PPP - planning history
hot-humid climate building shape
1. minimize east-west exposure 2.overhangs/courtyard could be used to provide shade and enhance the cooling effect of the wind 3.square shape best for cold region
5 points of new architecture/ Le corbusier
1. piloti 2. enlongated window 3. free facade 4. free plan 5. roof garden
Garden City
Ideal of the reform movement with rings of development going from civic core, to housing, park, industry and agricultural belt. Rigidly controlled areas for development Ebenezer Howard 1898 Letchworth in 1903 and welwyn garden city 1920 = satellite cities
Charleston SC
1931 first city to establish a "historic district" as a response to the decline of aging buildings
Byzantine architecture
5th century Byzantine empire masonry arches and domes on pendentives
Baroque
A style of European architecture developed in the late Renaissance in reaction to classical forms, characterized by elaborate curves, scrolls, and ornamentation.
Renaissance city
Aesthetic designs incorporated, symmetrical order and radial layouts of street focus on point of interest radial boulevards overlaid on grid of secondary streets or over an existing road system.
Radburn, NJ
Clarence Stein 1928 first garden city in the US founded as a town for the motor age. limited auto intrusion, cul-de-sacs. Residents can go for groceries etc on foot
Industrial city
Completely unaesthetic and unhealthy. Focused on the factory needs with overcrowded housing and little air, light or green space.
Baroque city
Conceptually borrowed from landscape design - view points and angles of approach. Dramatic boulevards linking focal points in the city carved out through existing street grid.
Fortified medieval city (star-shaped city)
Developed in response to gunpowder, radial lines cut from the center to provide easy access by defenders to walls. Walls with regularly spaced bastions (idealized form a star pattern)
Daniel Hudson Burnham
Director of works and designed the general plan of the Expo in Chicago designed masonic temple building, Chicago; flatiron building, New York; Union Station, DC.... Helped with the McMillan Plan which led to the overall design of the national mall in DC
During what era a did urban design aesthetics first come to the forefront of the public consciousness
During the renaissance (14th-17th centuries in Europe) city planners began to focus on the aesthetics of the cities they were planning. Although city defense was still important, planners began to think of creative ways to integrate beauty and function.
Broadacre City
FLW 1932 "cities" with vast open spaces each home on at least 1 acre of land 分散布局
Cities with vast open spaces
Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier Wright - Broadacre City - every home should be situated with at least an acre of land. Le Corbusier - city consist of office and housing towers surrounded by large green spaces. most city planers agree what both scheme would have resulted in very dull cities and a type of urban sprawl probably worse than what exist today.
nationale-nederlanden building
Gery
Piazza St. Peter
Gian Lorenzo Bernini 1650s plaza in Rome designed so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his plessing
Savannah, Ga
James Edward Oglethorpe 1770s first colonial town laid out on a grid system groups of 40 houses bounded by major streets and centered on a public square
unite d'Habitation
Le Corbusier
Contemporary City
Le Corbusier 1922 cities with vast open green space and huge towers for residence and business
William Penas
Problem seeking classic text on architectural programming
separate pedestrian and vehicular traffic
Rabdurn, NJ ; Reston, VA: underpass Central Park: grade change
Reston, VA
Robert Simon 1964 Influenced by Radburn city plan. first modern post-war planned community. featured pedestrian underpasses
City Beautiful Movement
Started after Expo Chicago, 1893 most fundamental change in American urban design spacious classically-scaled, launch classic revival; Louis Sullivan opposite to it. lead to the creation of city planning organizations dome-topped structure civic centers not human-scale expression tree-lined street/Boulevard
