POUL 2020 Test 2

How long does it take for Clostridium perfingens to replicate?

8-9 minutes

How many broilers processed each year?

9 billion

What is the difference between a 8 piece cut and a 9 piece cut?

9 piece cut includes the wishbone cut (cutting of the superior portion of the breast around the wishbone).

What is Brooding temperature:

95 air temp, 90 floor temp

What are the ACRB and where are they housed?

Athens-Canadian Random Bred, UGA's research farm

What is the goal of feed withdrawn during harvesting?

Primary goal is intestinal emptying (ZERO tolerance for visible fecal material going into chiller...all caucuses would be condemned)

What is a problem with LAPS?

Problem with LAPS is identifying DOA (dead on arrival) and it is illegal to process a bird if it isn't alive going into the plant.

What are the pros and cons of water immersion?

Pros- increases product moistness Cons- increases the water thus poultry companies selling expensive water.

Pros and Cons of air chilling?

Pros: reduce cross contamination Cons: drier carcass, less weight

A step of harvesting, what is when birds are placed into "dump coops"and loaded onto large flatbed trucks in the open air. (helps circulate air for fresh oxygen and cool the birds).

hauling

What is a mature male called?

Tom

Know what happens during the following days of embryonic development: Days 3

heart beats, blood vessels visible

What parts of the chicken are considered giblets?

heart, liver, and gizzard

What is the difference between heavy mature chickens and light mature chickens?

heavy mature chickens are old broiler breeders light mature chickens are spent laying hens

A mature female?

hen

Is there a difference in the supply tissues (heart, lung, liver) as a percent of body weight when comparing ARCB to the modern broiler?

higher percent in the 1957 broilers

What are the two different marination methods?

needle injection vacuum tumbling

What is hatchability (how is it measured)?

number of chicks hatched per egg set

What is the technical term for a young female chicken before she starts to lay?

pullet

What is the advantages of using bedding?

provides insulation and cushioning, acts as a sponge

How might spiking a flock improve fertility?

the young males mate frequently which will stimulate older males to mate

Why are the sexes fed separately?

they have different body weight targets, which are met by feeding different amounts

What time of day are hens provided feed?

uniformity, early in the morning when lights turn on

Overall goal of First or Primary Processing is to produce what?

a whole poultry carcass known in the industry as a WOG (without giblets)

What is the broiler breeder paradox?

broilers are genetically selected for fast growth and breast yield which counter reproductive fitness and in decreased fertility

If bird is still alive in the scalder, the skin will be bright red and called a _____________? (condemned...a no no)

cadaver

What is wrong with "floor eggs?"

can become soiled and likely to contaminant the hatch during incubation

Circulation fans on the house moves hot air off the ___________ and into cooler parts of the house. This keeps the house temperature more consistent and decreases energy bill.

ceiling

Harvesting is primarily still done by_______ which is very difficult, so one of the highest paid hourly jobs in processing. (bad hourse, dark and dirty work)

hand

This job is considered the toughest job in the plant

hanging

This type of scalding removes the cuticle so white skin, this process is much better for further processing (much better for batter/breading adhesion). 90% of birds

hard scalding

Carcass must be free of any contamination prior to entering the chilling system. This is a part of which step?

washing

What is spiking a flock?

when mating drops in a flock, some of the older males are replaced with younger males

How are shelless eggs formed?

when two eggs are formed in one day from a hen, the shelled gland can't calcify

After the ovum has been fertilized it is now called a _________, which has all 78 chromosomes.

zygote

Soft scalding occurs at what temperature?

50 -54.5 C

What is a typical, modern broiler house dimensions?

54X500 ft

Hard scalding occurs at what temperature?

55- 60 C

In Europe, high voltage is used to _____________ the bird (kill it).

electrocute

Chickens that have been killed, bled and had the feathers removed are known as _______________________ a traditional processing stopping point

"New York Dressed"

What is parthenogenesis? What sex are the offspring from parthenogenesis in turkeys?

