Practice Test 1 NB

Scientists consider the Amazon Rainforest critical to Earth's biodiversity and to controlling the atmospheric carbon that is driving climate change. The essential resource has long been threatened by rampant deforestation, typically the result of logging or clearing land for agriculture. Efforts by nations in the region succeeded in reducing rates of deforestation by more than 80% between 2004 and 2012. Sadly, policies protecting the rainforest have been undermined by powerful ranching and logging interests. In 2016 alone, deforestation rates increased 29 percent. Based on the evidence in the passage, the author's statement that efforts to protect the Amazon Rainforest were undermined by ranching and logging interests is best characterized as

A) A fact B) An interpretation C) An assertion D) An informed opinion C. The passage briefly describes factors driving deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest and provides some data regarding rates of deforestation. Because no evidence about what caused rates to climb after 2012 is provided, however, the author's claim that ranching and logging interest are to blame is best described as an assertion

A social science teacher could best use which of the following examples to illustrate the concept of sovereignty?

A) A large nation takes control of a smaller nation's territory through military force B) An autonomous region within a nation exercises authority within regional borders C) One nation transfers territory along its border to a second, contiguous nation D) A nation establishes restrictions on its leaders' power by adopting a constitution B. In political science, sovereignty can be defined as the supreme power or authority within a state, or as the authority of a state to govern itself. A self-governing or autonomous region with a nation exercising that authority within its own regional borders provides an example of this second definition

A high school social science teacher wants students to understand the tentative nature of historical interpretation. Which of the following pairs of sources would be most helpful to the teacher in accomplishing this goal?

A) A narrative of the Battle of Gettysburg written by a Union soldier and a narrative written by a Confederate general B) An entry from the diary of wife of a Confederate senator and excerpts from the official records of the Confederate congress C) An analysis of the causes of the Civil War written during Reconstruction and a history of the Civil War written 50 years later D) Oral testimony of former Union prisoners of war recorded in 1870 and a scholarly monograph on the Confederate prison at Andersonville. C. Historical interpretation changes over time. The tentative nature of the interpretation of such a divisive and significant event as the Civil War would be most effectively illustrated through the comparison of two interpretations separated by chronological distance

A social science teacher could best use which of the following examples to illustrate the influence of mass media on public policy?

A) A political candidate makes extensive use of social media to reach potential voters B) Complaints from parents/guardians lead to the cancellation of a popular television show for teenagers C) Televised town hall meetings with the governor of a state earn strong ratings D) A newspaper series on nursing homes is followed bu investigations and new regulations. D. In the modern United States, mass media typically influences public policy process by influencing the policy agenda. For example, a newspaper series might bring an issue related to nursing homes to the attention of both policy makers and the public. If concerned citizens express concern about the issues to their representatives, the issue moves to the top of the policy agenda and actions, including investigations and new regulations, are more likely to follow.

A social science teacher would like to improve students' ability to comprehend and retain essential information from social science texts. For example, the teacher would like students to attend carefully to a text's essential vocabulary and main ideas, including tracing the author's argument, claims, and evidence. The teacher could best achieve these goals by providing students with explicit modeling and guided practice in which the following comprehension strategies?

A) Annotating a text systematically during reading B) Identifying a text's organizational structure before reading C) Predicting a text's outcomes before reading D) Using visualization and mental imagery during reading A. Annotating a text requires students to use various means (e.g., sticky notes, highlighting, notes in the text's margins) during reading to identify the text's key ideas and details, including the author's argument and claims, as well as the text's important vocabulary and evidence. Text annotation enhances students' overall comprehension and retention of essential text content and can also be used to support students' participation in text-based collaborative discussions. Annotating "systematically" means that students follow a checklist or protocol when annotating a text to ensure that they attend to various essential aspects of the text

Which of the following developments contributed most significantly to the economic growth of Illinois from approximately 1850 to 1880?

A) construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal B) extension of the National Road to Vandalia C) completion of the Illinois Central Railroad D) proliferation of steamboat lines on the Mississippi C. The Illinois Central Railroad connected Chicago and the Illinois communities along its route directly with the lower Mississippi Valley and the Gulf Coast. Railroad construction from the 1850s through the 1880s contributed significantly to the growth of agriculture and manufacturing by connecting Illinois with national markets

Use the information below to answer the question that follows Political power is concentrated among a small group Positions of power may be reserved by law for the elite Legal protections for political and economic rights may exist, but are subverted by the elite Power is often handed down along generations of the elite. The characteristics above best describe which of the following types of political systems?

A) Autocracy B) Constitutional Monarchy C) Oligarchy D) Representative democracy C. in an oligarchic political system, a small group of individuals typically those with concentrated economic power hold a monopoly on political power. While the elite hold power by law in some oligarchies, in many modern oligarchies legal structures for political equality exist but functional power over government is controlled by the elite

Reliant on permanent agriculture Organized as a loose confederation of city-states Ruled by a bureaucracy of hereditary nobles This list describes characteristics of which of the following New World civilizations before contact with the Old World powers?

A) Aztec B) Inca C) Maya D) Olmec A. The Inca were reliant on permanent agriculture, the maya and Olmec were confederations of city-states and were ruled by a bureaucracy of hereditary nobles, but only for the Aztec civilization were all three characteristics true

To support students' content-area reading and concept development, a social science teacher regularly has students engage in academic discussions focused on comparing different perspectives presented in various tests. To foster these discussions, the teacher explicitly teaches the students how to: Present a position using evidence or justification, Listen actively to opposing arguments, and Formulate statements that agree or disagree respectfully and objectively by referring to the specific claim(s) a speaker has made The teacher's actions are likely to support students' reading and concept development in the social science classroom primarily in which of the following ways?

A) By promoting their academic language development and critical thinking skills B) By helping them distinguish between denotative and connotative meanings of target vocabulary C) By enhancing their metacognitive skills and control of their metacognitive processes D) By encouraging them to engage in independent reading and research related to social science A. Engaging students in purposeful academic discussions about tests is an effective strategy for enhancing their comprehension of the texts as well as their understanding of concepts addressed in the texts. Repeated meaningful exposure to and practice using the language of academic texts also builds students' knowledge of academic language (e.g., complex sentence structures, general-academic and discipline-specific vocabulary). In the scenario described, the students engage in discussion focused on comparing information from multiple texts, which supports their development of critical thinking skills

During a unit on geography, a high school social science teacher could best use a world population cartogram to promote students' understanding of it

A) Changes that occurred in total world population over a given time period B) The relative size of the population of different countries or world region C) Differences in the population growth rate of each country or world region D) The nature and scope of world population movements over a given time period B. As opposed to a standard map, which represents land, area, and distance, a cartogram represents a different variable. Cartograms are often used to depict the population sizes of countries or regions, with more populous regions appearing larger than less populous ones without regard to actual land area. A social science teacher could use such a cartogram to help students understand the relative population of regions as a critical dimension of geography

Which of the following developments accurately reflects a significant trend in immigration to the US during the period from about 1890 to 1910

A) Chinese immigrants moved into mining and specialized trades on the west coast B) Mexican immigrants moved into agricultural employment in the southwest C) Italian immigrants moved into factory and construction work in Northeastern cities D) Irish immigrants moved into employment in textile mills in southern rural areas C. one of the most numerous of the national groups entering the US during the late 19th and early 20th centuries were Italians as well as greeks and slavs emigrating from southern europe to cities in the northeast, earlier in the period nearly half of Italians retired to their native land after working in the US temporarily but the pattern changed but the early 20th century as more families began immigrating and settling permanently.

A historian analyzing the relationship between patriarchal social orders and gender roles in the history of China from the Han to the Qing Dynasty would most likely utilize which of the following historical concepts?

