Praxis 5024

Encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

external variables influencing self-concept, self-esteem, self-efficacy

When adults, parents, caregivers, teachers give young children positive responses to their efforts, children are more likely to develop positive self-concepts, and higher self-esteem and self-efficacy. When adults give negative responses to children's efforts, young children develop lower self-esteem and self efficacy is weaker. They expect failure when they attempt tasks and may not even try. Peers also affect children's self-concepts and self-esteem.

Shared Reading

When children are involved in reading a text with an adult in such a way that the adult models strategies and concepts such as predicting and noticing letter patterns. Helpful with very early readers in developing concepts about print such as "word" and directionality.

schedules of reinforcement

When every desired response is positively reinforced and every undesired response is ignored.

Product portfolio

a summative assessment

Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

a term favored by the medical community to describe autism spectrum disorders

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

pragmatic development

acquiring knowledge of how language is used, which includes understanding a variety of conversational conventions

parallel play

action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other

Benefits of the Line in Visual Arts

activities focusing on line in art help young children expand their symbol recognition, develop their comparison-making ability, and facilitate shape recognition.

neutral operants

environmental responses that neither increase or decrease likelihood of repeated behaviour

Frobel

established the first kindergarten in Germany, embrased constructivist learning

telegraphic sentences

two-word sentences, which a toddler may use. Normally made up of verbs and nouns.

Infant-Toddler Development Assessment

screen development delays (0-42m)

positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring -decreasing repetition of unwanted behaviors by punishing.

integrated curriculum

A form of curriculum in which concepts and skills from various disciplines are combined and related

Child Find

A function of each state, mandated by federal law, to locate and refer individuals who might require special education

motherese (parentese)

A pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher-pitched voice; short, simple sentences; repetition, slower speech; and exaggerated voice inflections.

ABCD Format for objectives

"A" refers to the audience. "B" refers to the behavior of the student. "C" is the content to be mastered. "D" is the degree of competency gained

Metacognition

"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

Cradles of Child Development

"cradles"-settings that support children and influence how they develop Family, culture, community

Early Learning Accomplishment Profile

(0-36 months), planning interventions

Developmental Profile II

(0-6 years) to assess special needs and support IEP development

Assessment, Evaluation, and Programming System

(0-6 yrs) for planning intervention

preconventional

(0-6 yrs), Kohlberg's first phase: two parts- Punishment and obedience: Obey rules to avoid punishment. Self-interest: Obeys because they seek a reward for good behavior.

Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development

(0-7 years) for planning instruction

3 Initiatives that have shaped the development of Standards-Based Education

(1) A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform, National Commission on Excellence in Education, which created a report about the quality of education in the United States; -(2) Goals 2000: The Educate America Act -(3) The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

DAP 10 Basic Principles

(1) Addressing the child as a whole; (2) Individualizing and tailoring the program to a child's basic needs, interests, and developmental levels; (3) Understanding that child-led activities are important; (4) Identifying play as an approach to learning; (5) Developing flexible and stimulating environments in the classroom; (6) Using an integrated curriculum; (7) Having children learn by doing; (8) Offering choices to children; (9) Assessing children and the program as a whole; and (10) Creating family partnerships.

Perceptual Motor skills

(1) Balance; (2) Spatial awareness; (3) Figure-ground perception; (4) Temporal awareness; (5) Body and directional awareness

7 Divergent Thinking Guidelines

(1) Hypothetical thinking; (2) Reversal; (3) Application of different symbol systems; (4) Analysis of point of view; (5) Completion; (6) Using graphics, such as charts and tables; and (7) Analogy.

Early Childhood Content Area

(1) Language and literacy (2) Music, creative movement, dance, and drama (3) Mathematics (4) Physical education and activity (5) Geography (6) History (7) Social studies (8) Economics (9) Aesthetics

6 Types of Parent-Family Involvement

(1) Parenting knowledge and skills; (2) Communication between home and school (3) Volunteerism encouragement at school and in the community (4) Home student learning support (5) Involvement in decision-making (6) Advocacy and collaboration with the community

postconventional

(11 years and up) 3rd level of Kohlberg's moral theory of right and wrong Right and wrong determined by personal values, when laws infringe on own sense of justice, we can choose to ignore them. Universal ethical principle: Morally right and legally right are not always the same.

conventional morality

(7-11 yrs), second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development has 2 parts. -Conformity, children want to please people who are important to them. Good boy/good girl -law and order: Children want to maintain law and order, obey laws, duty to society. (most adolescents and adults)

Premack Principle

(Behavioral) The opportunity to participate in a favorite activity AFTER completing a less desireable one. (Eat veggies, then have dessert)

Conditioning

(Behavioral) associates between environmental stimuli and organism's response

DP-3

(Developmental Profile 3) is the appropriate tool to evaluate eligibility for services. This tool examines a child's adaptive skills across 5 domains. It is appropriate to use with children between the ages of birth and 12 years.

5 Years Old

- ASQ assessment is appropriate - the typical child has a vocabulary of between 2000 and 3000 words - the typical child can also define words, tell the sequence of events, and retain information in sequence. - children have mastered a great deal of fine motor skill. At this age, hand preference is typically established - most typical children can reliably use the future tense. - Children at this age may tell longer stories and communicate in longer sentences as well. - should travel in an approved car seat or booster seat until the age of 5 - Approximately 15-25% of 5 year old children wet the bed - ability to understand common opposites - The ability to tell the sequence of events - using future tense verbs

levels of processing theory

- Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart - According to that Theory, the incoming information that the brain processes occurs through perception, attention, labeling, and meaning. As soon as that information is decoded by the brain centers, it is stored in the memory where an individual is able to retrieve it.

Gagne-Ausubel Pattern of lecture (GAP Steps)

- Gagne-Ausubel Pattern of Lecture. The GAP was designed improve lessons previously taught using a traditional lecture format. 1. Introduction: Begin the lecture by gaining the attention of the students by focusing on an event or asking a question which will be answered by the lecture content. 2. Present the new content in sessions approximately 15 minutes long. 3. Practice: Allow the students to practice the new content. 4. Feedback and correctives: Monitor the students as they practice the new content. Provide feedback. 5. Conclude the lesson by having groups or individuals present their results or conclusions. Call attention to differences in these. 6. Independent practice: Assign work based on the content.

Inhibitory Effect

- Social Learning Theory - is a positive punishment action. It happens when an observer views another's actions that are happening in a social situation and they are being punished for that action

3 years old

- TRICYCLE - 3 WORDS AT A TIME - BRUSH TEETH - DRAWS CIRCLE* *EASY WAY TO REMEMBER: WHEN DRAWING THE #3 YOU START BY MAKING A HALF OF A CIRCLE!!

LAP 3

- The Learning Accomplishment Profile 3 - is used to measure cognitive development, language development, and self-help. - It is appropriate for use with children ages 3-6 years

Principles of the High/Scope Program

- The Program involves active participation by the children whereby they choose their own learning activities. - The Program involves daily planning by the teacher. - The Program is developmentally appropriate, and uses sequenced goals and materials that are based on targeted indicators.

High/Scope characteristics

- The daily schedule considers developmental levels of children, incorporates 60-70 min. plan-do-review processes, provides for content areas, is consistent throughout the day, and contains a minimum number of transitions - developed by Weirkart

Enactive Representation

- This strategy is an especially effective method to teach about objects, experiences, and events. - teaches children about historical events - role playing events, or when pretending that they are real life grown- ups such as parents or a doctor

serial

- is a type of processing where one process has to be finished before the next process can start

Unguided discovery,

- When students are allowed to have experiences with little or no guidance

Curriculum Chunking

- When the teacher breaks down a unit's content into smaller units and provides support and frequent feedback for a student

Tiered Instruction

- When the teacher offers the same core content with varied levels of support

Sociological learner

- a learning style element that includes the opportunity to learn alone, to learn with others, or to learn through a variety of ways

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

- a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior - based on consequences of actions

Stanley Greenspan

- a psychiatrist, created techniques to help children with autism. His principles provide a positive alternative to help guide the behavior of those children.

Rubrics

- a type of scoring tool used in assessments. - It is used to represent the performance expectations for a student's work. - can be used for oral presentations, artistic performances, papers, projects, and group projects. -They are used to provide formative feedback. - They are also used for both grading guides and scoring. - They can help support and guide ongoing learning. - They also reduce the systematic bias between various graders. - Rubrics can also be used to determine both strengths and weaknesses in a class.

