases (cholera, typhoid, dysentery) are not current problems with the water quality in the United States.

Which of the following have been identified as part of the core environmental health competencies? (Select all that apply.) a. Assurance b. Assessment c. Policy development d. Management e. Advocacy f. Communication

B, D, F The National Center for Environmental Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Public Health Association have established three core competencies for Environmental Health professionals: (1) assessment, (2) management, and (3) communication. Assurance, policy development, and advocacy are not part of the core environmental health competencies.

When using an environmental perspective, which of the following would be the most important question for a nurse to ask when assessing potential health problems? a. "Can you tell me how you have been feeling?" b. "Can you tell me what you do at work?" c. "What brings you here today?" d. "What problems have you been having?"

B. "Can you tell me what you do at work?" Because 25% of worldwide preventable illnesses are caused by poor environmental quality, nurses need to ask critical questions about their clients' work and home environments to help discern the contributions of specific hazards to their health. This can be accomplished by an environmental health history. The other responses do not address a question that would be addressed during an environmental health history.

How does critical theory differ from other nursing theories such as the health belief model or Orem's self-care deficit theory? a. Critical theory can be used by professionals other than nurses. b. Critical theory focuses on oppression and facilitates group action. c. Critical theory is not directly related to health promotion. d. Critical theory confronts changing an individual's beliefs.

B. Critical theory focuses on oppression and facilitates group action. Critical theory is an approach that raises questions about oppressive situations, involves community members in the definition and solution of problems, and facilitates group interventions. The other two theories focus more on individual beliefs and choice of action.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn concerning efforts to decrease environmental pollution? a. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets priorities for environmental problems and funds action. b. Federal policies have been weakened, and enforcement lacks funding. c. Federal recycling mandates have decreased waste products. d. Legislation is increasingly being passed to force companies to lower toxic waste emissions.

B. Federal policies have been weakened, and enforcement lacks funding. Legislation in the 1970s was aimed toward a comprehensive national environmental policy. The momentum slowed in the 1980s, with policies being reversed and regulation losing its funding. This trend has continued. The EPA sets rules but lacks resources to accomplish the goals. There are no federal mandates for recycling, but local communities have made great strides in this area.

Which of the following issues exists from communities using solid waste landfills to dispose of trash from private residences? a. Landfills are too wasteful, as solid waste can be burned to produce energy. b. Methane gas may move through the soil to cause fire or explosions nearby. c. There is an ongoing need to purchase more land as landfills eventually fill up. d. People do not use landfills but dump their garbage anywhere they will not be seen.

B. Methane gas may move through the soil to cause fire or explosions nearby. Solid waste landfills accumulate methane gas, a by-product of decomposing organic wastes. Without proper venting, this volatile gas can move through soil and cause fires and explosions in nearby areas. Waste incineration is not the best solution because it causes particulate air pollution. Illegal dumping of garbage and purchasing additional land for more landfills are concerns related to the disposal of trash from private residents, but methane gas explosions is of primary concern.

It has been learned that a particular industry has vastly polluted the surrounding neighborhood. Which of the following actions would most likely be taken by those living in the neighborhood? a. Band together to shut the industry down b. Nothing, because of family ties and cost of relocation c. Immediately move to a different neighborhood d. Seek legal reimbursement for the hazard exposure

B. Nothing, because of family ties and cost of relocation. Residents may be unwilling to disrupt family ties and cultural roots to start over elsewhere, or they may be unable to afford to move. Residents are revictimized by the difficulty in obtaining compensation. Attempting to shut the industry down, seeking reimbursement for the hazard exposure, and immediately moving to a different neighborhood are all costly interventions and in most cases cannot be easily accomplished by most residents.

What would be an appropriate term for intoxicated drivers, secondhand smoke, urban crowding, noise, and mechanization? a. Risks of living style b. Risks in the built environment c. Personal health risks d. Modern day health risks

B. Risks in the built environment. The built environment is the connection between people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affect health habits and behaviors, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs. Most people live within areas that require almost daily contact with potential health risks and threats, such as intoxicated or impaired drivers, secondhand smoke, urban crowding, noise exposure, unabated traffic, and the stress of increased mechanization.