A) Chronological thinking B) Historical context C) Patterns of continuity and change D) Cause-and-effect relationships C. Historical analysis that addresses a specific theme (such as patriarchy and gender) that spans a long period of time and crosses traditional chronological divisions addresses patterns of continuity and change over time. In the example above, attention to specific historical contexts or a particular chronological period would be less important than the long-term patterns

The Marshall Plan, American military aid to South Vietnam, and the Bay of Pigs invasion are examples of which of the following U.S. foreign policies during the twentieth century?

A) Containment B) Nation building C) Deterrence D) Collective security A. The perceived need to contain the spread of communism contributed to the three examples of U.S. foreign policy listened above. The Marshall Plan's supply of massive economic aid to a devastated postwar Europe was intended to reduce the appeal of Communist political parties in these countries. South Vietnam was seen as essential to halting the advance of Communism in Southeast Asia, and the failed coup against the newly installed regime of Fidel Castro in 1961 can be understood as an attempt to prevent the spread of Communism from Cuba into other Latin American states.

Which of the following issues was the most significant cause of division within the women's suffrage movement in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century?

A) Tension resulting from socioeconomic differences among the leaders of the movement B) Disagreement over support for extending voting rights to African American men C) Tension regarding violent tactics that had been employed by activists in Great Britain D) Disagreement over whether to pursue a voting rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution B. During the late 1860s, a schism developed in the women's suffrage movement in the US over the proposed 15th Amendment to the Constitution, extending the franchise to African American men. Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other activists refused to support the amendment unless it also granted the franchise to women.

A social science teacher is planning a unit on continuity and change in African American history during the twentieth century for a high school class. The unit will include a summative assessment requiring students to work in groups to conduct research and deliver a presentation. Which of the following assignments would best accomplish this assessment goal?

A) Developing capsule biographies of major African American figures from the period B) Creating annotated timelines of milestones related to the Great Migration and the civil rights movement C) Collaboration on essays comparing the approaches of different leaders of the civil rights movement D) Completing a rotating-stations activity on the African American experience in New York City and Chicago B. While all the assignments described address important aspects of African American history during the 20th century, the annotated timeline would work best to accomplish the teacher's assessment goal. By having groups research and develop timelines of the Great Migration and the civil rights movement, the teacher would require students to engage with and demonstrate their understanding of two major developments that contributed to social, economic, and political change for African Americans during this period

Between 1910 and 1920 the African American population of Chicago increased nearly 150 percent, primarily as a result of

A) Discriminatory practices that restrict homeownership in the suburbs B) Anti-poverty programs that increased life expectancy in urban neighborhoods C) Improved agricultural technology in rural areas of southern states D) Increased employment opportunities in wartime manufacturing industries. D. The movement of African Americans from rural areas of the South to the industrial cities of the North and Midwest known as the "Great Migration" received its greatest impetus from the boom in manufacturing, particularly in the steel industry, that was primarily a result of WWI. The dramatic increase in Chicago's African American population was replicated in other cities, including Cleveland, Detroit, and New York

The Duties Relief Program of the Canadian government allows companies to avoid paying duties on imported goods in some circumstances. Canadian businesses that import goods to be later exported or to be used to produce other goods for eventual export may apply for the Duties Relief Program. They will then be exempted from customs duties and other excise taxes. The Duties Relief Program described in the passage most clearly illustrates which of the following concepts of international economics?

A) Economic interdependence B) Comparative advantage C) Balance of payments D) Trade incentives D. National governments have set policy to influence international trade for a number of reasons, including national security concerns and the desire to maximize domestic employment. Customs duties serve as a disincentive to import, but the Duties Relief Program recognizes that many imports are clearly beneficial or necessary. Exempting imports essential for later re-export from customs duties counteracts the disincentive. This example shows how government programs can influence international trade through the use of incentives.

The Federal Reserve typically reduces interest rates during a recession in order to establish which of the following incentives?

A) Encouraging household saving to increase the supply of money B) Encouraging borrowing to fuel increased household spending C) Encouraging the consumption of domestically produced goods D) Encouraging bank lending to increase entrepreneurial activity. B. During a recession, economic activity, including expenditures on goods and services, is reduced. Lower interest rates encourage borrowing and lending, thus raising aggregate demand throughout the economy. Higher demand for goods and services encourages hiring and production, thus correcting the recession.

A high school US history teacher is preparing a lesson on the way in which Native Americans have been depicted in US popular culture. Which of the following resources would be most effective for implementing the lesson?

A) Excerpts from a journal describing life on a Navajo reservation B) Examples of music and dance forms emerging in the 1920s C) Items from a museum exhibit featuring distinctly American arts and crafts D) Episodes from 1950s television series set in the American West D> For an analysis of depictions of Native Americans in US popular culture, episodes of TV shows, designed for mass consumption and reflecting popular conceptions of Native Americans, would be particularly effective. They would also be very accessible and would provide an opportunity for students to consider the wide variety of artifacts that constitute "primary sources"

Which of the following functions is a primary purpose of the United Nations in the twenty-first century?

A) Facilitating international cooperation among criminal justice systems B) Promoting global trade by negotiating agreements that reduce obstacles C) Coordinating international responses to humanitarian crises D) Combating global inequality through debt relief and developmental assistance C. While the primary mission of the United Nations is the maintenance of international peace and security, delivering humanitarian aid is also a key element of the organization's charter. In the twenty-first century, the United Nations has coordinated international responses to crises including epidemics, natural disasters, environmental degradation, and dangers to world heritage sites.

Which of the following social institutions typically plays a significant role in transmitting elements of culture from one society to another and across generations within societies?

A) Family groups B) Government structures C) Economic markets D) Religious organization D. Social institutions are systems of norms that contribute to regulating people's behavior within societies, either formally or informally. In religious organizations, norms emerge from belief systems that are typically transmitted from one generation to the next within a religious community. In addition, many religious organizations seek to transmit their beliefs-and the associated norms- to new members across societies

A social science researcher is planning a study that will include human subjects. In order to maintain ethical practices, it is most important for the research to ensure that potential participants understand

A) That they may not disclose the results of the study B) Any and all procedures that are in place to reduce risk C) That they may decline to participate and can opt out at any time D) all applicable policies related to the use of human research subjects C. Ethical standards of social science research require that human participants in studies give their informed consent. In order for their consent to be informed, participants must understand that their participation is voluntary, and that they can withdraw their consent and leave the study at any time.

But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others... In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. In this excerpt, Madison's argument most clearly addresses which of the following principles of constitutional government?

A) Federal structure B) Popular sovereignty C) Checks and balances D) Constitutional supremacy C. Federalist Paper No. 51 is titled "The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments." In this excerpt, Madison argues that the most effective means of preventing the concentration of power in one branch of government is to ensure that each of the three branches - Legislative, Judicial, and Executive- is empowered to check the actions of the other branches.

A rule or guideline for appropriate behavior shared by most members of a society is generally identified as a:

A) Folkway B) Social norm C) Social network D) Positive sanction B. In sociology, the rules and expectations that emerge from social values and typically regulate human behavior are defined as norms. While social norms are in some cases enforced by legal sanctions (for example, laws exist to enforce norms against stealing), most norms are enforced through informal social pressures.

The split among Muslims into Shi'a and Sunni branches in the seventh century stems from a dispute over which of the following issues?

A) How the rightful leaders of the Muslim community should be chosen B) Which region should host the capital city of the empire C) Whether converts to the faith should be sought and welcomed D) How to respond to military threats from the Byzantine Empire A. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, succession into the position of caliph, head of the Muslim community, was repeatedly disputed. Shi'a believed that only direct descendants of Muhammad were legitimate religious and community leaders. After Muhammad's son-in-law Ali and Ali's son were both assassinated, the positions hardened into a schism that became a permanent feature of Islam

A social science researcher would most likely use the concepts of algorithms and heuristics and studying which of the following psychology topics?

A) Human development and learning B) Personality and Identity C) Cognition and decision making D) Motivation and behavior C. An algorithm is a set of procedures for identifying the solution to a given problem, while a heuristic is a mental shortcut, typically based on prior experience, that can be used to make quick judgements about urgent problems. Psychologists use both concepts in the study of cognition and decision making.