4 years old

- ability to sort - Knowing their age - Using the past tense of regular verbs correctly - buttoning large buttons - engaging in cooperative play - vocabulary of approximately 1500 words - engage in associate play - catching a bounced ball - demonstrate awareness of racial and ethnic stereotypes - the typical child refers to him or herself by name - able to sort items by shape and color - 5-6 words in a sentence - speech is almost entirely intelligible - Intuitive thought substage: is the point at which children begin using primitive reasoning. - can hold a pencil - jump over or across a small object

Effective planning

- addresses individual children as well as the class group as a whole. - It addresses immediate objectives, long-term goals, current activities in the classroom, and what might be required in the future.

Applied Behavior Analysis

- an intervention that involves the use of positive reinforcement, skill development, and environmental change to promote social interaction - It is used with children who have autism and other Pervasive Development Disorders (PDD) - That form of intervention requires an assessment of the child's deficits and skills to determine strengths and weaknesses - Then a selection of behaviors that need to be modified are addressed.

Discovery Activities

- are an opportunity that allow children to see and appreciate the beauty of nature, and are an approach to teach arts to young children

Storage Process

- are associated with coding and manipulating the stimuli

Output process

- are associated with creating a correct or appropriate response to the stimuli

Graphemes

- are letters and letter combinations that children use to convert printed or written words into sounds, and which are also used for deciphering symbols into sounds - indicates print units

Rate: Scales

- are used as an assessment method that has a list of descriptors that are used for a set of behaviors

Galileo Preschool Assessment Scales

- are used to evaluate a number of skills in children ages 3-5. These include creative arts, nature and science, gross and fine motor skills, approaches to learning, and physical health practices.

Input Processes

- associated with analyzing the stimuli

Empiricists

- believe that language is obtained through learning experiences

Pre-service Level

- coaching and peer involvement

The Ounce Scale

- is an observational assessment for evaluating infants' and toddlers' development over a period of three and a half years - from Birth to 3 1/2.

Knowledge Construction Process 4

- is associated with developing self regulated learning.

Dynamic Development

- concerns the sequence and physical changes that occur in all areas of a child's function. - The interaction between these changes is also of interest.

Social-Conventional Knowledge

- consists of cultural rules, views, or information that is learned from society, including family, peers, and social and religious groups, that lead a person to perform a certain activity or use a service. An example is when a child is instructed to call 911 should he/she need help.

Margaret McMillan

- contributions to early childhood education focused on whole child learning that was experienced through play, and she was the first individual to coin the term, nursery school

Behavioral Culture

- defined by our social roles, language, and approaches to nonverbal communication and helps us situate ourselves organizationally in society - gender roles, family structure, and political affiliation

Knowledge Construction Process

- directly related to how students understand. - is help guided by teachers. - There are four learning processes associated with how new knowledge is engaged.

36 months

- engage in parallel play - vocabulary of around 350 works

NCLB Early Reading First Program

- enhances children's language, cognitive, and early reading skills through professional development for teachers, scientifically-based reading research, literature-rich environments, and effective screening assessments. - Uses screening assessment to identify children at risk for reading failure. - Provides early language and reading development. - Integrates scientifically-based reading research.

Magnet Schools

- focus on a special curriculum designed to attract a diverse population. Magnet schools may focus on math, science, languages, or the arts. Magnet schools were designed to attract students from various racial backgrounds and to help avoid minority group isolation in school districts.

Emotional Learner

- focuses on traits such as responsibility and persistence

Plan-Do-Review

- helps students become active learners - They are intentional about their actions and see how their actions have consequences - Reflection helps them to make future plans - Children take ownership for their learning.

Numbered Heads Together

- involves grouping students into "home teams." Then each member of the team is given a number (or a color in this case.) He/she joins all the other students with the same number to become an expert on one aspect of the lesson. They then rejoin their home team and teach the rest of the group what they have learned

social awareness domain

- involves recognizing and appreciating the similarities and differences between people

Inquiry Learning

- involves students posing hypotheses, collecting data, drawing conclusions, and reflecting on and evaluating findings

Meisal Work Sampling System

- is a curriculum-embedded assessment that assesses and documents a child's skills using several procedures administered on different occasions.

Curriculum framework

- is a guide which states the broad goals for each grade level with subject-specific outlines of content and performance expectations. Schools usually give the teacher the goals for all the grade levels in the building. These can come from the state or school district. A movement for a nation-wide set of goals is gaining support.

Multiple Windows

- is a strategy for collecting and recording information that is needed to determine whether a child needs special services, and whether he/she is benefiting from specific learning activities. Information is collected from a variety of sources (i.e. child, family, teacher, etc.) and methods (i.e. observation, interaction); as well as contexts (i.e. classroom, play, neighborhoods, etc.).

The Law of Exercise

- is associated with the belief that the more often an act is performed, the quicker the information will become more permanent in the mind

Undergeneralization

- is being too restrictive with the use of a word, for example, not recognizing a banana as fruit because it is not round

Teacher Portfolio

- is kept on each student. It includes copies of work from the student portfolio, checklists, inventories of skill development, anecdotal notes, and other information that illustrates the child's academic and personal growth. - That type of portfolio is not shared at student-led conferences.

Event sampling

- is used as an assessment method that focuses on a specific behavior, during a specific event.

Sequential learners

- learn by placing information in logical steps

Mastery Learners

- learn step by step in concrete fashion. They prefer practicality and clarity in instruction

heuristic strategy

- may or may not produce a definite solution - Students have to define the problem, understand the issues involved, plan for a solution, and evaluate the outcome in a common heuristic model called DUPE

Minimal Distance Principle (MDP)

- minimal distance principle - is a strategy used by young children as they learn language - It operates on the assumption that the noun closest to the verb is the subject of the sentence. - Children may misinterpret sentences which do not conform to this structure.

Peer Observation

- occurs when the teacher invites a fellow colleague into their classroom to collect information. - can be quick or entail observing and taking notes. - The peer will discuss with the teacher what positive attributes they see and what they can work on

Written Plan for Assessment

- should include the plan's purpose, procedures, and uses of the results; required staff training, conditions, and timeline upon which the children will be assessed; along with procedures to keep the children's records secure and confidential

Identity Concept

- the ability to recognize the essential sameness of an object despite physical changes

6 years old

- tie shoelaces - balance on a beam - can grasp some abstract concepts, so they will benefit from a mixture of concrete and abstract. - 6-8 years old: children begin using ethnicity to group people together. They may also use ethnicity to try to understand why people are how they are. This builds on the awareness of racial and ethnic stereotypes - need 10 hours of sleep

Cognitive development

-Focus on major transformations in thinking -nature and nurture -universality (piage, kohlberg)

Reggio Emilia

- was created in Italy and follows the belief that children learn much better if they are learning from their own interests. - It also believes that children should be exposed to real tools and that they thrive when they have access to high quality materials instead of the cheaper materials that are often found in preschool classrooms. - Lastly, community support is a very important part of ensuring that the children thrive in their learning environment. - Observation through all of this is important but it should never be paired with cookie cutter curriculums - is its promotion of active, experiential learning. -Children are expected to participate in determining the direction of their education, and the program emphasizes using all of the senses in learning.

Ethnic-Added Approach

- which is the second stage in the multicultural curriculum reform life cycle. - During that stage, a teacher uses themes, concepts or content to teach children about diversity, but does not change the make-up of the curriculum

Head Start Program

-1964 -provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families -President Kennedy

Developmental systems

-Focus on multiple influences, such as own activities, family functioning, demographics factors -nature, nurture, and own activity (Brofenbrenner) -Culture is important, but children partly determine thier own environments.

Cognitive process

-Focus on nature of cognitive operations -nature and nurture (nurture builds on nature) (Siegler)

psychodynamic theory

-Focuses on how early experiences and internal conflicts affect social and personality development -sexual and aggressive urges are inborn. -How children express urges are determined by thier family/society -Freud-children struggle with strong feelings (sexuality/aggression) -Struggle with the belief that they can or cannot make things happen (Erikson) (Sigmond and Anna Freud, Erickson)

Sociocultural

-Focuses on tools, communication systems, intellectual abilities, and social-emotional skills -Emphasis on nurture -Children learn to use tools used by their families. -Children inherit traditions and ideas of their culture. (Vygotsky, Bronner)

John Dewey

-Learning through experience inquiry based learning hands on learning progressivism He promoted indiviudality, free activity, and learning through experinece -Project-based learning, cooperative learning,, and arts integration activities -Emphasized the importance of students learning to problem solve life skills, along with child-centered curriculum

Factors that influence development

-Nature-genetics -Nurture-environment -Existing conditions within the child -The child's own activity-choices and efforts

Formal classroom assessment

-Paper and pencil-worksheets, quizzes -Performance assessment-oral presentation, science experiment -Authentic assessment-baking a cake, writing a letter -Criterion-referenced tests-have students met a particular learning target (criterion) -Norm-referenced tests-How does each student compare to his/her peers? -Standardized test of reading comprehension

Hands on instruction

-Use of physical assignments or activities that engage the students in learning authentic activities-what students would encounter out in the world. (worksheet, constructing a map of the community, practicing a physical skill)

Vineland SEEC

-Vineland Social-Emotional Early Childhood Scales -is used to assess early childhood social-emotional development. It is used with children from birth until 5 years, 11 months.

