Practice A and P

Which structure, attached to the cecum, is in an ideal location to destroy bacteria before they breach the intestinal wall?

appendix

Blood flows directly from __________ into capillary beds.

arterioles

diastole

relaxation

stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each heartbeat

Changes in peripheral resistance are primarily driven by __________.

blood vessel diameter

Which are correctly matched?

cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

natural killer cells

Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate?

parasympathetic stimulation

Which of the following is NOT a role of the fibrous pericardium?

It facilitates heart contraction.

Complement proteins work by __________.

forming pores in the membranes of target cells

During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________.

left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta

When the mitral valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the __________.

left ventricle into the left atrium

One of the major functions of the lymphatic system is __________.

maintaining blood volume

Which immune cell is able to respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen?

memory cell

Which of the following is/are a nonspecific barrier defense?

mucous membranes

Fluids are likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if __________.

net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP)

The tricuspid valve is located between the __________.

right atrium and right ventricle

rom the perspective of blood returning from the systemic circuit, identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart.

right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle

Which of the following is/are the major lymphoid organ(s) that "train(s)" T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent?

thymus

The __________ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the sinoatrial (SA) node.

vagus

mitral (bicuspid) valve

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

The main role of the tonsils is to __________.

gather and remove pathogens entering through the pharynx

Which of the following types of cells is involved in adaptive immunity?

B cells

Which of the following is/are NOT an innate defense mechanism of the body?

B lymphocytes

Choose the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall.

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network

The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________.

right atrium

The contractile cardiac muscle fibers of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a __________.

functional syncytium

Which of the following are MISMATCHED?

helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells

At the arteriolar end of a capillary, __________ pushes fluid into the capillary.

hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid

The vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardium are called __________.

coronary arteries

Which of the following is NOT a function of lymphatic vessels?

delivery of nutrients to tissues

The trabeculae carneae are located in the __________.

ventricles

When would the capillary beds surrounding the gastrointestinal organs be open?

when digesting a meal

A moderate fever is an example of an innate body defense.

True

What lymphatic structure absorbs lipids in the intestine?

lacteal

Baroreceptors are effective in long-term regulation of blood pressure.

False

If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive, then fluid is reabsorbed into the blood.

False

Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

Fever

Into which chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins deliver blood?

Left Atrium

Aggregates of lymphoid nodules located in the wall of the ileum of the small intestine are __________.

Peyer's patches

diapedesis

Phagocytes squeeze through the capillary endothelium.

margination

Phagocytic cells cling to the inner walls of the capillaries.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the __________.

SA Node

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the __________.

SA node

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the shape, position, and location of the heart?

The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane.

leukocytosis

The number of white blood cells that are in circulation increases.

An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate __________.

an enlarged ventricle

A nonself substance that can provoke an immune response is called a(n) __________.

antigen

The superior chambers of the heart are called the __________.

atria

systole

contraction

The lining of the heart chambers is called the __________.

endocardium

A doctor puts his stethoscope on a patient's chest over the location of the heart and hears an abnormal swishing sound. Which of the following conditions is the best diagnosis for the patient's condition?

incompetent cardiac valve

Blood flow would be increased by __________.

increasing cardiac output

Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus?

interferon

The major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control is provided by the __________.

kidneys

The interventricular septum forms a dividing wall between the __________.

left and right ventricles

The structure just deep to the fibrous pericardium is the __________.

parietal layer of the serous pericardium

Which of the following regulates blood flow at the entrance to each true capillary?

precapillary sphincter

aortic semilunar valve

prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle

The endothelium is composed of __________.

stratified squamous epithelium

All lymph is eventually returned to circulation via the __________.

subclavian veins

Blood from the brain is returned to the heart via the __________.

superior vena cava

The flow of blood from the left ventricle to the right atrium is called the __________.

systemic circulation

Which of the following structures is superficial to the heart wall and serves to protect the heart, anchor the heart, and prevent the heart from overfilling?

the epicardium

Hypertension is defined physiologically as a condition of sustained arterial pressure of __________ or higher.

140/90

Humoral immunity is provided by __________.

Antibodies

__________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response.

Antigens

Which of the following is true when comparing arteries and veins?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart.

In the fetus, blood from the left and right sides of the heart normally mix.

True

chemotaxis

White blood cells migrate to the site of tissue damage.

Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue?

a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm

Which of the following acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to raise blood pressure?

antidiuretic hormone

The P wave of an electrocardiogram represents __________.

atrial depolarization

Which type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self- from nonself-antigens?

autoimmune disease

The __________ are attached to the AV valve flaps.

chordae tendinea

The second heart sound (the "dup" of "lub-dup") is caused by the __________.

closure of the semilunar valves

The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the __________.

continuous capillaries

Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer?

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the __________, and then it passes into the __________ to be pumped to the body tissues (systemic circuit).

left atrium; left ventricle

Blood flows from the lungs to the __________ via the __________.

left atrium; pulmonary veins

The most muscular chamber of the heart is the __________.

left ventricle

The noncontractile cardiac muscle cells that initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart are called __________.

pacemaker cells

During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the __________.

right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs

Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

Cardiac output is __________.

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute (heart rate times stroke volume)

cardiac cycle

the events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat

What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump?

the left ventricle

Most neural controls of blood pressure involve input from baroreceptors, which are sensitive to __________.

the level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Which of the following valves is most often faulty in the heart?

the mitral, or bicuspid, valve

The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events EXCEPT __________.

the number of times the heart beats in one minute

Which of the following is the major force generating blood flow?

the pumping action of the heart

The lymphoid organ(s) located in the throat that defend(s) against invading bacteria coming in through the mouth and nose is/are __________.

the tonsils

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

Reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel as the smooth muscle contracts is known as __________.

vasoconstriction