Which of the following developments has been most significant in the decline in manufacturing employment in the United States and Illinois since 1970?

A) Increase in global manufacturing capacity B) The growth of worldwide markets for U.S. goods C) Advances in technology that minimize labor needs. D) The expansion of employment in the U.S. service sector C. While many factors have affected manufacturing employment in the United States and Illinois, the increasing automation of labor since 1970 has been the most significant factor in job losses. During this period, U.S. manufacturing output consistently increased as employment decreased, indicating the factories have increased productivity through automation while reducing labor

Students in a social science class plan to research the attitudes of their peers towards current events. The student researchers believe that their fellow students may be more willing to express their opinions anonymously than publicly. The student researchers could best protect the anonymity of their subjects by

A) Interviewing subjects one to one rather than in a group setting B) Conducting written surveys using questionnaires that assign numbers to subjects C) Interviewing subjects and destroying notes after completing a report D) Allowing subjects to make audio recordings of their responses to written questions B. Surveys are widely used in social science research as a means of granting anonymity to subjects and encouraging more candid responses. A written survey that identifies respondents only by a numeric code would be a simple, effective means for student researchers to protect the anonymity of their subjects.

A high school social science teacher sets assessing the relative strengths and limitations of sources as a learning goal for students, including sources reflecting different historical perspectives. The teacher would find which of the following pairs of documents most useful for facilitating this goal?

A) Letters from Martha Washington and Abigail Adams to their respective husbands B) Excerpts from Six Crises by Richard Nixon and Profiles in Courage by JFK C) Inaugural speeches by Andrew Jackson in 1829 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1905 D) A 1990 interview with a WWIII veteran and a war correspondent's report from 1942. D. In the social sciences, primary sources have both strengths (such as the immediacy of first-hand accounts) and limitations (such as narrowness of an individual's perspective). By comparing war reporting written during WWII with the recollections of a veteran 45 years after the end of the war, the teacher can help students recognize the strengths and limitations of various types of primary sources.

According to the standard model of supply and demand, an increase in production costs will result in

A) More products being sold at a lower price B) Fewer products being sold at a lower price C) More products being sold at a higher price D) Fewer products bring sold at a higher price D. According to the basic model of supply and demand, an increase in production costs shifts a supply curve to the left, causing the equilibrium price to increase and the equilibrium quantity to decrease

The Mississippian cultures of Native Americans shared which of the following cultural features with the Aztec civilization?

A) worship of a central sun deity B) cultivation of maize as a staple crop C) creation of large ceremonial mounds D) Organization into multiple chiefdoms B. Mississippian cultures ranged across much of eastern and central north America in the approximately 8 centuries prior to contact with Europeans. One of the distinguishing characteristics of Mississippian culture is adoption of comparatively large-scale, intensive maize agriculture, which supported larger populations and craft specialization. Maize had first been domesticated in southern Mexico, where it became the staple food of a succession of Meso-American civilizations including the Aztecs.

Humans are continually bringing new lands under cultivation. This occurs for two reasons. First, farmers in many regions often clear new lang to replace existing farmland whose soil has been damaged by over cultivation or other practices. Second, the increasing global consumption of food and luxury goods requires additional land to support expanded agricultural production. The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that as a result of these processes, total world cropland in 2050 will include 470,000 square miles more than it did in 2005. This expansion of cropland will alter Earth's biosphere. The most significant environmental impact of the changes described in the passage in an increase in

A) Ozone depletion B) Deforestation C) Dust storm frequency D) Ocean acidification B. Expanding agricultural production is a major cause of deforestation around the world. Increasing global demand drives the clearing of forest land for the production of commodities such as soybeans and palm oil, as well as for raising livestock. In addition, farmers in some regions clear forested land for crops, use the land until the soil is depleted, and then abandon it, moving on to clear new forested land.

Artists and writers associated with the romantic movement reacted to spread of industrialism primarily by

A) Participating in Utopian communities B) Depicting the harsh realities of modern life C) Emphasizing emotional response to nature D) favoring abstraction over literal realism C. Romanticism was a wide-ranging artistic and intellectual movement centered in Europe in the first half of the 19th century. Romantics emphasized emotion and individualism as well as glorification of the past and nature. It is often regarded as a reaction to the values of the Enlightenment and an emerging industrial capitalism

A social science teacher frequently has students complete a short anticipation guide before reading a new informational or expository text. Students read several carefully constructed statements related to the text's content and must decide whether each statement is true or false based on their prior knowledge. After the students have read the text, they answer the same set of questions about the topic and compare the responses they made before and after the reading. The anticipation guide activity as described supports students' content-area reading development primarily by:

A) Promoting students' interest and engagement in reading a new social science text B) Enhancing students' understanding of new vocabulary encountered in a social science text C) Encouraging students to justify their thinking and opinions about a new social science text D) Helping students analyze the role of various language features in a social science text. A. The anticipation guide activity as described helps pique students' interest in the content of a new social science text and set a purpose for their reading, both of which help foster reading engagement. Active engagement in reading enhances reading comprehension and learning.

A social science teacher frequently presents students with a graph or data display related to the current unit of study and guides them in analyzing the date using relevant terminology. Afterward, the teacher asks students to write a short paragraph that explains their understanding of the concept or finding the data display represents. In their paragraph, they must use at least 5 discipline-specific terms associated with the unit. In addition to promoting students' ability to interpret data displays, the teacher's practices are likely to support students' content-area reading and concept development primarily by:

A) Providing them with practice tracing an author's argument, claims, and evidence presented in a social science text B) Helping them recognize the organizational text structures commonly used in social science texts and the vocabulary associated with each structure C) Enhancing their ability to distinguish between various graphic and textual features typically found in social science texts. D) Reinforcing their understanding of new vocabulary and ability to use target vocabulary in the social science classroom. D. Vocabulary knowledge and concept development are closely interrelated; discipline-specific vocabulary development involves concept learning, and concept learning supports academic vocabulary development. Providing students with opportunities to use new discipline-specific vocabulary purposefully, in context, and using multiple modalities (e.g., listening, speaking, writing) enhances their understanding and retention of both the new vocabulary and the new concepts

The historical era that witnessed the origins of Confucianism can most accurately be characterized as a period of

A) Rapid economic growth and increased social mobility B) Nomadic invasion and disruption of Chinese political unity C) Frequent warfare and the breakdown of traditional hierarchies D) Political expansion and absorption of non-Chinese cultural values. C. Confucianism developed in response to the chaotic conditions of the so-called Warring States Period of the later Zhou Dynasty, which witnessed disruption of traditional social hierarchies and, for Confucius and his followers, the fragmentation of moral and political authority that was embodied in the ideal of the "Mandate to Heaven"

The principle of comparative advantage is most useful for illustrating the benefits of which of the following economic policies ?

A) Reducing tariffs to encourage international trade B) Raising government spending to achieve full employment C) Maintaining a stable money supply to control inflation D) Adjusting tax policy to finance government operations A) Comparative advantage narrowly refers to the ability of an economic actor such as a country to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than another economic actor. The larger principle that emerges from an understanding of comparative advantage is that bilateral trade can be beneficial to both countries, even in a situation where one country is more productive in both of the goods and services under consideration. This nonintuitive principle forms the strongest theoretical justification for policies to encourage international trade.

In anthropology, the concept of "cultural relativism" holds that when conducting research in the field, anthropologist should:

A) Refrain from making judgments based on the standards and norms of the anthropologist's own culture B) Attempt to collect data that reflects the totality of the subjects' culture C) Maintain relationships with subjects that conveys the anthropologist's positive regard for their culture D) Recognize their position as outsiders in relation to the subjects' culture A. In anthropology, "cultural relativism" describes a methodology that requires anthropologists to suspend their own judgments while conducting research in the field. An anthropologist who is studying a cultural group should attempt to understand the norms and behaviors they encounter from the perspective of the host culture's own standards.