"virgin birth" male

What are some of the top turkey producing states?

(MN, NC, IN, AR)

What is the function of attic inlets?

(during minimum ventilation, it allows air to come in and be warmed and helps with decreasing humidity)

What are some engineering advancements that are now common in the modern broiler house.

(tunnel ventilation, evaporative cooling cells, automatic sensors, automated control panel, automated feeders, nipple drinkers, water meters, drop ceiling)

How much daylight (light exposure) are birds exposed to when they are young?

8 hours

What is the optimal temperature for development to occur during incubation?

37-38 degrees C o to maximize embryo viability, fertilized eggs must be placed in cool storage under 20 degrees C

How long does the sperm have to fertilize the ovulated ovum in the infundibulum? In other words, what is the timeframe for the fertilization window in chickens?

1 day in the oviduct, and 21 days under favorable conditions post-lay; fertilization of the germinal disc takes place in the infundibulum about 15 minutes after the ovum is released from the follicle

If you sent 5,000 female chicks to the rearing farm, approximately how many males may accompany the females?

1 male in every 10 females, 500

When are the males often introduced?

1 week later after the females

Be able to identify caruncles, snood, wattle, beard on a turkey

1. caruncles- large and fleshy engorged with blood during spring, attached to neck 2. snood- long and prominent on a mature gobbler, top of beak/nose 3. Wattle 4. Major Caruncle 5. beard- three to four inches on a jake, 7 to 9 inches on a two-year old; along front of bird sticking out

How many more bacterial cells are in your body than human tissue cells?

10-1

how long does it take for a chick to become homeothermic?

10-14 days

USDA allow a maximum of ______ water pickup in the chiller (must be on label).

12%

This is how long sperm have to fertilize the ovulated ovum in the infundibulum.

15 minutes

At what temperature should eggs be stored prior to incubation at the hatchery?

16-18 degrees C under high humid

How many processing plants?

185

Picking was traditional done by hand until when?

1960's

What is the temperature danger zone?

40 F-140 F, bacteria can grow in this zone or 50-60 C

Bleeding duration is about 60-120 seconds, which ensures death and that at least ________ of the blood is drained from the bird.

40%

For every 1 F cooling increases, relative humidity ________ (10 F degree cooling increases humidity by 25%)

2.5%

This is the temperature of physiological zero in which egg can be held without further development.

20 C 68 F

It takes a chicken ________ days to hatch, but development really takes _____ days (since some development occurs within the oviduct.

21,22

At what age are the pullets moved to the laying house and photo stimulated?

22-23 weeks

Average plant does about _____________________ birds a day to keep up with demand.

230,000 to 250,000

How long does the incubation period for a turkey?

28 days

How long might breeder chicks be allowed access to fully available (ad libitum) feed?

3-4 weeks or until reaches target weight

One pair of breeders can effect approximately how many broilers?

40,000 broilers

___________ has become a popular niche market in the US

Air chilling

The __________ forms a sac that fills with fluid which the embryo floats and provides for a shock absorbing environment?

Amnion

Know what happens during the following days of embryonic development: Day 6

Appearance of beak and voluntary movement

Know what happens during the following days of embryonic development: Day 13

Appearance of scales

Why wider houses?

Better bottom line

How does the hanging process of slaughter occur?

Birds are transferred from conveyor belt to shackles in preparation for stunning

Goal of minimum ventilation?

Bring air across the ceiling to increase its temperature and drop it to the floor on the birds.

What is a BTU?

British Thermal Unit, equivalent to heat coming from a match

What is the only turkey variety that is commercially important?

Broad-Breasted White

What are the two largest turkey companies?

Butterball and Jennie-O

What bacteria is more prevalent than Salmonella in poultry meat?

Campylobactor jejuni

What are the top primary breeder operations?

Cobb, Avigen, Hubbard

What are the two ways chick lose heat?