In a community presentation about asthma, a nurse explained the causes of asthma in children, how to observe for "triggers" that lead to an attack, and how to use an inhaler. Which of the following statements best identifies what was omitted from this presentation? a. The nurse did not ask the attendees to disclose if any of them smoke around children. b. The nurse did not address actions that should be taken to improve air quality and only focused on the treatment of asthma. c. The nurse did not address the need to avoid exposure to others who may have a communicable disease. d. The nurse did not review the genetic components related to asthma in families.

B. The nurse did not address actions that should be taken to improve air quality and only focused on the treatment of asthma. By placing responsibility for the cause and cure of health problems exclusively on the individuals, the belief is reinforced that all individuals are free to control their lives. Such a perspective absolves society, government, industry, and business from accountability. Research suggests that changing individual behaviors does not lead to significant reductions in overall morbidity and morality in the absence of basic social, economic, and political changes. Thus, the nurse must include information in the presentation that addresses the need to improve air quality.

The federal emergency management agency (FEMA)

Became a part of DHS in 2003. Their mission is to support citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation, everyone works together to build, sustain, and approve the capacity to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards. Published an in-depth guide for Citizen preparedness. The focus of the contents is on how to prepare, practice, and maintain emergency plans that indicate what must be done before, during, and after disaster.

Community assessment first step

Before beginning this process, the community health nurse must define the community.

Health promotion

Is... ... any combination of health education and related organizational, economic, and environmental supports for behavior of individuals, groups, or communities conducive to health ... that which is motivated by the desire to increase well-being and to reach the best possible health potential

Which of the following best describes a food desert? a. The inability to store foods at an acceptable temperature b. The inability to have healthy foods at home c. A neighborhood with little to no access to healthy foods d. A neighborhood that has experienced a recent food-borne illness

C. A neighborhood with little to no access to healthy foods A food desert is a neighborhood with little or no access to healthy foods. There are significant disparities in access to healthy and fresh food supplies, with poor minority families being more likely to live in a food desert. The other responses are not the correct definition of a food desert.

Health protection

Is... ... those behaviors in which one engages with the specific intent to prevent disease, detect disease in the early stages, or maximize health within the constraints of disease ... an important step in maintaining health

Which of the following statements supports why it is believed that the risks of various employment positions are inaccurate? a. Companies refuse to share employee injury information. b. Because factories reimburse employees directly, the injury is not reported. c. Individuals assume it is a personal problem, not an employment issue. d. Most employment positions do not have known risks.

C. Individuals assume it is a personal problem, not an employment issue. Statistics do not reflect unreported health problems. Collective problems related to employment or occupation are often perceived as individualized injuries, and no one "connects the dots." Companies are willing to share employee injury information and recognize the risks of employment, but the information may be inaccurate because of the perception of individualized injuries.

Which of the following statements best describes what has happened to air quality since the United States outlawed the use of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon tetrachloride? a. Air quality immediately improved. b. Air quality is slowly improving. c. Little change occurred because these chemicals remain in the atmosphere. d. Nothing has happened because other countries worldwide continue to extensively use these products.

C. Little change occured because these chemicals remain in the atmosphere. These chemicals, which were in widespread use, remain in the atmosphere. Thus, air quality has not improved. This is a global concern and is being addressed worldwide by the World Health Organization.

What is meant by discriminatory land use? a. Backlash against companies that do not protect the environment b. Daily insults to people who live in a particular community c. Locating industrial hazards in low-income communities d. Political recognition that companies support a safe environment

C. Locating industrial hazards in the low-income communities Discriminatory land use ensures that many impoverished and marginalized groups, especially people of color, live in close proximity to industrial contamination. Members of these communities are at risk for illness and injury. The other responses do not correctly define discriminatory land use.