A social science researcher is analyzing the results of a survey, in which over 500 respondents rated their level of agreement with 25 statements on a scale of 1 to 5. The researcher discovers that on a small number of questionnaires, respondents gave multiple ratings to statements or gave contradictory ratings to statements that were very similar, suggesting they may have misread statements. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate for the researcher to take to address this issue?

A) Repeating the survey with more detailed instructions B) Removing self-contradictory questionnaires from the analysis C) Conducting further research on the contradictory responses D) Indicating in a report on the survey that the data may be flawed B. In surveys, careless or inattentive responding can produce errors, including seemingly self-contradictory responses to very similar questions. Because the number of surveys collected in this study is relatively high and the number of apparently careless responses is low, discarding the problematic surveys is an appropriate step for the researcher to take.

Which of the following policies would most likely be enacted by a country undergoing a transition from a command to a market economy?

A) Selling state-owned enterprises to elements within the private sector B) Erecting protective trade barriers to limit imports and exports C) Transferring oversight of five-year plans from the government to corporations D) Establishing a mechanism for implementing counter-cycle fiscal policy A. Command economic systems feature very large public sectors and a smaller portion of the economy legally operating in private hands. Transitions to a more market-oriented system, such as occurred throughout the post-Soviet bloc after 1989, necessarily involve a method of transferring state-owned enterprises to the private sector.

The strongest reason for giving woman all the opportunities for higher education, for the full development of her faculties, forces of mind and body; for giving her the most enlarged freedom of thought and action; a complete emancipation from all forms of bondage, of custom, dependence, superstition; from all the crippling influences of fear, is the solitude and personal responsibility of her own individual life. In the excerpt, Stanton primarily addresses which of the following questions

A) Should women take responsibility for their own education? B) What citizenship rights have been denied to women? C) Should the women's movement seek full political equality? D) What do women need in order to be fully sovereign individuals? D. In this excerpt from her speech "The Solitude of Self," Stanton addresses the needs of women as sovereign individuals. She argues that women should have opportunities for education and growth, as well as their full freedom, so that each can take "personal responsibility for her own individual life."

A social science teacher could best use the example of an individual from a working class socioeconomic level in the US during the second half of the 20th century entering the workforce immediately after high school rather than pursuing post-secondary education to illustrate the influence of

A) Social relationships on customs B) Cultural norms on behavior C) Social class on life decisions D) Cultural values on social controls C. In industrial societies such as the United States during the second half of the 20th century, individuals from working-class backgrounds often chose to enter the workforce as early as possible in response to economic pressures and cultural norms. A social science teacher could use this example to illustrate the influence of social class on life decisions.

A high school social science teacher could best use the adoption of the potato as a staple crop in Europe to illustrate how human activity can influence:

A) Soil alkalinity B) Rates of population growth C) Desertification D) Incidence of communicable diseases B. First domesticated more than 7,000 years ago in the Andean region of South American, the potato is high in nutrients, has a low rate of spoilage, and can be grown on less land using less labor than wheat and other grains. During the 16th century, explorers brought potatoes to Europe, where they became an important staple crop. Historians have long argued that expanded cultivation of the potato played an important role in allowing for the rapid increase in population and urbanization that occurred in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

A twelfth-grade economics teacher wants to help students develop an understanding of how the public and private sectors interact in a mixed economy like that of the United States. Which of the following activities would best help students understand this?

A) Students construct a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting the laissez-faire and centralized planning models of a national economy. B) Students compile a list of private-sector economic activities and brainstorm government activities that could affect each one. C) Students graph statistics of annual employment growth in the public and private sectors and analyze patterns and trends D) Students research the relationship of each department of the federal government to the components of gross domestic product. B. In a mixed economy, the government has some impact on almost all private-sector activities through regulatory measures, income supplements, taxes, subsidies, and competition from the direct provision of public goods and services. Students can describe general effects that the central authority has on each activity.

During a unit on human development, a high school social science teacher plans to introduce Jean Piaget's model of child development and learning. The teacher could best use which of the following activities to support student understanding of this content?

A) Students write personal reflections identifying and describing significant learning experiences in their lives and share their reflections in small groups B) Students view videos of children performing tasks in preschool and elementary classrooms and identify the stages of development depicted. C) Students read instructional materials from different early elementary grade levels and list developmental differences they recognize D) Students watch a presentation about education in various nations and contrast what they learned with their own experiences. B. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children proceed though four distinct and sequential stages of development (the sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages) each characterized by distinct cognitive capabilities. During a unit on human development, a teacher could use an exercise in which students view videos of children of different ages performing classroom tasks and identify the children's stages of development to support student understanding of Piaget's model

Which if the following factors best explains why the Western Roman Empire collapsed and broke into regional kingdoms in the 5th century CE, while the Eastern Roman Empire maintained its political and territorial integrity

A) The Eastern Roman Empire was able to convert Germanic peoples to Christianity B) The more centralized Western Roman Empire was weakened by an inefficient bureaucracy. C) The Western Roman Empire was divided by religious conflict D) The more urbanized Eastern Roman Empire possessed greater financial resources. D. One of the most important differences between the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire was the far more urbanized character of the eastern provinces. The greater concentration of people in cities allowed for more efficient collection of taxes which in turn supported a bureaucratic organization that was on the whole more effective in maintaining political unity and adequate defense of territory than the much more decentralized, agrarian western provinces

A social science teacher is evaluating instructional reading materials for an upcoming unit. Since the class includes students with a range of reading abilities, the teacher would like to select texts that qualify as "considerate" or user-friendly. Which of the following features should the teacher look for in a text to ensure that the text is "considerate"?

A) The author uses almost exclusively simple sentences, avoiding compound sentences and transitional phrases B) The text includes descriptive headings and emphasizes main ideas through explicit topic sentences. C) Each page of the text is filled with a variety of densely packed print and graphic features with minimal unused space. D) Text sections or chapters include a large number of interesting but nonessential facts about each topic addressed B. Many factors contribute to a text's user-friendliness, such as having an appealing, uncluttered layout; using sentences that vary in length and construction; introducing new content by relating it to concepts or experiences that students are likely to find familiar; offering study aids such as color coding, margin notes, and summaries; and having a clear organization. Including headings that are descriptive (rather than simply nouns) and stating main ideas explicitly in the topic sentence of each paragraph (rather than burying main ideas within the body of paragraphs) are organizational features that greatly enhance students' ability to differentiate key ideas from supporting details, thus promoting their access to and comprehension of a text's content.

A high school history teacher could best illustrate the effect of industrialization on nonindustrial society in the 19th century by providing instruction on

A) The conduct of slave trade in East Asia B) The spread of electrification in Polynesia C) The decline of cotton textile exports from India D) The displacement of indigenous peoples in Argentina C. Innovations in manufacturing and transportation allowed industrially manufactured goods such as cotton textiles, made with cotton grown in, among other regions. India, to undercut locally produced cotton textiles. A long history of small-scale, skilled manufacturing of cotton textiles was brought to an end by the greater efficiency and affordability (if not necessarily quality) provided by industrial production in Great Britain

Which of the following statements most accurately explains why Ming China ceased its voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean basin during the 15th century

A) The confucian worldview was hostile to foreign ideas and influence B) Ming emperors feared the expansion of Portuguese power in the region C) The empire's resources were reallocated to defend China's northern frontier D) Demand for Chinese silks declined in the Middle East and Western Europe C. Despite having the ability to construct and maintain a massive fleet of huge "Treasure Ships" that undertook several voyages throughout the Indian Ocean basin, thereby demonstrating Chinese political and economic power in the region, the Ming emperors chose to forgo any additional voyages after the middle of the 15th century. A resurgent Mongol threat that contributed to the expansion of the Great Wall (an early version was constructed during the Qin Dynasty) was a principal reason for the shift in imperial resource use and demonstrated the strategic constraints that new placed on land-based empires, in striking contrast to the maritime empires that would develop in Western Europe over the next few centuries

The Lincoln-Douglas debates during the Illinois campaign for U.S. Senate in 1858 centered primarily on which of the following issues?