Chicago school
The architectural development around 1900, centered in Chicago, that was characterized by tall steel-framed buildings
industrial revolution 18th - 19th
The industrial revolution brought about the factory town. fundamental change in the design of cities factory system required work force be close to the factory,city get really crowded and polluted. England - Northwestern Europe - Northeastern United States
Philadelphia, PA
William Penn 1690's early grid city
baldacchino
a freestanding canopy supported by columns symbolically sheltering an altar, throne, or tomb 华盖
the height of classical column
a function of the diameter of the column Doric 4.5~5.5:1 Ionic 9~10:1 Corinthian 9~10:1
arcade
a group of arches on columns or pillars, which are either freestanding or attached to a wall
Neighborhood Unit
a la Clarence Perr 1. No major traffic arterials or through routes should pass through residential neighborhoods 2. Use cul-de-sac, curvilinear layouts, and low volume roadways to preserve a quiet and safe residential atmosphere 3. The population of a typical neighborhood should be around 5,000 4. The neighborhood focal point will be the elementary school, centrally situated on a common green space, which would serve as a community center of neighborhood activity. This principle would facilitate the main proposal of the concept. 5. The neighborhood should be designed for a density roughly 10 families per acre and occupy 160 acres of land 6. There should be shopping facilities, churches, library, and a community center in conjunction with the school. 10% of the area should be allocated to recreation
art nouveau architecture
a late-19th century style characterized by curvilinear motifs derived from natural forms
pediment
a triangular face of a roof gable
brutalism
an early 1950s style based on Le Corbusier's crudely fabricated concrete work in which structural and mechanical elements were often featured Unité d'habitation Boston City Hall
Louis Sullivan
architect mentor to FLW and inspiration to Prairie school used steel frames with terra cotta facades to create tall buildings A building as a tree
Le Corbusier
architect the city is a machine for living five points of modern architecture: pilotis - reinforced concrete stilts free facade - curtain walls open plan - no interior structural walls ribbon windows - unencumbered view roof garden - green roof Modulor - a continuation of architectural scale based on the human body and the golden section
Christopher Wren
architect and planner Masterplan for rebuilding London after the great fire of 1666 (not used) but did design most of the major churches of london and particularly st. Paul's Cathedral
Pierre L'enfant
architect, civil engineer Designed Washington DC 1901 following renaissance and baroque planning ideas - visual connections between monuments along avenues.
Buckminster Fuller
architect, engineer geodesic dome spaceship earth
Daniel Burnham and John Root
architect, planner World's Columbian Exposition in chicago one of the first skyscrapers and the Flatiron building in new york. Plan of Chicago which suggested that every citizen should be in walking distance of a park.
Ludwig Hilbersimer
architect, planner taught at the Bauhaus wrote City Plan and proposed decentralization and a dissolution of major cities.
Camillo Sitte
architect, planning theorist City Planning According to Artistic Principles 1889 suggested that quality of urban space is more important than architectural form. Planning cannot be done in 2D. A public square should be seen as a room and should form enclosed space Churches and monuments should be integrated Irregular urban forms better for people then hygienic planning in practice at the time
Kenneth Frampton
architectural historian Modern Architecture: A critical history
New Urbanism
attempt to counter the undesirable effects of sprawl through more neighborhood and human oriented design strategies Mixed use: housing within walking distance of shops, offices, and other services and a variety of residential types. reduce dependence on the automobile and establishing connections to open space and natural system.