Which of the following best explains why it is difficult to get others interested in environmental health? a. Environmental problems just are not interesting or dramatic. b. It's difficult to get media interested. c. People respond more to an acute crisis than chronic environmental problems. d. People respond more to an individual asking for help than a community asking for help.

C. People respond more to an acute crisis than chronic environmental problems People respond to acute crises with dramatic media coverage (such as hurricanes or earthquakes), but ongoing consistent pressure is needed to ensure day-to-day environmental integrity. Chronic environmental problems are rarely addressed effectively.

Windshield survey

Community health nurses often perform this by driving or walking through an area and making organize observations. The nurse can gain an understanding of the environmental layout, including geographic features and the location of agencies, services, businesses and industries, and can locate possible areas of environmental concern through sight, sense, and sound. This offers a nurse the opportunity to observe people and their role in the community.

Retrospective studies

Compare individuals with a particular condition or disease with those who do not have the disease Data collection extends back in time

Care management programs

Consists of programs that apply systems, science, incentives, and information to improve medical practice and to allow clients and their support systems to participate in a collaborative process with a goal of improving medical, social, and mental health conditions more effectively. It is an emerging concept that is evidence -based, patient centered, and clinical care focused. Overall goal is to improve the coordination of services provided to clients who are enrolled in a care management program

Tertiary prevention

Correction and prevention of deterioration of a disease state. Example: teaching insulin administration in the home Targets populations that have experienced disease or injury and focuses on limitation of disability and rehabilitation. Aims of this are to keep health problems from getting worse, to reduce the effects of disease and injury, and to restore individuals to the optimal level of functioning. Examples include teaching how to perform insulin injections and disease management to a patient with diabetes, referral of a patient with spinal cord injury for occupational and physical therapy, and leading a support group for grieving parents.

Medicaid

Covers healthcare for indigent and eligible children and includes family planning, obstetrical care, and preventive cancer screening for women, such as demography and Pap smears. This combined federal and state program provides access to care for the poor and medically needy of all ages. This provides long-term care services and personal care services. This program has eligibility criteria based on level of income.

Hate crimes

Crimes in which offender is motivated by An individual's race Sexual orientation Religious beliefs Ethnic background National origin crimes may include Murder Rape Sexual or physical assault Harassment Attacks on homes or on places or worship Vandalism

Which of the following statements best describe why environmental health is more challenging than other variables related to an individual's health? a. Environmental health affects susceptible individuals more than groups. b. Environmental health demands that individuals be willing to change their beliefs. c. Environmental health is dependent on social neighborhoods, as well as geography. d. Environmental health requires social, economic, and political changes to improve.

D. Environmental health requires social, economic, and political changes to improve. Intervening to improve environmental conditions requires basic social, economic, and political changes. Aggregates must work together to create such change. The other responses do not address the multiple dimensions that must be impacted in order to impact change within environmental health.

Control spread of infectious diseases

Quarantine Universal preCautions Improving host resistance and immunity Isolation

Which of the following actions should be taken by a small community group who hopes to accomplish goals against a large powerful corporation? a. Appeal to the chief executive officer's conscience b. Ask the corporation's employees to encourage change c. Begin legal action to force the corporation to change d. Form coalitions with other groups that have similar goals

D. Form coalitions with other groups that have similar goals. Brainstorm about all possible groups that might have a stake in the outcome of the issue. Nurses can help make connections with larger, more powerful organizations.

Which of the following nursing actions would be the most helpful to the community's long-term health? a. Careful assessment, diagnosis, planning, and giving care to individual patients and their families b. Dialogue with community members concerning what health issues are of importance in that community c. Focusing on family health through school-based neighborhood clinics d. Helping the community create political change through organization, use of media, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations

D. Helping the community create political change through organization, use of media, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations The ultimate goal is liberating people from health-damaging environmental conditions by using collective actions. Mechanisms have included strategic organization, litigation, public hearing testimony, letter-writing campaigns, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations. Helping the community create political change through organization, use of media, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations shows how collective action can be applied. The other interventions do not demonstrate the use of collective action.