A) The constitutionality of secession B) The increase of violence against abolitionists C) The legitimacy of the Dred Scott decision D) The expansion of slavery into Western territories D. At the heart of Stephen Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 a central focus of the Lincoln-Douglas debates was the issue of territorial expansion. Douglas hoped that leaving the decision of whether a territory became free or slave up to the inhabitants ("popular sovereignty") would satisfy supporters of slavery. Instead, it alienated those who were opposed to slavery in its entirety or who balked at its expansion.

Which of the following historical examples most clearly illustrates the concept of cultural diffusion?

A) The creation of a Jewish Diaspora after the Romans destroyed Jerusalem in the first century CE B) The spread of Buddhism to East Asia in the third through sixth centuries CE C) The migration of the Mongols into China in the thirteenth century D) The assimilation of American Indians into colonial America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. B. Cultural diffusion is the spreading of culture from a central point. This is best illustrated by the spread of Buddhism out of India along well-established trade routes into other regions. Buddhist missionaries and pilgrims traveled the Silk Routes, bringing Buddhist texts and practices from India and establishing temples first throughout the Yellow River Valley and later in southern China, Korea, and Japan.

A high school social science teacher could best use which of the following example to illustrate the influence of physical geography on the historical development of a region?

A) The development of the caste system in South Asia B) The spread of Greek culture in the Mediterranean basin C) The diffusion of Islam into Southeast Asia and West Africa D) The expansion of the slave trade into the Atlantic Ocean basin B. The mountainous landscape , the lack of extensive agricultural land, and the existence of many natural harbors turned the development of Greek culture toward the Mediterranean Sea from very early in the region's history. The need for the Greeks to establish colonies to remedy the pressure of rising population in an area of limited arable land resulted in the spread of Greek culture through much of the Mediterranean region

Which of the following issues contributed most to international conflict in North Africa and Southwest Asia during the twentieth century?

A) The emergence of democracy in competition with traditional monarchies B) The increased occurrence of drought and resulting competition for water sources C) The spread of Christianity as a religious doctrine in competition with Islam D) The presence of petroleum and resulting competition over access to this resource. D. The majority of global petroleum reserves are located in North Africa and Southwest Asia, with over 50% of known oil deposits in the Middle East alone. Throughout the twentieth century, global powers including the United States have intervened in military and political conflicts in the region in order to stabilize the availability of this resource and ensure their own access.

Which of the following developments most clearly reflects the domestic impact of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East during the 1970s?

A) The emergence of the environmental movement B) The imposition of restrictions on immigration from the region C) A growing distrust of political institutions and processes D) An economic downturn as a result of a steep increase in oil prices D. The most significant economic crisis in the U.S. since the Great Depression began in 1973, largely due to a dramatic increase in oil prices as the results of an embargo imposed by OPEC in retaliation for U.S. support of Israel during the Six Day War. The resulting price increases and fuel shortages damaged other areas of the economy as well. Similar ripple effects on the economy, in the form of increased oil prices and fuel shortages, followed the Iranian Revolution of 1979.

The methodology of ethnography would most likely be critical in exploring which of the following social science topics?

A) The impact of environmental changes on regional access to resources B) The effectiveness of government policies in promoting social reforms C) The effect of power dynamics in determining values within a group D) The influence of economic factors in the decision if individuals C. Ethnography, a methodology that originated within anthropology, is a means of studying and describing a culture or cultural group through participant observation, as well as compiling documents, interviews, and relevant cultural symbols. While these methods can be applied across the social science disciplines, an ethnographic study would be essential in determining how dynamics within a human group shape that groups values.

An effective comparative analysis of the ancient empires of Rome and Han Chine would most likely seek to explain

A) The impact of the overland silk trade with China on the development of the Roman economy B) The various factors that contributed to the longevity of both empires in their respective regions C) Details in Chinese and Roman texts that reflect awareness and knowledge of each other's civilization D) The greater success of monotheism over polytheism as a means of politically unifying diverse cultures B. One of the more common goals of comparative analysis in world history is to explain similarities and differences within the same chronological period but across different regions. An effective analysis of Han and Rome could compare any number of factors, but of the choices above only B reflects true comparison in that it seeks to explain a similarity between both empires (their longevity) by assessing similarities and differences in the way each empire achieved this longevity (political, economic, cultural, etc.)

Which of the following developments most contributed to the emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain during the late 18th century?

A) The implementation of government regulations protecting children and the poor B) The discovery of new coal deposits and refinements in the processing of metallic ores C) The introduction of vaccinations against epidemic diseases and advances in public sanitation D) The consolidation of agricultural lands and the migration of agricultural laborers to urban centers. D. The process of "enclosure" refers to the conversion of formally common agricultural land or the consolidation of a number of small landholdings into larger privately held farms. This process, which typically resulted in the adoption of improved farming practices, higher crop yields and labor productivity, and a surplus population of farm labor, had proceeded in Britain since the 16th century, but acceleration after 1760. The displaced farm workers provided the labor required in the new industries developing in early stages of the Industrial Revolution

The replacement of the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution primarily reflects which of the following concerns?

A) The need for a strong federal government to respond to social unrest during a period of economic crisis B) The inability of a weak federal government to prevent the expansion of slavery into territories beyond the Mississippi C) The need for a strong federal government to respond to frequent conflicts between settlers and Native American tribes D) The inability of a weak federal government to prevent the seizure of forts along the Canadian border by Great Britain. A. Rural unrest among indebted farmers in Massachusetts was the immediate context of calls for a stronger national government to prevent further disorder that threatened the interests of the propertied classes. Known as Shays' Rebellion, the unrest in Massachusetts was driven by economic hardships including high taxes and currency shortages in rural areas. The rebellion exposed shortcomings of the national government under the Articles of Confederation and served as justification for a significant shift in the balance of power between the states and national government

Which of the following concerns is reflected in the governmental structure established by the Articles of Confederation and in the inclusion of declarations of rights in several state constitutions of the period?

A) The need for a strong government to defend US territory against Spain and France B) The desire to spread revolutionary ideas to the peoples of colonial Latin America C) the fear of centralized federal authority that would replicate the rule of Great Britain D) the attempt to define citizenship for white citizens in relation to the free black population C. One of the greatest political issues during and following the American Revolution involved the relationship between the state and local authority, both within individual states and on a national level. The Declaration of Rights in the Virginia Constitution served as a check on the authority of the states government, and echoed John Locke's idea of popular sovereignty and the right of the people "to reform, alter, or abolish" the government should it go beyond its limited powers. The Articles of Confederation reflected a similarly weak structure in which all powers not specifically assigned to the federal government were reserved to the individual states.

A researcher studying early modern Europe would be most likely to use parish baptismal and burial records in investigating which of the following research topics?

A) The origins of conflict between Catholics and Protestants B) Patterns of change in birthrates and mortality rates C) The decline of organized religion in European society D) Cultural factors behind the growth of bureaucratic institutions B. Analysis of records indicating both baptisms and burials would be particularly useful for determining demographic changes. For example, declining death rates indicated by a decline in burials would be evidence of a more stable supply of food & correspondingly increased resistance to disease. Thus the parish records could become part of a larger analysis involving environmental factors such as climate change, or political factors such as the development of more centralized states.

In the late nineteenth century, the development of the philosophy of Social Darwinism served to justify:

A) The political and economic dominance of wealthy industrialists B) The necessity of labor organization for the survival of workers C) The reshaping of the natural landscape to suit the needs of economic growth D) The establishment of state welfare programs and relief organizations A. The interpretation of Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution, specifically the idea of the "survival of the fittest," served to both explain and justify the dominance of the industrialist and capitalist classes, who supposedly possessed the skills and strength of character to advance in society. Meanwhile, the poverty of the working class could be blamed on a supposed inability to control their appetites or utilize their intellectual capabilities, or other deficiencies that render them incapable of achieving financial success.