Parenting styles

-authoritative-affectionate and responsive, assert authority but explain reasons (children tend to be confident, cheerful, mature) -authoritarian-demand compliance but withhold affection (children may be withdrawn, aggressive, with low self-esteem) -permissive-affectionate but provide few limits (children may be demanding, disobedient, and dependent) -uninvolved-make few demands and often appear uncaring (children frequently have many difficulties.)

declarative knowledge

-considered factual knowledge -are two types of declarative knowledge: episodic (episodes, events) and semantic knowledge (concepts, common knowledge) Knowledge related to "what is"—that is, to the nature of how things are, were, or will be.

4 aspects to use to differentiate instruction

-content-material students fare supposed to learn -process-teachers can assign different assignments to appeal to different skill levels and learning styles -product-students demonstrate how and what they learned, variety of assessments -learning environment-tone of classroom, how classroom looks and feels. Tone should be motivation and support. Include physical space, where students can work quietly and work with others.

B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning

-created the Skinner Box, which is a conditioned environment for studying conditioning -(rat experiment with button that gave food and button that shocked=>at first rats pressed each button randomly, then followed Thorndike's Law of Effect)

Behaviorist Learning Theory

-developed by B. F. Skinner -Three basic assumptions are held to be true: -First, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. -Second, the environment shapes behavior. -And third, the principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning process. -For behaviorism, learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning. Behavioral learning assumes that people's environment (surroundings) cause people to behave in certain ways.

Montessori Method

-emphasis on independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child's natural psychological, physical, and social development -Mixed age classrooms, with classrooms for children ages 2½ or 3 to 6 years old by far the most common -Student choice of activity from within a prescribed range of options -Uninterrupted blocks of work time, ideally three hours -A constructivist or "discovery" model, where students learn concepts from working with materials, rather than by direct instruction -Freedom of movement within the classroom

Social learning theory

-environmental stimuli on behavior -Emphasis on nurture -rewards, punishments, ignoring behavior -children change behavior, actions based on experiences , goals, beliefs on if outcome will be good or bad -children work for smaller rewards (praise, food) development is quantitative (skinner, watson, pavlov, bandura, schunk)

onset

-is the beginning consonant sound of a word such as "p' in pot or "d" in dog that occurs before the vowel in a word

Socioeconomic and Racial effects on mental, emotional, and social health

-over 40% of toddlers and over 68% of preschoolers who were in contact with the child welfare system had high levels of need, developmentally and behaviorally. -young children of socioeconomic disadvantaged families were found to have more developmental and behavioral problems than children in other socioeconomic groups -higher levels of violence in families, due to cultural and demographic variables and parental stress.

3 developmental domains

-physical-genetics, prenatal growth & birth process, body/brain changes & motor skills, health-promoting behaviors -cognitive-concepts, language, memory, reasoning -social/emotional-emotions, self-concept, motivation, social relationships, moral reasoning, & behavior

Assessment instruments

-used to develop and/or confirm diagnoses of development disorders or delays. -Used to help educators and therapists plan curricular and treatment programs. -determine a child's eligibility for a given program. -evaluate children's achievement of the learning outcomes that define their program goals-and by extension, the teacher's effectiveness in furthering children's achievement of those outcomes.

High Scope Curriculum

-supporting children at their current developmental level and helping them build upon it — in a social setting where children have opportunities to choose materials, ideas, and people to interact within the projects they initiate

The core values established by the NAEYC

1. Appreciate childhood as a unique stage to be valued in the present, not just as a time of preparation for the future. 2. Interact with all individuals with respect. 3. Use knowledge of child development as the basis of all work with children. 4. Maintain a view of the child that encompasses the context of their family, culture, and community experience. 5. Make every effort to ensure that children and adults reach their full potential. 6. Appreciate and promote the bonds between children and family.

4 learning processes

1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Production 4. Motivation

4 processes of social learning

1. Attention (modeled events observed) 2. Retention (remember) 3. Motor Reproduction (practice it) 4. Motivation/self-reinforced (Bandura believed-Behavior, personal characteristics, and environment interacts to produce learning)

multicultural education programs: 4 approaches

1. Contributions approach 2. Ethnical Additive approach 3. Transformative approach 4. Decision making and Social action approach Goal is to promote a respect for diversity, reduce ethnocentrism and stereotypes, as well as improve learning.

10 Critical Learning Areas identified by the High/Scope Educational Research Foundation

1. Creative representation 2. Language and literacy 3. initiative and social relations 4.movement 5. music 6.classification 7. seriation (sorting) 8. number 9. space 10.time

4 Steps of the DUPE Method

1. Define the problem. 2. Understand the various facets of the problem. 3. Plan for a solution. 4. Evaluate the outcome.

Principles of Developmental Direction

1. Known to Unknown 2. Exploratory to Goal Directed 3. Simple to Complex 4. Enactive to Symbolic

National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS)

1. Teachers are committed to students and their learning 2.Teachers know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects 3. Teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning. 4. Teachers think systematically about their practice and learn from experience.

Development in art

1. The scribble stage(2-4 yrs) 2. Preschematic (4-6 yrs): Children begin to develop visual schema. No comprehension of size or dimension. Children draw people and houses the same height. 3. Schematic stage (7-9 years): Drawing reflect actual proportions and colors. 4. Dawning Realism (9-11 years): Drawings become representational. 5. Pseudorealistic (11-13 years): Drawings reflect their ability to reason. 6. Period of desision (14+): adolescent identity crisis

multiple-choice format

1. The stem should be clearly written. 2. The stem should be unambiguous. 3. The stem should not contain clues which are unrelated to content. 4. The stem should contain sufficient information to select the correct response.

Erickson's 8 stages of Psychosocial development theory

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-18months) (Needs consistency to trust themself and others.) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame (18mo-3yrs) (want to do things independently 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5); explore environment, imiganiative, creativity explodes, sexual identity 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11)-achievements and accomplishments, tries to develop sense of self-worth 5.Identity vs. Role confusion (12-18) Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker.) into a self-image under role model and peer pressure. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adult)-Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, parent or partner. 7. Generativity vs. stagnation (middle age adult)-Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family and civic interests. 8. Integrity vs. Despair (older adult)-Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation for death. ( A 9th stage was added by Erickson's wife Joan Erickson, new challenges from continued aging and incorporates all 8 stages.)

First 3 substages of Sensorimotor stage

1. birth-1 month: infants learn through their reflexes (sucking reflex and looking at their surrounding) 2. Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months): infants coordinate their physical sensations with new schemas (mental constructs/concepts they form to represent elements of reality). ie: infant will continue to suck thumb because pleasure is rewarding. 3. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months): infant repeats rewarding actions but are also focused on things they can effect, not just themselves. (puts objects in mouth)

5 Basic Dimensions

1. confidence and independence, 2. knowledge and understanding, 3. skills and strategies, 4. use of both prior and emerging experiences, 5. critical reflection - are interwoven with each other, and not treated individually. Students learn best in the classroom when all of the dimensions of learning are utilized.

Marcia's Four Identity Statuses

1. identity diffusion-little self direction, impulsive, confused, not too much serious thought to occupation (scattered sense of self) 2. identity foreclosure-Dependent on others for sense of direction. Accept and endorse values of parents or primary role models. 3. identity psychosocial moratorium- individuals are unprepared to make a career choice. Delays occupational commitment. 4. identity achievement-Self-chosen commitments after exploring and considering alternatives. Reflective in approaches to making decisions.

Basic Principles of Test Construction

1.Construct a blueprint that reflects the objectives of the content to be learned. 2.Be sure that tests reflect the emphasis given to various objectives during instruction of knowledge and/or skills. 3. Follow best testing procedures for the area of knowledge or the skill the student is expected to acquire - must be constructed with all students in mind - The teacher first identifies the learning objectives, then organizes content and materials, then decides on methods of instruction, and finally plans lessons which will help students achieve the objectives

Scaffolding strategies

1.Think Out Loud- show students your reasons through your thoughts when you read. What questions you ask yourself while you read. 2.Schema- Have students talk about what they know 3.Think Time-Allow them time to talk. 4.Vocabulary-Teach vocabulary ahead of time 5.Visual aids- Anchor charts, and word walls 6. Check for understanding- make sure to check to see if your students understand the current concept before you move on to the next concept. 7. Prior knowledge-connect lesson to what students already know. 8. Pre-teach-Go over words or concepts , supporting them with scaffolding before diving in main lesson (perception helps students remember)

pre operational stage

2nd stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development -Ages 2-7 years -Pretend play -Unable to perform metal concrete operations. -Thinking is intuitive -Children learn to use language -Children think literally and egocentrically here--> unable to take on perspective of others

temperaments in children's personalities

3 types of temperaments: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. easy temperament-cope better with challenges, persisitent. More likely to develop good self-concept and higher self-esteem. Children with more difficult temperament become frustrated easily. After fewer attempts, they give up trying. This affects their self esteem and self-efficacy becuase they doubt themselves.