Convection (40%) and evaporation (60%)

Know what happens during the following days of embryonic development: Day 20

Embryo is now breathing and punctured air cell

Know what happens during the following days of embryonic development: Day 14

Embryo turns with head towards large end of egg

Know what happens during the following days of embryonic development: Day 8

Feather tracts seen

Preparation of a WOG into other products: Cut-up, debone, marinating, is called what?

Further Processing

What is the goal of chilling?

Goal of chilling broilers is the chill the carcass to 4C in less than four hours

What is the goal of evisceration?

Goal of evisceration is to remove the visceral pack and associated organs from the carcass

Be familiar with HACCP wand how it is used in poultry processing

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point

One popular term in carcass washing is?

IOBW (inside-outside-bird-washer).

In the US, what chilling method is the most used and why?

In the US water immersion is the most used method (works faster, less than an hour).

The alternative form of stunning causes birds to die from asphyxiation.

LAPS- low atmospheric pressure system

Know the following trends in broiler performance over the past 40 years:

Live weight has increased, Feed efficiency has improved and percent mortality has decreased.

What is the scientific name for the turkey?

Maleagris gallopavo

Be familiar with the factors that impact bacterial growth:

Moisture, nutrients, temperature, pH, water activity, time, etc.

Chickens that have been killed, bled, and had the feathers removed are known as _______________, a traditional processing stopping point.

New York Dressed

What Ecoli is an pathogen concern in human consumption?

O157H7

What is the purpose of scalding?

Purpose of scalding is to loosen feather for easier feather removal!

What is modified atmosphere packaging....what is the purpose of this packaging?

Removes oxygen and decreases aerobic pathogen growth and prevents oxidative damage (fatty acid oxidation)

____________________ increases heat removal from the body and lowers body temperature.

Tunnel ventilation

Be familiar with the names of the top broiler companies

Tyson, Pilgrim's, Sanderson Farms, Koch, Wayne Farms, Perdue Farms

Know that the _________ regulates cutting terminologies

USDA

Who inspects each carcass and the digestive tract must be kept intact and with the associated bird?

USDA-FSIS

How can one reduce the amount of floor eggs?

eliminating shadows and periodically walking the barn to move birds

What technology does Pilgrim's Pride use in Athens to make the chicken sandwich and whole breast nuggets for Chick-fil-A?

Water-Jet

Today, what percent of chickens are sold as: Whole Carcass, Cut-up Parts, Advanced Further Processing?

Whole Carcass- <10% Cut Up- 50% Further Processing- 40%

When is feed withdrawn prior to harvesting?

Withdrawl is 8-12 hours (more than 12 hours they lose weight or live shrink, less and gut may not be empty...It is NOT done to prevent feed wasting).

Know the basic needs for broiler management:

a. Basic need for broiler management: b. clean and abundant feed c. clean and good quality water d. air quality e. protection from disease

Know the 10 steps of broiler processing: LIST

a. Harvesting b. Slaughter c. Scalding d. Picking e. Transfer f. Evisceration g. Inspection h. Giblet Harvesting i. Washing j. Chilling

Broilers have been carefully bred and selected for what three characteristics?

a. improved feed efficiency b. growth rate c. breast yield

What are 5 possible outcomes from inspection?

a. passed b. condemned c. viscera only condemned d. trim and reprocessing (affected parts) e. cleaning reprocessing (surface contamination)

When does cell division take place and in what area of the oviduct?

about 3 hours + after fertilization in the Isthmus and continues while the egg passes along the oviduct

How many times are egg collected per day

about 4 times a day

What is the advantage / disadvantage of using an automatic cutter?

advantage- uniformity and speed; disadvantage- yield

What are the advantages and disadvantages of needle injection?

advantage: large quantities of product injected in short amount of time in a continuous process; disadvantage: needle could break off and cause a physical hazard

What are the advantages and disadvantages of vacuum tumbling?

advantage: the marinade penetrates deep into the meat, better distribution of flavor; disadvantage: batch process that takes time

What are the advantages / disadvantages of ice packing?