In addition to the sectional conflict over slavery, a Marxist interpretation of the causes of the U.S. Civil War would most likely emphasize which of the following factors?

A) The resistance of southern political elites to a centralizing federal government B) Demographic trends that shifted political power decisively to northern states C) The conflicting economic goals of industrial and agrarian capitalists D) Intractable cultural differences between northern and southern populations C. Marxist interpretations of history emphasize conflict between socioeconomic classes as the driving force behind historical change. While most historians agree that the conflict over slavery was the primary cause of the U.S. Civil War, a Marxist interpretation would likely also examine the North and the South's particular forms of economic exploitation (free vs. slave labor) as an intractable difference that contributed to the outbreak of war.

Which of the following statements related to the inhabitants of Cahokia in the period from approximately 950 to 1250 CE is best supported by archaeological evidence?

A) They developed a highly organized matriarchal society B) They waged wars of conquest with inhabitants of the Ohio Valley C) They created a sophisticated system of record keeping and writing D) They engaged in elaborate networks of trade via river systems. D. Cahokia's location near the confluence of the Missouri, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers was strategically well positioned for controlling trade over a large area. Artifacts originating in the Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes, Florida, and the upper Mississippi have been found in the environs of Cahokia and much of what is today southern Illinois

A person has money saved fora foreseeable expense 18 months in the future and is choosing between saving options at a local bank. Which of the following considerations would lead the saver to put the money into a savings account instead of a one-year certificate of deposit

A) To get a higher rate of return on the principal B) To avoid paying income taxes on interest earned C) To assure access to the account for unforeseen expenses D) To gain the safety of government insurance for the account C. Although the saver could put the money into a one-year certificate of deposit (CD) and earn a higher rate of interest than in the savings account, the CD account would be illiquid. Any withdrawal before the one-year maturity would incur a substantial penalty that would likely negate any advantage of choosing that account. A bank savings account, by contrast, is fully liquid, so the money in it is accessible at any time.

The formation of identity and the ability to solve abstract problems are changes associated with:

A) Toddlerhood B) Late childhood C) Early adolescence D) Emerging Adulthood C. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the formation of individual identity is the central task of adolescence. In addition, Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development holds that the ability to solve abstract and hypothetical problems typically begins to emerge in early adolescence

A high school social science teacher plans to take an interdisciplinary approach to instruction during a unit on the U.S. Civil War. The teacher could best use which of the following activities to introduce this approach?

A) Tracing and writing and popularization of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" B) Comparing the development of northern and southern states during the first half of the 19th century C) Reading and discussing excerpts from transcripts of the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates D) Reviewing the coastal geography of the United States and comparing the coastlines of northern and southern states B. During the first half of the 19th century, industry, mining, transportation, and other economic activities grew rapidly in the northern states, while the southern states retained a largely agrarian economy based on enslaved labor. While numerous approaches could be taken to interdisciplinary instruction on the Civil War, comparing the development of the North and South would allow the teacher to emphasize interdisciplinary instruction on the civil war, comparing the development of the north and south would allow the teacher to emphasize interdisciplinary connections between history and economics in the origins of the course of the war.

The efforts of post civil war reconstruction were most successful in which of the following ways?

A) advancing the political rights of African Americans and other minorities B) addressing economic inequality among the classes in the south C) removing confederate sympathizers from positions of power D) increasing educational opportunities for African Americans in the south D. established by congress at the end of the civil war, the freedman's bureau founded over 4,000 schools in the former confederacy. Religious and charitable organizations from around the nation also promoted literacy for African Americans who had been legally denied education during slavery. By the end of reconstruction in1877 all the southern states had established their first public school systems, which enrolled over 600,000 African American students.

A teacher of a tenth-grade world history class plans to assign a guided research project to help students better understand the causes of the French Revolution. After narrowing the general research topic to conditions in the acnien regime that contributed to the revolution, the teacher could best share which of the following sources with students?

A) Translations of selected 18th century French political cartoons satirizing the three-estate social structure B) An article from a contemporary popular history magazine commemorating the storming of the Bastille C) An entry from a general encyclopedia explaining the significance of the Enlightenment in France. D) Excerpts from academic journal articles analyzing the role of the poor in the outcome of the revolution A. The French Revolution had many short-term and long-term causes, one of which was the failure of the social structure in the ancient regime to adapt to the changing realities of the 18th century. The traditional structure of three estates, whereby the growing economic power of the commercial bourgeoisie had no outlet for the exercise of political power, was one of the underlying tensions that contributed to the revolution. Students could begin to understand these tensions through a study of contemporaneous cartoons dealing with this issue.

In protesting the Townshend Acts of 1767, colonists in port cities such as New York, Boston and Charleston primarily adopted which of the following strategies?

A) Violent resistance and open rebellion against British military authority B) Promotion of local industries to compete directly with British manufactured goods C) Open pursuit of trading relations with the French and Spanish governments D) Non-importation and boycotting of British goods such as paper, glass, and tea D. Non-importation wa a significant colonial response to British efforts to raise revenue and centralize imperial control over the North American colonies. The fact that the colonies thought that this would be an effective response suggests the nature of Britain's dependence on her colonies as consumers of manufactured goods. The ultimate significance of the coordinated policy of non-importation was to contribute to a growing sense of common identity among the colonies despite considerable social, economic, and geographic differences.

During a unit on political science, a social science teacher sets understanding issues, processes, and procedures related to international relations as a learning goal for students which of the following extended activities would best support students in achieving this learning goal?

A) Working in groups to prepare and deliver presentations on the activities of various international organizations B) As a class, planning and conducting an in-class simulation of a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly C) Independently researching a current international issue and writing a report explaining the issue and proposing a response D) Working in pairs to research disputes considered by the International Court of Justice and conducting debates on the disputes. B. A simulation of democratic practice can develop students' understanding of the processes of democratic governance as well as building skills related to civic engagement. In this example, students conducting a mini-simulation of a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly would have the opportunity to engage with international issues and to develop understanding of the processes, procedures, and challenges associated with diplomacy.

A high school history teacher is preparing a lesson on the relationship between cultural developments in the North American colonies and the origins of the American Revolution. which of the following resources would be most appropriate for this purpose?

A) a graph indicating changes in the diversity of the population of the colonies from 1730 to 1770 B) a map showing the location of universities in the New England and Middle Atlantic colonies C) a table characterizing the most popular books purchased in Boston and Philadelphia c. 1770 D) an excerpt from a sermon delivered at an Anglican Church service in North Carolina during the Stamp Act Crisis C. the high literacy rate in the North American colonies was a crucial factor in the creation of an educated and inquisitive population. Discussion of the importance of literacy itself as a contributor to the "atmosphere" of the colonial cities, as well as discussion of the individual books and what they might reveal about the mindset of the literate population, would be an effective way of establishing the connection between cultural and political developments in the years leading up to the revolution.

Data show that the British colony of Jamaica imported 77,100 Africans as slaves between 1676 and 1700. in 1713, the population in Jamaica of people of Africa origin numbered 55,000 Which of the following resources could a world history teacher best use to supplement this information to help students understand the nature of slavery in the 18th century Atlantic World?

A) a plantation owner's account of the daily operations of a Jamaican sugar plantation B) a table providing data on the number of free black inhabitants in Jamaica in 1713 C) a map showing the areas of Jamaica with the largest concentration of slaves D) a chart showing the number of slave imports to Jamaica for 1715-1750 A. the total black population in Jamaica in 1713 was considerably lower than the number of lave that had recently been imported into Jamaica. this fact would seem to reflect, at least in part, the harsh working conditions and low life expectancy of slaves on the island. An owner's account of operations of a sugar plantation would likely provide details about the demanding nature of sugar production while also revealing the attitudes toward race and slavery that made those conditions and their perpetuation possible

In its provision of massive economic aid to postwar Europe, one of the primary purposes of the Marshall Plan was to:

A) advance a framework for cooperation with the Soviet Union in rebuilding Eastern Europe B) revitalize Western Europe in order to create a market for American manufactured goods C) strengthen the hold of Great Britain and France over their colonial possessions in Africa and Asia D) promote free elections and the spread of democratic politics in Eastern Europe B. The United States emerged from the Great Depression primarily as a result of the dramatic increase in wartime production. With the end of the war, there was great concern among policy leaders that the United States would not be able to maintain its economic growth without substantial overseas markets. Hence the Marshall Plan's provisions of massive aid to the battered economies of Western Europe was, at leas in part, meant to sustain the U.S. economy and prevent the kind of slowdown that could lead to another depression.