Early Coping Inventory

4-36 months, planning interventions

Last 3 substages of Piaget's Sensorimotor stage

4. Coordination of Reactions: Continuations from last stage. Infants further explore surroundings, imitate others, demonstate intentional behaviors. In this stage infants combine schemas (mental constructs) to attain results. Develop object permanence and associate objects with their properties. (ie:shakes rattle purposley to make noise). 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 mon): children experiment through trial and error 6. Early Reprensetational thought (18-24 months): children represent objects and events with symbols. They begin to understand the world through mental operations and not just via action.

student portfolio

A collection of a student's work selected to show growth over time, highlight skills and achievements, or to show how well the student meets standards.

internal consistency

A measure of reliability; the degree to which a test yields similar scores across its different parts, such as on odd versus even items. high internal consistency-measures the specific content area/developmental domain/construct it means to measure low internal consistency-poses problems when children who might have very different needs get the same scores.

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Self-efficacy (Social learning)

A person's ability to self-regulate or have self-control; belief in one's capabilities. (I have high self-efficacy or confidence because of prior-success. I have low self-efficacy in math and experience fear and anxiety)

Edward Lee Thorndike

A pioneer in the study of intelligence who promoted the idea that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences; also, a leading researcher in the area of operant conditioning and the law of effect

ill-defined problem

A problem lacking clear specification of either the start state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state.

Holistic Scoring

A process for sorting or ranking students' written pieces on the basis of an overall impression of each piece. Also known as impressionistic scoring. (Sometimes on College placement tests) Graders are expected to make judgements based on criteria that have been agreed upon before the start of an evaluation session.

Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP)

A process of providing early intervention services for children ages 0-3 with special needs. Family based needs are identified and a written plan is developed and reviewed periodically.

Script

A schema that involves an action or behavior

Thematic teaching units

A teacher designs a collection of related activities around certain things or topics that crosses several curriculum areas or domains. Thematic units create learning environments for young children that promote all children's active engagement, as well as their process learning.

Think-Pair-Share

A technique in which students working in pairs learn from one another and get to try out their ideas in a nonthreatening context before presenting them to the class.

Learning Theory

An attempt to describe how people learn/change

Scaffolding

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance

Self-control (social)

Ability to control one's actions in the absence of external reinforcement or punishment.

Iconic Mode (Bruner)

Ages 6-11 Learn through the use of images to convey concepts

Social (Observational) Learning Theory

Albert Bandura - states that children learn by observing others - Teachers or others may model behavior for children to observe and imitate or children may learn vicariously by watching others

Discover learning (constructivist)

All children have natural curiosity, active learning -Learner's construct new ideas/concepts based on current/past knowledge. (personal experience). Dewey, Piaget, Vygotsky student centered-teacher guides and helps students seek solutions.

Science

An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. -As children lean science they acquire observation, measurement, communication, experimentation, conclusion drawing, and application skills.

Seriation

Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume.

Music in the child development

As children grow, music becomes self-expression as they learn to sing/play musical sounds. Music facilitates memory, improves spatial reasoning. Children's learning of perceptual and logical concepts like beginning/ending sequences, cause-and-effect, balance, harmony/dissonance and mathematical number and timing concepts is reinforced by music. Music also promotes language development. Learn about colors, counting conceptual relationships, nature, and social skills through music.

Summative Assessment

Assessment data collected after instruction to evaluate a student's mastery of the curriculum objectives and a teacher's effectiveness at instructional delivery.

Formative Assessment

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching observations, homework, quizzes, journals entries

David Ausubel

Associated with Advanced Organizer, which is a teaching technique that is introduced before learning begins and is designed to help students link their prior knowledge to current lesson's content

Jacob Kounin's classroom management theory

Believed teachers have the ability to affect student's behavior through instructional management. Having good classroom management skills and well-paced lessons are both teacher behaviors that demonstrate "with-it-ness" he found 4 characteristics that a teacher needs 1. With-it-ness: means that you have eyes all over you...that you see things...you pick up on what's going on in your classroom a. Pick up on body language b. Know what is going to happen before it happens d. This can be developed with practice 2. Over-lapping activities: not everybody has to be doing the same thing a. Managing different things at the same time 3. Maintenance of Group Focus: making sure that all of your groups/students are engaged in and focused on learning 4. Movement management: having unused time b. Transitions; any times you have movement or change...it is a great opportunity to misbehave 1) Warn your students ahead of time

negative reinforcement example

Bob does the dishes (behavior) in order to stop his mother's nagging (aversive stimulus).

Emergent Curriculum

Child-centered curriculum that "emerges" from the children's interest and experiences. It involves both the participation of teachers and children in decision making.

Maria Montessori's Theory

Children can learn naturally if placed in a prepared learning environment with learning games and classroom designed so students can learn by themselves. Teachers are facilitators.

Visual perceptual aspects of interpreting pictures and eye movements

Children's sensitivity to visual cues such as recognizing shading, line convergence increase as they grow. Eye movements and eye fixation patterns affect thier ability to get the most complete and accurate information from pictorial representations of reality. Preschool children use shorter eye movements, focusing on small parts of the picture near the center or edge.

Learning Domains

Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge) Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)

Constructivist Theory (Cognitive constructivism)

Cognitive Constructivism-How the individual learner understand things, in terms of developmental strategies and learning styles. (Brunner)

perception learning (constructivist)

Concepts and ideas are understood not discovered; Ausubel

Self-regulation (social)

Consistent and self control skills and new situations.

Current Collaborative Approaches and Models of screening

Cooperative educational interagency service efforts give parents information about normal early childhood development and available community resources and offer opportunities for developmental screenings of their young children. Specific procedures are governed by individual U.S. state laws. Generally, district networks implementing current models send developmental review forms to parents to complete in advance, and then they attend a developmental screening at a community site.

Project Follow Through

Created 1967 during President Johnson. This was an extension to Project Head Start : ▪ affective: school achievement ▪basic skills: SW labs, behavior analysis, DI ▪ cognitive: parent ed, TEEM, cognitively oriented curriculum

DUPE model

D- Identify the nature/essence of the problem U- Understand the nature of the problem P-Plan for solution, select appropriate strategies E- Evaluate your plan. Is it suitable? Does it achieve the goal?

High Scope Approach

David P. Weikart, Based on the belief that children are active learners and on the child development theories of Jean Piaget. -Lessons are designed to relate to students' lives and environment. -Uses developmental checklists. -Students design portfolios to showcase their work. -Use key experiences they find critical for preschool development and learning. These key experiences are subdivided into ten main categories. -advocates individualizing teaching to each child's developmental level and pace of learning. -effective for children with learning disabilities.

concrete operational stage

Developed arpund 6-7 in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Most children this age have developed conservation. They know its the same amount of water because they saw the same amount of water being poured.

Relationship of sleep quality to blood sugar control in children with type 1 diabetes

Diabetic children spend more time in lighter than deeper stages of sleep compared to nondiabetic children. This results in higher levels of blood sugar and poorer school performance. Lighter sleep and resulting daytime sleepiness tend to increase blood sugar levels.

Jerome Bruner

Discovery learning and constructivism. He wrote that the aim of education should be to create autonomous learners. He proposed three modes of representation: Enactive representation (action-based); Iconic representation (image-based); and Symbolic representation (language-based)

separation

Do not take on new communities practices

Qualitative

Dramatic change in essence or underlying structure. Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.

Improving and equalizing health care for all american demographic groups

ECCS should target their support to communities with large populations of minority and low-income families. -ECCS should provide assistance to communities by helping them assess their local assets, strengths, needs, and risk factors. -Early childhood development experts emphasize that state ECCS should focus their efforts on improving the quality of health care services that are available within communities where all or the majority of residents are members of minority groups and/or have low socioeconomic status. -ECCS can strengthen the supports available in communities for citizens who are subject to unequal health care treatment according to their demographic groups is to offer and provide incentives for community development projects that are designed to decrease health care treatment disparities based on racial/ethnic and economic differences.

Brofenbrenner

Ecological systems theory- development reflects the influence of 5 ecological systems

developmentally appropriate practice

Education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age-appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual-appropriateness).