Oscar Newman
author Defensible Space territoriality - people protect their own space natural surveillance - ability to see image - sense of security milieu - local security - shops or police
Patrick Geddes
biologist, town planner introducted the concept of region to architecture. connected spatial form to social structure "conurbation" a region comprising a number of cities
Medieval city
built on the foundations of pre-existing Roman outpost Centered on the church and the market place, irregular growth and curvy irregular street patterns. Organic round defensive wall
George Eugene Haussmann
city planner planned the rebuilding of paris into the city of light 1850s to 90s - inspired the City Beautiful movement in the US also served as major slum clearance cut through the pattern of the old city with new boulevards and strict regulations on facades, building height etc
Roman city
derive from greek experience regular rectilinear form two main intersecting street(cardo, decumanus) two types: commercial(oppidum);military (castrum) size limit by productive capabilities
Planned unit development (PUD)
derive from superblock concept each large parcel of land can have a mix of use: Residential, Commercial, Recreational, Open space total floor area ratio, amount of open space required, parking space required, living space ratio, maximum height, setbacks at the perimeter advantage: efficient use of land, larger open space, variety of housing options, recapture diversity and variety of urban living
Ordinance of 1785
established rectangular survey system for the US. Checks 24 miles suqare subdivided into townships 6 miles on a side and sections 1 miles on a side
Frederick Law Olmstead
father of Landscape Architecture central park NY and prospect park, Brooklyn River side Park NY Audubon Park New Orleans The Metropolitan Parks System, Boston Grounds, DC
Washington DC
first american city that broke with the grid system
Lewis Mumford
historian believed that what sets humans apart from animals is our sue of language and symbol critical of sprawl and argued that structure of modern cities = problems in culture medieval city should be the model of the Ideal modern cities which are too mch like roman ones now
New Town Concept
idea of the idea that entirely new cities built away from dirty existing cities would be better. never really worked because they were only bedroom communities Great Britain 1940 - USA new towns never become independent cities because lack of employment. Columbia, Maryland; Reston, Virginia cons: 1. Lacked locations of interest, too functional and utilitarian 2. Static conception and execution, lacked the foresight of expansion
superblock
large piece of land that limited the intrusion of the automobile, vehicular access was provided with cul-de-sacs. allows the pedestrian circulation and park space within the block. Crime would increase Radburn, NJ - Henry Wirght Chandigarh, India - Le Corbusier Brasilia - Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer
Mannerism
late years of the Italian High Renaissance an expression of manner, rather than the substance, of classical elements, and it was characterized by a lack of classical harmony and order, as well as the incongruous use of classical motifs.
Design with nature, Ian McHarg
least - most tolerant of development: 1. surface water 2. marshes 3. floodplain 4. aquifer recharge area 5. aquifer 6. steep slope 7. forest and woodland 8. flat land excluding prime agricultural land
second empire style
mid-19th 1. mansard roof 2. pavilion consist of one or more forward breaks in elevation
Cite Industrielle
one of the first to emphasize the idea of zoning separation of work from housing and civic areas with circulation paths for vehicles and separate for pedestrians. Tony Garner 1917
Superblock
outgrowth fo the New Town concept which creates large non-traffic residential areas. limited auto intrusion. Examples Radburn etc
Tony Garnier
planner Un Cite Industrielle suggested zoning of funcitons concentrated buildings and big open spaces pioneered the use of reinforced concrete no churches OR GOVERNMENT bldgs!
Christopher Alexander
planner the timeless way of building wrote A Pattern Language which advocate an environmentally sensitive, human-focused approach to design. against owner-directed selection of program concept
Clarence Perry
planner, writer advocate of the Neighborhood Unit with a community built around a rec center
gothic architecture
pointed arch: possible to construct a vault with a lighter structural shell than was possible using semicircular arched, lass thrust than rounded arch. flying buttresses: fenestration possible in the nave walls ribbed vault: comprised of three arches oriented dagonally, transversely, and longitudinally. Plan: allow vault to be constructed over bays" rectangular square or oddly shape.
Greek city
rectilinear pattern of blcok topography determined enclosing wall's shape central market place, a theater, a harbor, a stadium size limit by the food supply obtainable from surrounding region.
Gridiron city Philadelphia 1682
streets in a rectilinear grid with planned open space and uniform setbacks Philadelphia 1682
architectural symbolism
symmetrical arrangement = formal long flight of entrance step = insignificant of the user, importance of the institution flagpole = important association with the governing state or county
apse
the eastern or alter end of a church, usually semicircular in plan
narthex
the entrance vestibule of a church
nave
the main longitudinal portion of a church
trabeated/arch/frame structure
trabeated: post-and-beam form, considerable vertical structure arch: no columns needed frame: free plan
Kevin Lynch
urban planner concept of imagability and "way finding" path edge district node landmark Core: focus of a district, symbol of a part of a city, attract people to that area.
Jane Jacobs
urban theorist Death and Life of Great American Cities critique of urban planning policies of the 1950s and the community destroying tower blocks they promoted. Cited Greenwich village and North End Boston as succssful communities "eyes on the street"
switchback road
之字形道路
hippodrome
赛马场