Which of the following is a direct result of global warming? a. Decreased prevalence of infectious diseases b. Increased water pollution from soil erosion c. Decreased protection from the ozone layer d. Increased number of parasites and insects

D. Increased number of parasites and insects Global warming is the gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation (Easterling, 2011). Rising global temperatures may enhance the quantity and distribution of parasites, insects, and other disease vectors, potentially increasing the prevalence of a variety of infectious diseases.

Which of the following strategies should a nurse use to remember what should be included in a health history? a. Always use a preprinted form b. Depend on education to learn this c. Depend on experience to know what to ask d. Memorize the I PREPARE mnemonic e. Memorize the I HEALTH mnemonic

D. Memorize the I PREPARE mnemoic The I PREPARE environmental exposure history mnemonic is a quick reference for primary care providers. I—Investigate Potential Exposures P—Present Work R—Residence E—Environmental Concerns P—Past Work A—Activities R—Referrals and Resources E—Educate This tool will help the nurse remember what to ask to determine environmental factors relevant to health.

How does participatory action research differ from other research methods? a. Participatory action research does not use a control group. b. Participatory action research does not require randomization. c. Participatory action research is not based on a predetermined hypothesis. d. Participatory action research poses solutions to the problem.

D. Participatory action research poses solutions to the problem Participatory action research calls for nurses, community members, and other resource people to work together in identifying health problems, designing the studies, collecting and analyzing the data, disseminating the results, and posing solutions to the problems. The research process (use of control groups, randomization, and using a predetermined hypothesis) is part of participatory action research.

Which of the following is the leading cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers? a. Secondhand smoke b. Living near a nuclear power plant c. Exposure to pesticides d. Radon gas

D. Radon gas Radon exposure is the leading cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers in the United States. It is estimated that radon causes an estimated 21,000 lung cancer deaths every year.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the environment and health? a. Because of the large number of variables involved, the relationship between environment and health cannot be researched. b. Because the environment has such long-term effects on health, research findings are not yet available. c. Research shows that a healthy environment has limited impact on one's health. d. Research shows that a healthy environment increases quality of life and years of healthy living.

D. Research shows that a healthy environment increases quality of life and years of healthy living. A healthy environment increases quality of life and years of healthy living. Accumulated evidence shows that the environmental changes of the past few decades have profoundly influenced the status of public health. Globally, environmental factors contribute to nearly 25% of all deaths and increase disease burden (World Health Organization, 2006). The safety, beauty, and life-sustaining capacity of the physical environment are unquestionably of global consequence.

Community health nursing

Defined as The synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice applied to promoting and preserving the health of a population. A nurse in this field directs care to individuals, families, or groups; this care, intern, contributes to the health of the total population.

Incidence rate

Describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a community over a period of time relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or condition during that same time period.

Mary Breckenridge

Developed nursing in rural Kentucky Established Frontiers Nursing Service

Secondary prevention

Early detection and intervention. Example: screening for sexually transmitted disease Refers to early detection and prompt intervention during the period of early disease pathogenesis. Is implemented after a problem has begun but before signs and symptoms appear and targets those populations that have risk factors. Mammography, blood pressure screening, scoliosis screening, and Pap smears are examples of this.

Local government role

Emergencies and disaster incidents are handed at the lowest possible organizational and jurisdictional level. Police, fire, public health, public works, and medical emergency services are the first responders, responsible for incident management at the local level.

Americans with disability act

Employers must make "reasonable accommodations" to enhance opportunities for individuals with disabilites; prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability

U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Established to realign the existing federal departments, agencies, groups, organizations into a single department focused on protecting the American people and their homeland. The mission is to lead the unified national effort to secure America, prevent and terrorists attacks, and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the nation.

Signs of abuse and neglect (emotional abuse in children)

Exhibits changes in behavior, such as acting out or extreme passivity Exhibits delayed in either physical or emotional development has attempted suicide exhibits inappropriate adult or infantile behavior

Medicare

Federal entitlement program completely funded by the federal government. This program is intended to help cover the cost of healthcare for people 65 years of age and older and people who are disabled or have an stage renal disease.