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Eight intelligences in problem solving: namely linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Possible ninth is existential. stated that children achieve a "summit of artistry" by the end of their preschool years. Describes children's drawings as "characteristically colorful, balanced, and rhythmic and expressive, conveying something of range and...vitality associated with artistic mastery." (1980)

Benefits of leveling inequalities in care, health, and education

Eliminating unequal treatment in early childhood has benefits including lowering overall national poverty rates, improving overall health and education measures, saving long term health care costs, decreasing disabilities; and lengthening lives by decreasing mortality rates.

identity vs. role confusion

Erikson, Stage 5, during which adolescents and young adults search for and become their true selves (12-18)

Cloze Activities

Fill in the blank. (Could help assess reading level) Teacher deletes every fifth word. Independent = 60% or more of the words, Instructional = 40-60% of the words, Frustration = less than 40% of the words

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Focus on the influences of early childhood Emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges

Brofenbrenner's ecological theory

Focuses on how a developing person is embedded in a series of interacting systems

Behavioral Theory

Focuses on objectively, observable, external aspects of learning.

multiple intelligence theory

Gardner's theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence. 1. Visual-spatial (good with directions, maps, charts,) 2. Linguistic-verbal ( words, language, writing) 3.logical-mathematical (numbers, relationships, patterns) 4. Bodily-kinestetic (physical movement, motor cotrol) 5. Musical (rhythm and music) 6. Interpersonal (understanding and relating to people) 7. Intrapersonal (introspection, self-reflection) 8. Naturalistic (finding patterns and relationships to nature)

Biological learning theory

Genetic, physiological , inborn dispositions (Darwin, Gesell), Maria Montessori -Qualitative changes -Puberty and sensitive periods in language learning

Aesthetic experiences involving shape

Giving young children learning activities that focus on shape used in art helps them develop their abilities to form concepts and identify discrepancies.

Quantitative

Gradual progress with many small additions and modifications. -Gradual learning about the animal kingdom

Aspects of Physical Development

Growth, changes to body systems, motor skill development birth-2 yrs, children grow to 4 times their newborn weight and 2/3 their newborn length/height. 2-3 yrs, children gain only about 4lbs and 3.5 inches. 4-6yrs, growth slows more, gains of 5-7lbs and 2.5 inches Brains attain 55 percent of adult size by 2 yrs and 90% by 6 years. Majority of brain grown is usually by 4-4.5 years with a growth spurt around 2 yrs

Inquiry learning/discovery learning (Constructivist)

Guided discovery Problem based learning Simulation based learning Case based learning Foster discovery learning in classroom -emphasize contracts (what's what and what's not) -relationships between concepts -Encourage participation -Praise emotions -Debates

Inequity in health insurance and children of minority groups

Having health insurance coverage decreases differences in developmental and health outcomes for young children. -children on minority groups are less likely than their non-minority peers to have private or public health insurance. -parents whose first language was not english were only half as likely to get preventive health care for their infants than native english-speaking families. -According to National survey of early childhood health, minority families have less communication and guidance from pediatric health care providers -Minority children are more likely to have special health care needs. -Health care providers are twice as likely not to refer minority children to specialists.

Weirkart

High Scope

shaping

How complex responses are learned. Actions that move closer to desired terminal behavior are reinforced. Actions further away from terminal behavior are ignored. (handwriting, sports, playing instrument)

Social constructivism

How meanings and understanding grow out of social encounters. (modeling/Bandura)

Rogers: Organismic Valuing Process

Humanistic psychologist , believed in actualization like Maslow. "Conditions of worth" others give individuals things based not on need but of worth.

Atelierista

In Reggio schools, an art director who helps teachers and children express their interests and knowledge in many different media

conditional positive regard (Rogers)

In Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance. -self esteem dependent on external standards. Rogers remedy was unconditional positive regard-unconditional love and acceptance

Animism

In the pre-operational stage (2-7). Young children assign human qualities, feelings, and actions to inanimate objects. (ie: The leaf fell off the tre because of tree didnt like it and pushed it off)

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Generalization

Individual learns to make particular response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same or a similar response in a slightly different situation. (ie: same study skills for different class)

criterion-referenced test

Individual's performance is measured against mastery of curriculum criteria rather than other students

informal observations

Informal observations may include documentation such as photographs, videos, and audio recordings. Documentation is also called evidence

Contribution Approach

It is characterized by the addition of ethnic heroes into the existing curriculum by using criteria similar to those used to select mainstream heroes. The curriculum remains essentially unchanged in terms of its basic structure, goals, and main ideas.

Maria Montessori

Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

Constructivism

Jerome Bruner -states that students are able to solve real-life problems and make new meaning through reflections -a philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through reflection on experiences.

self-esteem in young children

Judgement regarding their own value. Self-esteem related specifically to one's ability to perform a given task is sometimes called "achievement-related attribution" Albert Bandura called it "Self-efficacy". Young children derive self-esteem from multiple sources,ie: relationship with parents, friendships, abilities and achievements in tasks involving playing and helping others; physical/athletic abilities; achievements in preschool/school.

Operant conditioning (Skinner)

Learning through positive and negative environmental association. -Voluntary (more or less likely to occur depending on rewards/consequences) (Skinner box) ABC's of operant conditioning A-Antecedents: cue behavior B-Behavior C-Consequences: Reinforcers, punishers

NCLB (No Child Left Behind)

Legislation championed by George W. Bush which mandated sanctions against schools that failed to meet federal performance standards; part of his campaign pledge to end "low expectations".

Global Learners

Look at the big picture first; then details Prefer humor, anecdotes, and graphics

Running Record

Narrative records of a child's activities during a single period of time.

negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement-goal-strengthen particular behavior by removing unwanted stimulus when behavior is exhibited.

Characteristics in art reflecting perceptual, cognitive, and motor development

Observations indicate that 2 1/2 year olds can grasp a crayon and scribble with it 4 years olds can draw a picture we recognize as human. Typical drawing of 4 yo is called "tadpole person' 3-4 yrs-children transition from scribbling to drawing "tadpole persons" drawings, because of developmentin motor control and eye-hand coordination. 4-5yrs-progress from drawing "tadpole person" to complete figures with head and bodies.

Overregulization

Occurs when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply. Example: "I hitted the ball."

Tools for formative assessments

One minute essays, web or concept maps, observation, self-assessment, exit cards, quiz, journal entries, think-pair-share, oral questioning

culturally competent educator

One who responds to the needs of a diverse set of learners. being sensitive to issues related to culture, race, gender, sexual orientation, social class, economic situation, and other factors

intuitive thought substage

Piaget's second substage of preoperational thought, in which children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions (between 4 and 7 years of age)

B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning

Personality development is based on behaviors that are either rewarded or punished in the environment. "personality" may just be sustained behavioral patterns.

Symbolic Function Substage

Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (between about 2 and 4 years of age).

Principles of Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Classical (Pavlov)

Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement punishment time out extinction spontaneous recovery generalization discrimination shaping schedules of reinforcement fixed and variable interval ratio

positive reinforcement

Positive reinforcement-praise, reward-strengthening target behavior, increasing or maintaining probability of behavior or being repeated by presenting positive reinforcement after behavior

Differentiated instruction

Practice of individualizing instructional methods, and possibly also individualizing specific content and instructional goals, to align with each student's existing knowledge, skills, and needs. (Teachers tailor a lesson to incorporate a variety of learning needs)

Stages of Moral Development (Kohlberg)

Pre-conventional; 1) Obedience and punishment "How can I avoid punishment?"; 2) Self-interest orientation "What's in it for me?" Conventional; 3) Interpersonal accord and conformity "Social norms"; 4) Authority and social-order maintaining orientation "Law and order mentality" Post- conventional; 5) Social contract orientation; 6) Universal ethical principles "Principled conscience"

Gender differences in motor development

Preschool boys have have greater gross-motor skills. larger muscles than preschool girls (boys run faster, climb higher) Preschool girls more physically mature, surpass boys in fine motor skills, (buttoning buttons, using scissors) preschool girls are more advanced in coordination, balancing.

Pre-mathematical learning experiences

Preschool children's thinking is based upon and connected to their sensory perceptions. ie: solving problems, they depend mainly on how things look, sound, feel, smell and taste. Preschool children should always be given concrete objects they can touch, explore, and experiment with in any learning experience. Unable to understand abstract concepts.

locus of control

Psychologist Julian Rotter found this term, a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment -external locus of control-something outside of us (another person, his/her actions, environmental event, good luck/bad luck, chance)-Blames other's or events for successes/failures -internal locus of control-something inside us-our native ability, our motivation, our effort. Blames self for successes/failures.