advantages is that it is cheap and yields an attractive fresh product, and shipped for short distances in large 1000 lb containers disadvantages are that the pack drips water and is messy, requires dedicated transport and holding rooms, and the ice adds considerable extra bulk and weight during shipping

What does aerobic, anaerobic and facultative mean about bacteria?

aerobic- with oxygen for respiration anaerobic- no oxygen used facultative- can use both aerobic and anaerobic but prefers to aerobic

Approximately when are flocks photostimulated?

after both sexes in barn, at 22-23 weeks of age

What is an advantage of skip-a-day feeding?

allows birds to fill up their digestive tracks at each feeding and maximize their intake

What is an advantage of having multiple silos at the same farm/house?

allows you to feed one diet completely before you start your next; having enough feed storage; able to feed house if you have to clean out the bin infected with fungus or mycotoxin

What process in turkey breeding is used that is different from broiler breeders? Why must this be used in turkeys?

almost exclusively artificially inseminated, this is because TOMS are significantly larger than hens, and large toms body conformation prohibit effective mating

What is "further processing" ?

any handling or activity beyond bulk packing of whole carcasses is further processing, including custom packing, cut-up, and deboning and in some plants includes margination, breading, and cooking

When is harvesting best done?

at night when its cool and dark

Why isn't it necessary for hens to mate each day?

because hens can store sperm for up to 14 days

Why is it important that rooster breeders and hen breeders don't steal each other's feed?

because male and females have different feed requirements

When are hens transferred to the laying house?

before laying begins

When is homeothermic obtained in broilers?

between 10-14 days, depending on breed

Do birds sweat? How do they lose heat from evaporation?

birds do not have sweat glands, they depend upon evaporation of water from the surfaces of their lungs and air sacs; evaporation turns liquid water into vapour

Which diet, broiler or breeder, is more nutrient dense? Why?

broiler diets, since breeders are raised on very slow growth rates

List at least three biosecurity efforts that are implemented to protect the health of the flock.

change of boots and clothing, boot dips, wash hands controlling outside traffic on the farm practice concept of all in all out

Four ways birds lose heat?

conductance, radiation, evaporation, convection

What two physiological mechanisms are used by the birds to dissipate body heat?

convection as radiant heat evaporation heat loss from respiration

What are the 4 steps of slaughter?

coop duming hanging stunning killing

What does proper ventilation ensure to the house/flock?

crucial to maintain healthy and productive flock by providing clean air and keeping the litter dry, important to remove dust and carbon dioxide/ammonia levels

What is pipping?

day 21, hatching day, internal/external pipping, when you start to see the cracks and breaks in egg where chick is trying to get out

Where is the number 1 employment areas in the processing plant?

deboning

What are the symptoms of a salmonella infection?

diarrhea

Why are males and females raised separately?

different body weight targets that are met by feeding different amounts

Floors are packed ______, overseas they are_________ (EU and Canada)

dirt, concrete

What happens to the price of turkeys when their demand is high in November and December?

drops

______________ is used to render the bird unconscious in preparation for automated killing

electrical stunning

What is "all in, all out" mean?

entire flock in at the same time and the entire flock out at the same time so the farm can be cleaned and sterilized

What are some issues with overweight hens?

excessive follicular development, which can cause the production of double yolk eggs, or the production of more than one egg per day which is undesirable problems with locomotion and health

In feather sexing, which sex has longer wing feathers?

female

What are migration fences and when can they be used to to increase the efficiency of production in the house?

fences in the broiler house used to make the bird density in the house more uniform; during cold weather

What is the product of the broiler breeder operation?

fertile eggs

Know what happens during the following days of embryonic development: Day 12

first visible feathers

Why is it important to ensure that hens and roosters spend time in the scratch area?

for mating to occur

What bacteria type are considered spoilage bacteria?

fridge= Psychrotrophs

What is significant about a snood?

functions as both intersexual and intrasexual selection

Know that for every 20 degree increase in temperature, the moisture holding capacity (humidity) is cut in _________.

half

What is Homothermic?

homeothermic- same body temperature regardless of outside temperature, basically warm blooded

Cool duming, a process of slaughter, is when?

i. Forklifts take dump coops from live holding ii. Dump coops are tilted and birds slide onto a conveyer belt.