An important cause of the conquest and annexation of the Philippine Islands by the United States was the desire to:

A) develop naval bases to oppose the expansion of Japanese power B) extract natural resources for the development of industry in the Pacific C) demonstrate support for rebellion against French rule in Vietnam D) secure access to Chinese markets for US manufactured goods D. The Spanish-American War sprung from a conflict with Spain over Cuba but fell firmly within the long-established policy of U.S. interest in the vast East Asian markets and in opening up the Pacific Ocean to U.S. manufactured goods. Spain's weakening hold over the Philippines, combined with U.S. concerns that the European colonial powers would carve up the unstable Qing Empire in China and limit U.S. commercial opportunities, served as a justification for acquiring control over the islands.

A direct result of the production of an agricultural surplus in early civilizations was the

A) development of systematic, organized religious beliefs B) specialized in labor and increased economic complexity C) destruction of nomadic, non-agricultural societies D) creation of legal codes that reinforced communal land ownership B. The production of an agricultural surplus enabled some members of agriculture-based communities to engage in other kinds of labor, such as the production of storage vessels, tools, and textiles, as well as construction work, defense, and other forms of labor necessitated by the population growth that resulted from the development of agriculture.

A significant cause of the early 19th century revolutions against Spanish rule in Latin America was the desire of Creole elites to

A) eradicate he political and social privileges of the Catholic Church B) remove the administrative and economic restrictions imposed by mercantilism C) Combat the growing military power of the US in the region D) create a democratic political system encompassing the mestizo population B. as in the US, a principal cause of the initial unrest against colonial rule in Latin America was economic in nature. This unrest came from a social class whose political and economic status had increased considerably as a result of the booming Atlantic trade of the 18th century. The creole elites chafed under the mercantilist restrictions as well as the administrative authority imposed by Spain and the peninsular who were the representatives of Spanish authority. Rather than seeking to radically remake society, they wished to establish their supremacy within the society it existed, and sought primarily to remove Spanish rule as an obstacle to achieve this supremacy.

The introduction of Islam into sub-Saharan West Africa by the 10th century CE occurred through which of the following circumstances?

A) missionary activity to the interior from coastal trading outposts B) expansion of Somali and Ethiopian pastoral peoples across the Sahel C) Military conquest by the Abbasid and Fatmid Caliphates. D) Diffusion along trans-Saharan gold and salt trading routes D. Islam spread from North Africa to West Africa via the well-established trans-Saharan trade routes. Islam was at first confined to the commercial classes and starting with the Kingdom of Goo in the late 10th century, the ruling classes, while most of the population maintained their indigenous traditions. Only later did Almoravids from Morocco begin a campaign of forcible conversion southward into the territory of the Ghana Empire.

But 80 years ago our population was confined on the west by the ridge of the Alleghenies. Within that period- within the lifetime, I might say, of some of my hearers- our people, increasing to many millions, have filled the eastern valley of the Mississippi, adventurously ascended the Missouri to its headsprings, and are already engaged in establishing the blessings of self-government in valleys of which the river flow to the Pacific. The world beholds the peaceful triumphs of the industry in our emigrants. Which of the following developments was a direct result of the ideas expressed in this excerpt?

A) passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act B) Creation of a system of national parks C) prohibition against the expansion of slavery D) annexation of Texas and Oregon D. Polk was elected on a platform favoring expansion and the immediate and controversial annexation of two disputed territories: Oregon (disputed with Britain) and Texas (recently independent, but with its southern and western boundaries disputed with Mexico). Pol's vision echoes the idea of Manifest Destiny and the justified expansion of the boarders of the US

An important difference between the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was that

A) the AFL advocated the overthrow of capitalism, while the IWW took a more conservative approach to labor issues B) the AFL organized skilled workers by trade, while the IWW promoted unity among skilled and unskilled workers C) the AFL was concentrated primarily in the western US, while the IWW established its base in eastern US cities D) the AFL derived its strength from recent immigrants workers, while the IWW was based more firmly among the established trades B. Formed in 118 the American federation of labor was an association of trade and craft unions such as cigar makers, hatters, bricklayers, and iron workers. the AFL focused on improving working conditions and rates of pay for its members, without an overt political agenda. The IWW founded in 1905, in action to the ALF's perceived moderation, as more explicitly class-conscious socialist effort to cut across traditional guild and union lines and organize the working class in a broad range of trades and industries

Which of the following federal policies contributed to the growth of suburbs in the United States during the 1950s?

A) the construction of interstate highways B) legislation prohibiting housing discrimination C) improvement of mass transportation systems D) funding for the creation of parks and public recreation areas A. Postwar prosperity allowed for a dramatic increase in the number of automobiles on American roads, and federal funding for massive highway construction facilitated the movement of populations from cities, which were still the primary locations of employment, to suburban areas increasingly removed from city centers. The combination of more cars and better roads hastened the development of suburbs.

In vain can anyone's eyes be closed to the revolution that time and the force things have brought to pass; it is none the less real. Once upon a time the Third Estate was in bondage and noble order was everything that mattered. Today the Third is everything and nobility but a word... inequalities of wealth or ability are like the inequalities of age, sex, size, etc. In no way do they retract from the equality of citizenship. Which of the following developments in 18th century Europe most accurately reflects the historical context of Sieyes's ideas?

A) the decline in the political power of the Catholic Church B) the growth of socialism among the industrial working class C) the revival of a feudal sputum of agriculture D) the increased economic importance of the urban middle class. D. The economic growth in the Atlantic world of the 18th century challenged the traditional hierarchical structures of European society that reflected an earlier simpler social organization of "those who pray, those who fight, and those who work." Sieyes's pamphlet that seeks to define the Third Estate as the "whole" reflects a society that had witnessed considerable changes, most notably the increased social and economic prominence of the middle class driving their health and status from trade, transportation, banking, and government service. this emerging social class did not fit neatly into the model of the three estates

The Nullification Crisis of 1832 primarily stemmed from which of the following developments in the United States during the first half of the 19th century?

A) the divergence between a manufacturing economy in the North and an export-driven agrarian economy in the south B) pressure from frontier settlers in the Carolinas to remove Indian populations in preparation for white settlement C) increasing Congressional demand for prohibitions on the expansion of slavery in response to abolitionist political action D) the extension of suffrage to all white males regardless of property qualifications or tax payer status A. while the crisis over nullification also involved larger issues of interpretation of constitutional principles, at the the practical level it arose from the divergent interest of different geographic sections and their prevailing economic systems. An industrializing North sought protection form cheap British manufactured goods, while an export-driven south seared that high tariffs would lead to economic retaliation in the form of tariffs against the South's major export, cotton

Which of the following events accurately reflects a significant cause of the U.S. military involvement in Korea in 1950?

A) the election of a militarist government in Japan B) the Soviet detonation of a hydrogen bomb C) the establishment of Communist rule in China D) the outbreak of rebellion in the Philippines C. President Harry Truman and the Democratic Party were still smarting over the "loss" of China to the Communists in October 1949. at the time of the North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950. The recent revolution in China made it all the more imperative to take military action in Korea in oder to enforce Truman's policy of "containment" of communism, in place since 1947.

19th century reform movements in northern states such as the temperance movement and the establishing of public education can best be understood primarily as responses to which of the following developments?