Erickson's theory

Psychosocial Development , 8 stages of psychosocial development unfold throughout the human lifespan. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced. Stages 3, 4, and 5 relevant to education

deductive reasoning

Reasoning from the general to the specific -reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case -Teacher presents a general principle or rule, like how to add. The she has students work with specific examples to see that principle in action. Students develop deductive reasoning.

Authentic Assessment

Responses can be used orally in writing, arts or performance, with rubrics, journals, debates, experiments, discussions, student self-assessment

Waldorf Model

Rudolf Steiner, Germany Central Focus is understanding every person's background and place in the world Seek the meaning of life/Explore human body soul and spirit

Lev Vytgotsky (scaffolding)

Scaffolding-The adult or other competent individual provides some form of guidance or structure that enables students to perform in their ZPD. ie: giving hints, suggestions, asking questions -purpose of scaffolding is to help student acquire knowledge and skills they would not have acquired on their own. Teacher's scaffold by -social interaction -students needs variable support (vary according to student's needs)

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Scales developed by Nancy Bayley that are widely used to assess infant development. (1-42 months)

Analytical Scoring

Scoring method which separate scores are given for specific aspects of the essay. A scoring procedure in which a student's work is evaluated for selected characteristics, with EACH CHARACTERISTIC receiving a separate score,

Vicarious (Social learning theory)

See others rewarded/punished for actions and we change our behavior as if we received the consequences. (ie: traffic ticket)

Nature and Nurture

Separate and combined effects -both are constrained by the developmental process -relative effects vary for different areas of development -inherited tendencies affect responsiveness to environment -some genes exert their effects only in certain environments -individual differences in heredity may exert stronger effects when environments are favorable. -timing of environmental exposure matters -children's actions affect their environments

Emotional Disturbance (ED)

Significant problems in the social-emotional area to a degree that learning is negatively affected.

sleep apnea

Sleep apnea-sleep disorder that causes a person's breathing to be interrupted often during sleeping. These breathing interruptions result in poorer sleep quality, fatigue, and daytime sleepiness. Sleep apnea has previously been associated with Type 2 diabetes -historically adult-onset, though now children are developing it, too. It is now known that apnea is also associated with Type 1 diabetes in children: roughly one-third of diabetic children studied have sleep apnea, regardless of their weight (being overweight can contribute to apnea). Sleep apnea is associated with much higher blood sugars in diabetic children.

curriculum reform

Stage 1: Contribution Approach Stage 2: Ethnic-added approach

preoperational stage

Stage 2 in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Stage 2, Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

concrete operational stage

Stage 3 in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events -conservation

initiative vs guilt stage

Stage 3, according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action

Competence vs. Inferiority

Stage 4, elementary school (6 years to puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

Intimacy vs Isolation

Stage 6, Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

Stage 8, 60- death. involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a sense of integrity, otherwise we experience gloom and doubt.

Stage theories: qualitative changes

Stage theories describe periods of development, each characterized by a particular way of behaving or thinking. Stages are qualitatively different from one another Stages are hierarchical-each stage provides the essential foundation for stages that follow

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Studied human cognition, how people think and understand. He wondered not just what children knew but how they made sense of the world. Piaget went on to identify four stages of cognitive development. 1st The Sensorimotor Stage-Object performance 2nd The Preoperational Stage-Egocentrism 3rd The Concrete Operational Stage-Conservation 4th The Formal Operational Stage

Albert Bandura; Social learning theory

Studied preschool children (3 groups) with blow up doll.

Curriculum Compacting

Teacher finds the key content that must be learned and reduces the number of examples, activities, or lessons so that a student can demonstrate the content and move on to another subject.

Child Observation Record

Teachers observe children at play or in natural or authentic situations. They note the highest level of behavior exhibited. A COR is used as an observation guide, not a formal structured test. The results should more accurately represent a child's development in daily life. -The checklist includes space for three separate observations over time. Teachers observe children in structured activities. Each item includes five milestones or skills which teachers might observe at different levels.

Scaffolding Teaching

Teaching a lesson step by step until students can perform on their own. Lev Vygotsky Learning occurs best within ZPD-area between what learners can do by themselves and what they cannot do.

norm-referenced tests

Tests where a student's performance is compared with a norm group, or a representative sampling students similar to the student. A person's score on a norm-referenced test describes how the student did in relation to the norm group. Tests results are reported in such formats as standard scores or percentiles.

Defining developmental delays in infants and toddlers

The IDEA part C specifies the areas of development that states must include in defining developmental delays. HOwever, individual states must identify the criteria they use to determine eligibility, including pertinent diagnostic istruments, procedures, and functional levels. States currently use quantitative and qualitative measures.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act provides a free, appropriate public education for students with disabilities.

Exceptional Educational Need (EEN)

The determination that a disability or handicapping condition exists and interferes with the child's or adolescent's ability to participate in an educational program.

contrast assumption

The assumption that objects have only one label. Also known as the mutual exclusivity assumption (if a word means one thing, then it cannot mean another).

Symbolic Mode

The child starts to devise symbols object, words, or gestures that stand for certain people, objects, or actions, but these symbols bear no resemblance to the real thing.

content validity

The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover.

Dimensions of Learning

The five basic elements of any teaching/learning situation: confidence and independence, knowledge and understanding, skills and strategies, use of prior and emerging experience, and critical reflection.

Multiple Intelligences (Gardner)

The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one.

parallel processing

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

predictive validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. sensativity is the instruments accuracy. specificity would be accuracy in identifying children without disordes/delays.

Direct instruction

The teacher defines and teaches a concept, guides students through its application, and arranges for extended guided practice until mastery is achieved.

levels of processing theory

The theory holding that deeper levels of mental processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.

basic skills approaches include southwest labs, behavior analysis, and direct instruction models

These models find that mastering basic skills facilitates higher order congnitive and problem solving skills, and higher self-esteem.

Self-reflection

Thinking about the strengths and challenges of one's work or other aspects of self.

Purpose of classroom assessment

To learn about children's abilities -Formal assessments-designed ahead of time. (essay, test, task) -Informal assessments-spontaneous observations/tasks -To guide instruction -Formative assessments-before or during instruction (what do children know/can do right now) -Summative assessment-after instruction (what have they learned/not learned)

TBI

Traumatic Brain Injury- acquired brain injury by external force that result in impairments in function

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

U.S. legislation granting educational rights to people with cognitive, emotional, or physical disabilities from birth until age 21; initially passed in 1975, it has been amended and reauthorized in 1997 and again in 2004. IDEA operates under six basic principles: zero reject, nondiscriminatory identification and evaluation, free and appropriate public education, least restrictive environment, due process, and parent and student participation in shared decision making with regard to educational planning.

Universality

Universality-developmental changes that occur in just about everyone -basic motor skills -proficiency in language -impulse control

MKO (more knowledgeable other)

Vygotsky's term for someone who helps a child learn a new concept by working with that child in his/her zone of proximal development.

ZPD (zone of proximal development)

Vygotsky's theory: a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled -Hands on /Minds on

Imitative; Social learning theory

We imitate the behavior of a model, even though the model receives no reinforcement, while we observe. (Actors)

Bank Street Model

Whole child education (physical, emotional, cognitive, and social)/Lucy Sprague Mitchell Interaction in Environment Environment Suited to Age and Stage of Dev No Rigid Curriculum/ No Rote Learning based on the belief that children are active learners, explorers, experimenters and artists -use of centers

Sight Words

Words that are recognized immediately. It can also refer to high frequency words and words that are learned only through memorization. Very few words can be learned through memory. Most are learned through phonics.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

Written document required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (P.L. 94-142) for every child with a disability; includes statements of present performance, annual goals, instructional objectives, specific educational services needed, extent of participation in the general education program, evaluation procedures, and relevant dates, and must be signed by parents as well as educational personnel.

Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

You-your age, sex, health, microsystem-neighborhood, family, school, peers, workplace, mesosystem-church, home, school, neighborhood, exosystem-extended family, neighbors, macrosystem-attitudes, idealogies of culture, social culture values, chronosystem-changes over time.

Cognitive Development activities

Young children have difficulty reversing operations. Adults can have children build blocks, and then dismantle them one at a time to reverse the construction. Have children retell rhymes or stories backwards. Adults can help children take other's perspectives by guessing games, clues to guess persons objects and role-playing activities, where they pretend to be others.

Lev Vygotsky social development theory

ZPD-Zone of Proximal development-Difference between what a child can do on his own and what can be accomplished with some assistance. Need to know when to help students and who needs to help.

Dynamic Assessment (DA)

a Vygotskian-based approach which assesses learning potential by measuring the degree of improvement in performance after receiving instruction

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

whole object assumption

a concept that refers to children's belief that a novel label refers to the "whole object" and not to its parts, substance, or other properties

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn

test-retest reliability

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

bank street, responsive education, and open education models

aim to enhance school achievement by emphasizing experiences that raise children's self-esteem, which is believed to facilitate their acquisition of basic skills and higher-order problem-solving skills.