Occupational safety and health act of 1970

Focuses on the health needs and risks in the workplace and environment. It continues to provide critical programs important to the workplace and the community Employers must "furnish a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees Code of federal regulations, Title 29 Nurse must be knowledgeable about Title 29 - Labor

Fomites

Form of indirect transmission. Can be any inanimate objects, materials, or substances act as transport agents for microbes. Examples; water, a telephone, or a contaminated tissue

Signs of abuse and neglect (sexual abuse in children)

Has difficulty walking or sitting reports new onset of nightmares or bedwetting refuses to change the gym attire or participate in physical activities runs away from home becomes pregnant or has sexually transmitted diseases

Signs of abuse and neglect (physical child abuse)

Has unexplained burns, bites, bruises, blackeyes, or broken bones Is wary of adult contact Appears frightened of parents or other relatives in cries when it is time to go home

Components of school health programs

Health education Physical education Health services Nutrition services Counseling, psychological, and social services Healthy school environment Health promotion for staff Family and community involvement

Gangs

Increasingly responsible for crimes and violence throughout the United States Crimes include illegal alien smuggling, armed robbery, assault, auto theft, drug and weapon trafficking, identity theft, and murder

Sexual abuse of a child

Involves engaging a child and sexual acts. Incest is defined as sexual relations between persons considered too closely related to marry. Approximately 9% of child abuse cases are sexual abuse.

Resource Map

Is a geographic map that outlines the resources that would be available in or near the area affected by potential disaster. Examples: potential shelter sites, potential medical sources, and location of equipment that might be needed.

Risk reduction

Is a pro active process in which individuals participate in behaviors that enable them to react to actual or potential threats to their health

Herd immunity

Is a state in which those not immune to an infectious agent are protected if a certain portion (generally considered to be 80%) of the population has been vaccinated or is otherwise immune. This effect applies only if those who are immune are distributed evenly in the population. Without the presence of a susceptible population to infect, organism will be unable to live because the vast majority the population is immune.

Signs of abuse and neglect (neglect child )

Is frequently absent from school steals food or money lacks adequate medical or dental care appears dirty or disheveled is underweight does not have proper seasonal clothing

Physical abuse of a child

Is it intentional injury inflicted on child by another person accounts for 16% of child maltreatment cases.

Risk communication

Is the process through which the public receives information regarding possible or actual threats to health. This is affected by the way individuals and communities perceive, process, and act on their understanding of risk.

Passive immunity

Is the temporary resistance that has been donated to the host either through transfusions of plasma proteins, immunoglobulins, or anti-toxins or transplacentally (from mother to fetus). This last only as long as the substances remain in the bloodstream.

Risk factors of IPV

Low self-esteem Poverty Risky sexual behavior Eating disorders and/or depression Substance abuse Trust and relationship issues

Prospective studies

Monitor a group of disease-free individuals to determine if and when disease occurs Cohort shares a common experience within a defined time period Monitors cohort for disease development

Clara Barton

Organized relief efforts during U.S. Civil War Persuaded Congress to ratify the Treaty of Geneva, which allowed the Red Cross to perform humanitarian efforts in times of peace

Primary prevention

Prevention activities, is the prevention of problems before they occur. Example: immunization Relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before it occurs by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. It consists of two elements: general health promotion and specific protection.

Primary role of the school nurse in prevention

Provide education to children and parents; consult with dietary staff Provide for or refer to sources for immunizations; offer consultation for immunizations in special circumstances Provide safety education; inspect playgrounds and buildings for safety hazards teach healthy lifestyle education; develop health education curriculum for appropriate grade levels; provide health education to parents faculty and staff; develop suicide prevention and sex education programs.

Milio's framework for prevention

Provides a complement to the HBM and a mechanism for directing attention upstream and examining opportunities for nursing intervention at the population level. Milio used her propositions to move the focus of attention upstream by challenging the notion that a main determinant for unhealthful behavior choice is lack of knowledge.