A) the geographic expansion of the nation B) immigration and urbanization C) tensions with southern sectional interests D) the growth of organized labor B. In seeking to remedy the ills of a rapidly changing society, reformers rended to home in on the most dynamic and potentially dangerous parts of the expanding US; cities. Urban populations were swelling with immigrant labor attracted by the industrial growth of the US in the 1840s and 1850s. Drinking habits of Irish and Germans were among the targets of temperance reformers and children of immigrants were identified as needing the rudiments of education for productive and obedient citizenship

Which of the following developments best helps explain the popular success of religious reformers such as Martin Luther in 16th century Europe

A) the growth of market-oriented, capitalist economic ideas and structures B) scientific discoveries that questioned the medieval concept of the universe C) the widespread availability of inexpensive printed material D) the revival of interest in Greek and Roman culture C. earlier humanist thinkers in the 14th and 15th centuries had long voiced criticisms of ecclesiastical abuses, but none of them initiated a sustained movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church. Rapid diffusion of printing technology in the decades before Luther's 95 theses in 1517 allowed him and his followers to disseminate tracts and other printed materials that made his ideas accessible to a wide audience. Without this development, it is unlikely that Luther would have had much impact beyond his immediate environment in Saxony

the critical attitude towards human perfectibility that emerged in 20th century philosophies such as existentialism may best be understood as a response to

A) the inability of science to improve human standards of living B) the decline in adequate state funding for scientific research C) the revival of fundamentalist religions critical of scientific rationality. D) the destruction wrought by scientific technology in the world wars. D. Yje efficiency of killing on a mass scale served to undermine the spirit of progress and the continued improvement of society and the human condition through technological achievement that often characterized intellectual and popular attitudes since the Enlightenment. The use of poison gas, the slaughter perpetrated by high explosives and heavy artillery, aerial bombardment that resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians, and the proliferation of atomic weapons all contributed to a reversal of 2 centuries of Western thought regarding human progress

The arrival on the stage of the latest industrial giants- the US and Germany- along with the advent of the small states that were either asleep or exhausted, of the reborn Italy, of Spain enriched by French investments, of Switzerland, enterprising and shrewd, with Russia soon to join, has propelled the entire European world down a competitive course from which we will near be able to turn back. Beyond France's borders, protectionist regimes have multiple factories, reduced our traditional trading partners, and thrown new aggressive competitors onto the European market Which of the following developments provides the historical context for the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

A) the rapid transformation from an agrarian to an industrial society B) imperial expansion and the acquisition of African and Asian colonies C) the emergence of laissez-faire capitalism in the global economy D) economic depression and the collapse of markets for manufactured goods. B. One of the most common justifications for the acquisition of colonies among nineteenth century supporters of imperial expansion was the need to secure markets for manufactured goods or run the risk of being excluded from markets by high restrictive tariffs imposed by rival industrial powers. Ferry, a proponent of French colonial expansion, made this argument to encourage the further acquisition of territory

Historical analysis of the experiences of indigenous peoples and African Americans in the United States emerged in the context of which of the following developments?

A) the reform and abolitionist movements of the 1840s B) the beginnings of the progressive movement of the 1890s C) the flowering of literacy modernism during the 1920s D) the process of decolonization during the 1960s D. the retreat of empire during the decolonization of Asia and Africa in the 3rd quarter of the 20th century contributed to the development of "post-colonial" interpretations of history. These interpretations also contributed to an awareness of the histories of other underrepresented groups such as women, the poor, and enslaved peoples. Developments in the historiography in the US intersected with the Black Power movement. Women's Liberation, the American Indian Movement, and other examples from the proliferation of identity politics in the 1960s

The emergence of nationalism in 19th century Eastern Europe was most closely associated with which of the following trends?

A) the rise of the labor movement and the formation of unions B) state policies favoring the acquisition of colonies in non-Slavic lands C) the removal of citizenship restrictions for minority populations D) increased anti-semitic rhetoric and violence against Jews D. Nationalism in Eastern Europe and Russia emerged in societies containing populations considerably more polygon and multicultural than Western Europe, with significant populations of Jews that were frequently unassimilated due to traditional political and socioeconomic restriction and prejudices. these circumstances made Jewish communities particular vulnerable to violence, which was often tacitly or overtly encouraged by the state, especially in the case of Russia

In a unit on Europe in the early modern period, a high school world history teacher shows students the excerpt below, from an interpretation of the Renaissance written by Jacob Burckhardt in 1860. In far earlier times we can here and there detect a development of free personality which in Northern Europe either did not occur at all, or could not display itself in the same manner... But at the close of the 13th century Italy began to swarm with individuality; the ban laid upon human personality was dissolved; and a thousand figures meet us each in its own special shape and dress.. These people were forced to know all the inward resources of their own nature, passing or permanent; and their enjoyment of life was enhanced and concentrated by the desire to obtain the greatest satisfaction from a possibly very brief period of power and influence. This excerpt can best serve as the basis for an initial discussion exploring which of the following essential questions?

A) to what extend did the humanism of the Renaissance represent a divergence from medieval patterns of thought? B) what role did the concept of the "Renaissance Man" play in the evolution of the commercial economic system? C) what conditions in Renaissance Italy contributed to the artistic innovation of the fourteenth century? D) in what ways did the methods and ideals of the Renaissance contribute to the Protestant Reformation? A. the intellectual movement known as humanism wa a hallmark of the Renaissance. Humanist biographers, poets, and scholars focused on worldly subjects and emphasized an interest in individual achievement. Burkhardt's thesis, reflected in the excerpt, is that the Italian Renaissance marked a striking break from the preceding medieval period; subsequently this idea has been challenged and debated vigorously. The issue of continuity versus change between the Middle Ages and Renaissance humanism can form a fruitful question for discussion

The Great Awakening contributed to the social and cultural circumstances behind the outbreak of the American Revolution by encouraging ordinary people to

A) turn away from religion and embrace secular thoughts of the Enlightenment B) advocate for the separation of religious and spiritual matters from political life. C) question authority and participate actively in debate about their religious leaders D) demand political independence in addition to spiritual independence from Great Britain C. In the 18th century, as population growth placed pressure on the prevailing social hierarchies that new reinforced by the established churches, the revivalism of the Great Awakening gave religious sanction to challenges against authority. Issues of doctrine, lifestyle, and the choice of ministers became part of public debate among congregations and came to mirror the activity taking place in the secular, political realm of colonial life. Among those attracted to the Great Awakening, a particularly important group were young people, many of whom participated in or sympathized with the questioning attitude and direct challenge to authority leveled at British authorities in the decades leading up to the Revolution.

An important similarity between the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1945-1949 was that both revolutions

A) were responses to the rapid industrialization of their respective societies B) divided large agricultural estates in favor of small peasant holdings C) were influences by the devastating impact of war on their respective countries D) sought to stabilize their societies' economies through foreign investment C. the catastrophic impact of WWI on Russia helped to destroy an already fragile czarist regime and the equally fragile hastily assembled Provisional Government that replaced it in the early stages of the 1917 revolution. the Bolshevik leader Lenin's promise of immediate peace contributed to the ultimate success of his political faction. In China, the war against Japanese invasion only temporarily halted hostilities between communist and nationalists and the aftermath created a power vacuum that the well-organized communists were able to fill

Racial violence in East St. Louis in 1917 and Chicago in 1919 reflected which of the following developments?

A) white working-class resentment at the promotion of African Americans to administrative and clerical positions B) attempts by the Illinois legislature to enforce desegregation on public transportation systems C) competition between recent African American migrants and white workers for factory jobs D) the admission of African Americans to leadership roles in labor unions in still and meatpacking industries C. The Great Migration had a significant impact on the population and the labor situation in Illinois cities. African American workers were often used as strikebreakers, fueling the violence that erupted in East St. Louis. In 1919, a time of economic crisis as the post war economy struggled in the transition from wartime to peacetime production, white working-class resentment at African American competition for scarce factory jobs contributed to the Chicago riots.