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" Young children's self-concepts are founded on observable, readily defined, mainly concrete factors. Children tend to have higher self-esteem because of adult's encouragement/positive reinforcement. Young children have more positive, optimistic outlook

Project Approach

an instructional method through which students engage in an in-depth investigation of a real world topic worthy of their attention and effort. The process often includes field trips or expert guests and a culminating event through which children present the results of their research

Low income and minority families

are at higher risk for developmental difficulties and mental health issues. -According to US surveys, about 1/3 or 3 million of young children have two or more health and developmental risk factors. (risk factors include-maternal mental health, maternal education, family poverty, and race/ethnicity). -Each risk factor increases the probability of either greater developmental risk or worse health status.

Adaptation

assimilation and accommodation combined.

maternal depression

associated with poor mother-child bonding; lower child scores in language and reading; and higher prevalence of depression and other mental health problems later in children.

Law of Association

associated with the belief that information is easier to comprehend when the mind can compare what is already known to what is being learned

John B. Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

Robert Owen

believed that a child's environment influenced thier beliefs, behavior, and accomplishments. Believed early childhood education can change society.

General sleep needs and behaviors of young children

children 2-5 years need 10-12 hours sleep daily. children 5-7 years need 9-11 hours of sleep daily

Guadalupe Organization, Inc. v. Tempe Elementary School District (1972)

children could not be placed in educable mentally retarded classes unless they scored lower than two standard deviations below the population mean on an IQ test administered in the child's own language. In addition, it also stated that other assessment procedures must be used in addition to intelligence tests, as well as, parental permission must be obtained for such placements.

Siegfried Engelmann and Bereiter

cofounded program to give intensive instructions to disadvantage preschooler and enhance their cognitive skills which started Project Head Start and Project Follow Through.

Nitza Hidalgo, an educational theorist, tells us that there are the three levels of culture that can be identified as influential in the way students learn. What are these levels?

concrete, behavioral and symbolic

Kamii-DeVries approach

created the Piaget-derived curriculum that includes the psychomotor and socioemotional domains -children learn via performing mental actions, which Piaget called operations, through the vehicle of physical activities -has been applied to learning assessments using technology and using constructivism in teaching physics to preschoolers.

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

creation of involuntary responses to stimuli (Learning through environmental associations) -Involuntary (fear, like, taste, medical reactions)

William Glasser's Control Theory

describes how our motivation, behaviors and actions are attempts to satisfy needs such as love, survival, and power and freedom.

Extinction (operant conditioning)

decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced (ignoring the behavior)

American children in minority groups

demonstrate lower school readiness levels. Most differences in school readiness levels are associated with differences in family income. -fewer minority children receive immunizations -African american and latino parents report more dissatissfacftion with pediatricans and more unmet needs in early childhood development centers.

William Glasser's Choice/Control Theory

describes how our motivation, behaviors and actions are attempts to satisfy needs such as love, survival, and power and freedom.

normative development

developmental changes that characterize most or all members of a species; typical patterns of development

Diversity

different individual progress in different ways -genetic variation -historical period of upbringing -family relationships -There is a debate regarding the extent of universal versus unique development in individual and groups.

Conditions of Worth (Rogers)

expectations or standards we believe others place on us

Specialized training of military families (STOMP)

federally funded organization for military families of children with special needs.

Even Start Program

federally funded program under the No Child Left Behind Act. teachers parents adult literacy skills, parenting skills, to help increase literacy among children

perceptual development in infancy

five senses not fully developed but functional at birth; hearing much better than vision, discriminate certain odors and tastes, sensitive to pain, responsive and positive reaction to touch. Ability to integrate sensory information by 6 months. Additional perceptual abilities, which are less obvious and more complex, continue to develop in the early childhood years. Young children develop increasing precision in recognizing visual concepts like size and shape. children learn how to identify accurately the shape and size of an object no matter from what angle they perceive it.

fixed and variable interval-time

fixed: check on child every 6 minutes variable: child doesn't know when the teacher will check on them.

Behavioral Checklist

for school-age children, ages 7 to 11, is tool given to parent along with the history Covers five major areas: mood, play, school, friends, and family relations It is easy to administer and lasts about 5 minutes

Scholastic Early Childhood Inventory (SECI)

formal one on one instrument to assess children's progress in four domains found to predict kindergarten readiness: phonological awareness, oral language development, alphabet knowledge, and mathematics.

Waldorf

hands on learning in the most important first 7 years, focus is self-discovery and sensory experience

Data driven processing

happens when no schema exist to process information

Roger Brown (1973)

he outlined five stages of language development that focused on the child's grammatical development in terms of morphology and syntax e.g. the Mean Length of Utterance, types of morphemes

selective adoption

immigrants acquire some customs and retain others.

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the 4th stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants lean through environmental input they recieve through their senses; motor actions and feedback they recieve from their bodies and the environment about their actions. ie: a baby kicks his legs, sees his feet moving, and reaches for them.

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

holophrastic speech

in the early stages of language acquisition, the young child's use of single words to convey complete thoughts

Qualitative criteria for developmental delay

include development considered atypical or delayed for established norms or observed behaviors considered atypical.

Quantitative criteria for development delay

include difference between chronological age and performance level, expressed as a percentage of chronological age; performance at a given number of months below chronological age; or number of standard deviations (SD"s) below mean of performance on a norm-referenced test.

Cognitive approaches

included parent education, TEEM, and congnitively oriented curriculum models. -These models focus on teaching higher-order problem solving skills and thinking skills as the optimal avenue to enhancing school achievement, and to improving lower-order basic skills and self-esteem.

inter-rater reliability

indicates how consistent scores are likely to be if the responses are scored by two or more raters using the same item, scale, or instrument

Discrimination

individuals notice unique aspects of similar situations -Responding in different ways to similar stimuli (ie: how a child treats teacher vs. parents)

assimilation

individuals totally embrace values and customs

Expository instruction

information is presented in more or less the same form in which students are expected to learn it. (professor teaching in college, lectures, reading textbooks) (one way communication

Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems (ECCS)

initiatives in each US state have the ability to further methods that can decrease socioeconomically related health care inequities in early childhood, which generates positive impacts for the rest of children's lives. -To raise and shape consciousness of health care issues affected by income and race, experts recommend that ECCS establish connections between projects/programs designed to eradicate poverty and racism and efforts in developing early childhood systems. -ECCS increases public's awareness of racial, ethnic, and economic disparities in early childhood health care and to work at increasing awareness of racial, ethnic, and economic disparities in early childhood healthcare and to work at increasing such awareness in health professionals, educators, early care providers and other significant stakeholders who provide service to young children. -ECCS can also include racial/ethnic data in performance monitoring, encourage state SCHIP and medicaid agencies to do the same; analyze state data for disparities in risk, access, and outcomes including small-area analyses, geocoding, etc.; and identify and measure unequal treatment through data analysis.

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

visual discrimination

is our ability to perceive and interpret visual information. It is what allows us to distinguish between different letters, shapes, objects and colors. (doing puzzles, sorting cards, matching card games)

Emergent Literacy Theory

is the idea that learning literacy actually begins at a very early age, long before official lessons in school. This term is used to describe the knowledge a child has of reading and writing before reaching the age where those skills are taught

Conditional knowledge

knowing when and why to use declarative and procedural knowledge

urban communities

many cultural and community resources -museums, libraries, social support may have large population with low income dangerous neighborhoods, low performing schools

Lawrence Kohlberg

moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

active learning (constructivist)

multiple perspectives (sharing) can modify/delete add to individuals knowledge. (group learning)

intersubjectivity

mutual, shared understanding among participants in an activity, Vygotsky

suburban commuities

near city resources but with more privacy and space highest % of students who go on to college, but also engage in risky behaviors

Effect of maturational factors on the development and learning

newborns cannot see from several feet away, newborns cannot focus on distant objects. infants younger than 5 months cannot usually sit up on on their own. todlers who have not yet attained stable walking gaits cannot hop or balance on one foot successfully. First grade begins at 6 years because younger children cannot sit still for long periods of time and have a short attention span. Kindergarten classes have more physical movement since young children do not have self-regulation to prevent them from shouting out on impulse and running around, etc.-behaviors disruptive to formal schooling but developmentally normal.

Signs of progress in motor development

newborns reflexive behaviors progress to preschoolers' voluntary activities. Children's perception of the size, shape, and position of the body and body parts becomes more accurate by preschool ages. Increases in bilateral coordination of the body's two sides, help enhance motor skills. Motor skills involve learning new movements and gradually integrating previously learned movements into smooth, continuous patterns, (learning to throw a ball with skill). Gross motor skills-climbing, jumping, running Fine motor skills-drawing and tying knots, develop. Eye-hand coordination.

Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic

norm-referenced test that measures cognitive, language, fine, and gross motor skills

3 process skills in science programs

observation, classification, and communication

syntactic bootstrapping

observing how words are used in syntax, or the structure of sentences

extinction

occurs when previously reinforced behavior decreases infrequency and eventually ceases altogether because reinforcement is withheld. (ie: ignoring whining child)

Rural communities

often inclusive and cooperative may be isolate, leading to risky behaviors

Blancard and Johnson

one-minute reprimands - The student should feel valued and affirmed as a person. This teacher is focusing on the behavior, asking the student to correct it, and affirming him with a friendly gesture. A teacher should never shame a student in front of the class

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

oral stage (0-18mo), anal stage (18-36mo), phallic stage (3-6), latency stage (6-puberty), genital stage (adolescents)

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical

Overgneralization

overextending the use of a word by using one lable for several objects, such as calling all animals "dogs"

Behaviorism (Skinner)

personality (response tendencies) is developed through rewards and punishments

Nature-Nurture interaction in Early childhood physical development

physical development is a product genetic and environmental factors. Physical progress is influenced by environmental and psychological variables. Children must live in healthy environments for their brain, body, and nervous system to grow and develop normally. Failure to thrive syndrome-when children are abused, malnurished, neglected for long periods of time, they stop growing. The environmental stress makes the child's pitituary gland stop releasing growth hormones. When children are given proper care, they begin growing again.

Psychomotor domain

physical movement, coordination

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological (food, water, sleep), safety (security, shelter, safe environment), love/belonging (intimate relationships, friends), esteem (feelings of accomplishment, recognition), self-actualization (achieving one's full potential)

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

constructive play

play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something

one-to-one correspondence

process of counting and matching objects

Early Head Start Program

provides family support services to low-income infants and toddlers and their families

Affective learning experiences

providing affective experiences supports young children's emotional development, including understanding and expressing their emotions. These enable development of emotional self-regulation/self-control.

punishment

punishment-(type 1)-reducing the frequency of an undesired behavior through aversive stimulus after undeserved response (weakens, eliminates a behavior)

Screening instruments

quick measures administered to determine who may need further assessment. Not used to diagnose.

Actualization

realizing one's full potential (Abraham Maslow)

Inductive reasoning

reasoning from specific to general. The teacher presents specific examples to the students. The students then work with those examples until they discover similarities and formulate a general principle of rule. (Interviewing members of a community to see what the majority thinks of certain traditions). Teacher acts as facilitator.

knowledge

recalling information, uses verbs such as listing, defining, describing, and identifying.

Macrosystem

refers to any influence on a child's development that originates from society. It is also referred to as the larger, cultural, ecological system that has a socioeconomic background

Phonlogical Awarness

refers to the influence of language through the use of syllables, rhymes, and sounds.

Syntax

refers to the rules that guide how words and sentences are formed.

ratio

reinforce responses-(ie: check on child after he/she has completed 5 math problems)

attachment styles

secure-normal seperation anxiety when seperated from mother, resistant-children show exaggerated seperation anxiety when seperated from mother, show resistance to mother when she returns, cry more and explore less, avoidant-children show no seperation anxiety or stranger anxiety disorganized-children seemed confused, respond inconsistently, and may mix resistant , ambivalent and avoidant behaviors.

positive punishment example

spanking a child when he throws a tempertanturm. adding more chores to your child's chore list when he complains about his chores.

research design

specifies which research questions must be answered, how and when the data will be gathered, and how the data will be analyzed

Nonlocomotor

stability skills. requires little or no movement of one's base of support and does not result in change of position ex. bending, stretching, twisting, turning, pulling, swaying

Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory

stage theory that studies the development of morality and how the ability to reason about ethical situations changes over life

Formal Assessment

standardized written or performance test of knowledge, aptitude, values, etc. -compare a student's performance to other students in the same age group.

Parts of a Lesson Plan

standards assessment of prior knowledge objectives materials resources instruction differentiated instruction grade subject assessment

Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD)

students are assigned to heterogeneously grouped teams of four or five members who collaborate on worksheets designed to provide extended practice on instruction given by the teacher.

gradual release method

students are given scaffolding to direct their thinking at first, but are eventually released to work on their own.

Project-based learning

students work on real, meaningful problems beyond those of everyday life and create tangible products. Teacher poses a problem to students and then coaches them through the process of a project to solve the problem. (school recycling program)

shared regulation

students working together to regulate each other through reminders, prompts, and other guidance

Constance Kamii

studied exclusively with Jean Piaget. -Worked with the Perry Preschool Project in the 1960s. -Believes in basing early childhood educational goals and objectives upon scientific theory of children's cognitive, social, and moral development. -Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the SOLE explanation of development through birth to adolescence. -Kamii agrees with Piaget that education's overall... LONG-TERM GOAL IS DEVELOPING CHILDREN'S INTELLECTUAL, SOCIAL, AND MORAL AUTONOMY.

Mothers in minority and low-income groups-up to 40 %

suffer from maternal depression than in other parts of the population.

negative punishment example

taken a privilege away as a result of the individual's undesirable behavior.

Viktor Lowenfeld

taught art to elementary students and sculpture to blind students, combined stages of art with human development to educate these students, wrote "Creative and Mental Growth (1947)".

mnemonic devices

techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information. (P, E, M, D, A, S). please excuse my dear aunt sally

spatial awareness

the ability to judge where one's body is relative to other objects in the immediate environment

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. develops around 8-9 months. (some say can occur as early as 3 1/2 months)

concurrent validity

the degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with the measures gathered from other assessment techniques

organismic valuing process

the natural tendency to value what is healthy (avoiding rotten food). Leads to positive self-esteem, reflecting the real self-the person one becomes under optimal conditions.

organismic valuing process (Rogers)

the process by which we judge experiences in terms of their value for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth

contingencies of reinforcement

the occurrence of rewards or punishments following particular behaviors Rogers disagreed with this practice. Felt that this practice made children do what other's want, not what they want or need and teaches them conditional positive self-regard. (self-esteem based on external standards.) Rogers believed in unconditional positive regard-unconditional love and acceptance.

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.( ie: the same amount of water is poured into a short wide container and a tall thin container. children who have not developed consetlrvation will say one has more water than the other. Piaget called this centration-focusing on only one property at a time, pre-operational.)

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a previously extinguished response. Occurs when a behavior is reinforced again after a period of delay. (Pavlov)

Phonics

the sounds that letters make and the letters that are used to represent sounds

classroom management

the steps and actions taken by the teacher to optimize student learning, including the arrangement of the classroom environment, engaging students, and managing student behavior and discipline

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

National Dissemination Center for Children w/ Disabilities (NICHCY)

they partner with nonprofit organizations like the Academy for Educational Development to produce useful documents for families with special needs children.

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852)

this person focus on the needand capabilities of the child. • He viewed the classroom as a miniature society in which children learned social cooperation.

time out

time out-temporarily removes the opportunity to receive positive reinforcement.

Formal Assessment instruments

typically standardized tests administered to groups. They give norms for age groups/developmental levels for comparison.

print awareness

understanding the nature of print, the function it serves, and the conventions governing its use. (Allows children to distinguish between words and other forms of representation.) -understanding that print is organized in a particular way -understanding that print has difffertnt functions. (menus list food, books tell a story,etc. ) most children become aware of print long before they enter school because they see print all around them, on billboards, signs, magazines, labels, etc.

Anticipatory Set

used for preparing students for learning, motivating students or activating prior knowlege. Also called "set induction" can be activity, video, simulation, discussion, etc. --sets stage for learning--

self-assessment

used to encourage students to become independent. increases student motivation based on three elements: goal setting, guided practice, portfolios.

Interactive instruction

uses social interaction (two way communication); communication between teacher and student and between students. (question and answer session during class, debate, one on one tutoring)

Integrity in data collection

validity-does the measure assess what the researcher wants to assess? reliability-does the measure provide consistent, dependable results? (Unreliable tests are never valid. Reliable tests may or may not be valid.)

Learning Styles

visual, tactile, auditory, verbal, logical, social (interpersonal), solitary (intrapersonal)

achievement test vs. aptitude test

what you've learned vs. what you can do

Discovery instruction

when students discover information for themselves with little to no help from the teacher - teacher acts as facilitator and resource - teacher has students work with specific examples, like experimenting with primary colors - constructivist approach High level of student involvement in observing, investigating, and drawing conclusions. Students develop inductive reasoning.

Collaborative instruction

when two or more teachers work together to plan, teach, and monitor a class. (gen ed and sp.ed work together to optimize the learning of a student with a disability in each of her classes. )