Public Health Subsystem

Refers to the efforts organized by society to promote, protect, and restore the peoples health. These programs, services and institutions emphasize the prevention of disease and address the health needs of the population as a whole. The activities typically respond to changing technology and social values, but the goals remain the same (to reduce the amount of disease, premature death..)

Role of school nurse in secondary prevention

Schedule routine screenings for scoliosis, vision hearing problems, eating disorders, obesity, depression, anger, dental problems, and abuse Identify at risk students Administer medications; develop individualized health plan; implement procedures and tasks necessary for students with special health needs; administer first aid Is this with family counseling and assess special and at risk students

Radon gas

Second leading cause of lung cancer, after active smoking, and the leading cause among nonsmokers

Role of school nurse in tertiary prevention

Serve as an advocate; assist with resource referrals; assist parents, faculty, and staff; consult with neighborhood and law-enforcement officials; initiate out reach programs Follow up and referral for students with eating disorders and obesity; participate with faculty and staff to reduce recurrence and risk factors; serve as a case manager Follow up for faculty and staff experiencing chronic or serious illness; follow up of work related injuries and accidents

Methane gas

Solid waste landfills accumulate this gas, a by-product of decomposing organic wastes Without proper venting, this volatile gas can move through soil and cause fires and explosions in nearby areas

Built environment

The connection between people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affects health behaviors and habits, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs Examples: Drunk driving Second-hand smoke Noise exposure Urban crowding Technological hazards

Health belief model

The model evolved from the premise that the world of the perceiver determines action.

Community nurse focusing on a sub group

Using the windshield survey, and in addition to direct observational methods, certain public health tools become essential to an aggregate focus nursing practice. The analysis of the demographic information and statistical data provides descriptive information about the population. Community health nurses use demographic and epidemiological data to assess the aggregate

Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

These types of insurance plans negotiated with healthcare providers for services at a reduced rate in exchange for a guaranteed increase in consumers.

Descriptive epidemiology

This study of the amount and distribution of disease; focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population. It's purpose is to describe the characteristics of both people who are protected from disease and those who have a disease.

Medicare part B

Those individuals who are eligible for Medicare part A may purchase this part for a monthly fee. This is medical insurance that helps pay for out-of-pocket costs related to physician services, Hospital outpatient care, durable medical equipment, and other services, including some home healthcare. Has changed over time, in addition to the monthly premium, this part requires subscribers to pay deductibles and coinsurance.

Respirations, mental status, perfusion

Triage of injured person should occur in less than 1 minute based on:

Elder abuse

Types of abuse and neglect Physical abuse Psychological-emotional abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Financial exploitation Health care fraud and abuse

U.S. Census Bureau

Undertakes a massive survey of all American families every 10 years. In addition, intermediate surveys collect specific types of information. These collections of statistical data describe the population characteristics of a nation within progressively smaller Geo political entities. They also describe large MetroPolitan areas that extend beyond formal city boundaries.

Critical theoretical perspective

Uses societal awareness to expose social inequalities that keep people from reaching their full potential. This perspective is devised from the believe that social meanings structure life through social domination.

Medicare part D

Was initiated in 2006 to help defray the cost of prescription drugs. Like parts B and C, this Medicare part is optional, and if eligible Medicare recipients choose this option they must enroll in an improved prescription drug plan. Most participants in this part pay monthly premium, a yearly deductible, and copayments, with out-of-pocket costs based on the plan selected and drugs used. In addition to these costs, the enrollee is responsible for costs that can vary a prescription drug costs once the total cost we just certain amount in a year. This is termed the coverage gap or donut hole.

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

Were designed to provide more comprehensive care, but this type of program lacks in Raleigh freedom of choice. Preventative care is covered and encouraged, but care is somewhat restricted, and these are encouraged to reduce costs providing only the most necessary services.

Triage color: Black

deceased or injuries so extensive that nothing can be done to save them

Triage color: Red

life-threatening conditions that can be stabilized and have a high probability of survival

Triage color:Yellow

systemic but not yet life-threatening complications

Triage color: Green

walking wounded