Listeria is a psychotroph, what does that means in terms of control?

in fridge, harder to control

Water is important for monitoring bird uniformity, so you want to see water consumption _____________ daily (also an indication of feed intake).

increase

What is spiking the flock in broiler breeder production?

introducing new males into the flock

Why, during the first couple of days, are the birds given high light intensity and 23 hours of light per day?

invert and examine cloaca feather sexing

An immature male?

jake

An immature female?

jenny

Bird dies from cutting of the ____________ and _____________...exsangunation or bleeding to death).

jugular and carotid

What are some issues with dropped curtain housing?

leakage, laborious, poor bird environment, higher energy usage (more so with propane than with electricity)

What is the advantage of dry ice (or CO2 snow)? Why isn't it regularly used in poultry?

less messy to handle, has a longer shelf life, and is lighter for shipping and handling the added expense of packaging material and carbon dioxide snow prevents this system for being more widely used

A shed where the flatbeds can be parked and birds held until processingSheds have fans and spray or misting nozzles to keep birds cool. This process of harvesting is called what?

live holding

For stunning, in the US we use ____________ (12-40V) and__________________ (500 Hz) for a ___________________ (3-5 seconds)

low voltage high frequency short duration

How are breeder hens prevented from eating rooster feed?

male feeders are hung too high for females to reach

Most plants do washing by using a number of ?

manual or automated carcass washing cabinets

What form of the feed is used in pullet rearing (mash or pellet)?

mash form so palatable to the birds

What happens to the ovary if the broiler breeders are overfed?

may experience excessive follicular development, which can cause the production of double-yolked eggs and/or the production of more than 1 egg per day, which is undesirable

What bacteria type are we more likely to be pathogenic?

mesophiles because really happy in danger zone

Know that the broiler producers job is to do what?

minimize stress!

Where and when were turkeys first domesticated?

modern day Mexico and Central America between 2,500 and 4,500 years ago

Know the three different embryonic tissue layers (Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm)

o Ectoderm- single layer of cells forms over the yolk at the germinal disc, outer or upper layer o Endoderm- a thickening of the ectoderm leads to the development of an inner layer of cells o Mesoderm- the initial 2 layers develop separately and form a cavity where the embryo will develop, and in which a 3rd middle layer develops

Know what major organ systems does each of the embryonic tissues eventually lead to creating.

o Ectoderm- skin, feathers, beak, claw, eye, nervous system, mouth, vent lining o Mesoderm- muscles, bones, blood, repro system, excretory system o Endoderm- digestive, respiratory, endocine system

What is the function of the following Extra-embryonic membranes: Yolk sac, Amnion, Allantois

o no anatomical connection to hen o all nutrition except O2, comes from egg o Yolk sac- covers yolk and produces an enzyme that converts yolk into food; drawn into the abdomen; last portion of yolk is used for newly hatched chicks for 2-3 days o Amnion- sac in which embryo floats providing a shock-absorbing environment o Allantois- circulatory system that completely surrounds the embryo; respiratory gas exchange; excretory removes waste products; digestive that provides nutrition in the albumen and calcium in the egg shell o Chorion- fuses to the allantois and helps carry out its functions

What does physiological zero mean? At what temperature does it occur in chickens?

o temperature below which embryo becomes dormant and most development stops o temperature above which embryo development activity starts o occurs at 20 degrees C o START/STOP effect weakens the embryo

Portions of the carcass not normally consumed by humans called "_________" (blood, heads, feathers), while edible organs often called __________ (heart, liver, gizzard)

offal giblets

What is "Complete Packaged" ?

