post test 5

The Stonewall Rebellion was a major moment in the history of civil rights of which group?

lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people

When it comes to the criminal justice system, blacks are

more likely than whites to be convicted of the same crime and serve longer sentences once convicted.

Why was the court case Plessy v. Ferguson important?

It established the idea of separate but equal.

This person was a supporter of nonviolent protest as outlined in their "Letter From a Birmingham Jail."

Martin Luther King Jr.

Which group formally received the right to vote in 1924?

Native Americans

While court rulings on affirmative action have left substantial grey areas, which of the following best summarizes the current legality of affirmative action in college and university admissions decisions?

Race may be one of several factors in a holistic approach to determining admissions.

One of the key early sparks of the mid-twentieth century civil rights movement happened when ________ refused to give up a seat on a bus to a white person.

Rosa Parks

Which of the following amendments provides the MOST substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?

Fourteenth Amendment

As outlined in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from the Birmingham Jail," what was one of the key parts of civil rights protests in the South in the early 1960s?

nonviolence

What did the "separate but equal" doctrine do?

permitted a system of segregated social facilities

The idea by which some people have justified discrimination on the grounds that some people should be denied equal rights for their own good is known as what?

protectionism

Order these three judicial "tests" from most likely to permit to discrimination to least likely to permit discrimination:

rational basis, intermediate scrutiny, strict scrutiny

Cases involving gender discrimination fall under which legal test?

intermediate scrutiny

NAACP litigation leading up to Brown v. Board of Education challenged and weakened the __________ doctrine.

separate but equal

The toughest test for allowable discrimination, which is used in situations involving potential discrimination against racial minorities, is the _____ test:

strict scrutiny

As a condition of admitting California to the United States as a free state, representatives from southern states demanded Congress pass what law?

the Fugitive Slave Act

Why was the Brown v. Board of Education case filed?

to challenge the separate but equal doctrine

When comparing wealth levels of white Americans and black and Hispanic Americans,

white households on average have far more wealth than minority households.

When was the era of "Jim Crow" laws?

1877 to 1964

In _________________, the Supreme Court ruled that homosexual behavior was not protected by the Constitution, but overruled this decision nearly 20 years later.

Bowers v. Hardwick

Which case ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which of the following people was an important leader in the fight for Latino rights in America?

Cesar Chavez

What act prevented Chinese immigrants already in the United States from becoming citizens and halted almost all immigration from China?

Chinese Exclusion Act

How has the Supreme Court ruled on attempts to establish English as the official language in several states?

They have upheld such attempts.

Imagine two government actions. The first is a Supreme Court ruling that the government cannot prevent someone from sending out pamphlets protesting a war. The second is a part of the bureaucracy that reviews complaints about racial and gender discrimination of employers. The first example deals primarily with ______, while the second is more about ______.

civil liberties; civil rights

Under the strict scrutiny standard, a law that discriminates based on race must be shown to serve some _____ in order to be upheld.

compelling state interest

Segregation that exists because of circumstances that occur outside the law is called ____________ segregation

de facto

Laws mandating that students of different races had to attend different schools is an example of what kind of segregation?

de jure

Some civil liberties are rooted in the ___________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; the grounding for civil rights is found in the ______________ clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

due process, equal protection

The integration of the armed forces in 1948 and the establishment of affirmative action in government hiring in 1961 and 1965 are examples of civil rights reform being pushed by which branch?

executive