packed, weighed, labeled, priced; fresh poultry products to retailers

What are some different bedding sources?

pine shavings, rice hulls

Know what happens during the following days of embryonic development: Day 21

pipping

What area of the breeder house is the nests and female feeders located?

placed on the raised slats

What is poikilothermic?

poikilothermic- body temp varies with outside temp, basically cold blooded

What do hens perform following mating? What might this behavior help?

post coidal fluff, help draw semen up oviduct to help with fertilization

General name for young turkey?

poult, chick

The US stunning method is_____________

recoverable

What is the advantage of nipple drinkers?

reduced labor, with minimal cleaning

At transfer, the bird is ___________ from the shackle line and ____________ thru a wall and _________ for evisceration.

removed, passed, rehung

What is deboning?

removes all bones and associated connective tissue (ligaments, meat and skin)

What is feed restriction?

restriction of feed during rearing to prevent health problems and to reach better egg production

At what age are the birds moved to the laying house?

right before laying, assume about 20-24 weeks

Picking became automated with what?

rubber picking finger

What is the primary pathogen target in processing plants?

salmonella

The first cut of deboning is often what?

shoulder cut

What is a microorganism ?

single celled organisms such as bacteria

What pan is the most important in the line to monitor? Why is this pan important?

the one at the end of the feeder line, right where the motor is because the motor at the end of the feeder line activates when the feed level in the pan at the end gets low enough

What is Tip Top poultry in Marietta role in poultry processing?

slaughters broiler breeders...typically used to make chicken soup. Chickens are boiled (cooked) and the water is then saved, evaporated to make concentrated chicken broth. (Fat is skimmed off to save as chicken fat).

In what direction are the eggs placed when placed in trey/cartons?

small end down so air cell are at top of eggs

This secondary sexual characteristic on turkeys has an important role in both intra- and inter sexual selection.

snood

This type of scalding retains the cuticle and yellow pigmentation. Preferred for whole carcass market?

soft scalding

What makes up the Spent Fowl Market? Difference between heavy mature chickens and light mature chickens? How are they sold?

spent fowl are old laying hens; a by-product of egg and hatching egg production, are raised to lay eggs and when productivity declines, they are processed for their meat

After____________, the bird pass through an automatic killer that places the birds neck against a blade.

stunning

How are breeder roosters prevented from eating hen feed?

the bars are closely spaced in female feeders so the roosters head cannot fit

Where does most heat in the house come from?

the birds themselves

How are the roosters prevented from consuming the hen diet? Hens from consuming the rooster diet?

the female feeders, located at the slats, have bars that are too narrowly spaced for the heads of the males, but wide enough for the heads of the females. the male feeders are up on slats where the female hens can't reach

What is temperature stratification in the house? Where is the temp the highest?

the increase in temperature as you go from floor to ceiling, highest at the ceiling

Why is it difficult to design a machine that can debone?

to cut in multiple planes with multiple inputs

Why must eggs be quickly removed from the house? Floor?

to keep the belts free of eggs so they don't break against one another, because they can be soiled, and are likely to contaminate the hatch during incubation

Why must we feed restrict broiler breeders?

to prevent health problems and to reach better egg production, such health problems could be associated with obesity/overweightness

Why limit the pullets for 8 hours of light during rearing?

to regulate their eating and drinking, so no fecal matter in body

What is the goal of picking?

to remove all the feathers

What is Par-Fried?

to set breading, but not fully cooked "Partial Frying"

evaporative cooling is used _______________ in broiler houses

too much

What has happened to the Eastern Wild Turkey population in the last 100 years? Why?

totally exterminated from Canada and found only in remote areas of the US in 1930s, but over 7 million now as programs were put into place to protect and encourage the breeding of surviving wild populations

What could be an explanation for this economic puzzle of lower prices during higher demand?

turkey suppliers start freezing birds and putting them into cold storage months and months before Thanksgiving, loss-leader explanation says retailers advertise low prices for high-demand items to attract customers who will the purchase other goods