Praxis 5038
C.S. Lewis
"Chronicles of Narnia"
Ray Bradbury
"Farenheit 451"
Jane Austen
"Pride and Prejudice"
Robert Frost
"The Road Not Taken"
Anne Bradstreet
"To My Dear and Loving Husband". Puritan Poet
Sonnet
14 line poem. Lyrical poem. iambic pentameter.
Iamb
2 syllables. 2nd syllable is emphasized. (be-TRAY, co-LLIDE)
Anapest
3 Syllables. Only last one is emphasized. (o-ver-COME, in-ter-VENE)
Tercet
3 line stanza
Dactyl
3 syllables. Only 1st syllable is emphasized. (BUFF-a-lo, SCOR-pi-on)
Independent Clause
A complete thought. Consist of a subject and a verb.
Allusion
A reference to another work of literature, person, or event
Compound-complex sentence
A sentence having 2independent clauses and 1 dependent clauses. (She must...because...,but...)
Declarative Sentence
A sentence that makes a statement. Get main idea across. End in a period.
Complex Sentence
A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 1 complete and 1 incomplete thought.
Compound Sentence
A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (comma + and/but/so) 2 complete thoughts.
Folktale
A story that is usually passed down orally and becomes part of a community's tradition
Gerund
A verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun
Adjective
A word that describes a noun
Adverb
A word that describes a verb
Preposition
A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word (at, to, by, for, of, )
Pronoun
A word that takes the place of a noun
Theory of Universal Grammar
All languages have a similar grammatical structure
Euphemism
An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant
Circular Argument Fallacy
Argument is restated repeatedly with no inclusion of new evidence
Summative Learning
Assesses learning over time for the purpose of a grade. Tests, Projects, Papers, etc.
Formative Assessment
Assessment used to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching (assignments, warm-ups, exit-slip, etc.)
Slippery Slope Fallacy
Assumes once an action begins it will lead to an eventual and inevitable conclusion
Expressionism
Attempt to show the character's inner struggles
Anthropomorphism
Attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.
Imperative Sentence
Commands. Give an order. "Go cut the grass"
Plot: Resolution
Conflict is solved
Theme of Puritan writing
Dedication to God and the Bible
Feminist Literary Theory
Degree to which a literary text perpetuates the ideas that women are inferior to and dependent on men or that the perspective of a woman is not as interesting or significant as that of a man
Hasty Generalization Fallacy
Drawing a conclusion based on too few or inadequate evidence
Correlative Conjunction
EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, BOTH/AND join pairs of ideas
"The Raven", "The Tell-Tale Heart"
Edgar Allen Poe
Exclammatory Sentence
Ends with "!" Shows feeling or emotion
Interjection
Expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. "Ouch!", "Zap!", "Pow!"
Conceit
Extended metaphor. Compares two things that are nothing alike.
"The Great Gatsby"
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Coordinating Conjunction
FANBOYS=for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Trochee
First syllable of a word is emphasized (PEPP-er)
"My Bondage and My Freedom"
Frederick Douglass' autobiography
Canon
Group of works that are culturally, artistically, or historically significant.
Legend
Handed down from the past, containing HISTORICAL elements and usually supernatural elements
Civil Disobedience
Henry David Thoreau
"Moby Dick"
Herman Melville
Reader Response Theory
How a reader individually interprets the text.
Mood
How the reader feels about the text while reading.
Plot: Exposition
Important background information about characters, settings, etc.
Extemporaneous
Improvised; done without preparation
Dependent Clause
Incomplete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence
Plot: Falling Action
Issues begin to be resolved
"Bridge to Terabithia"
Katherine Paterson
Plot: Inciting Incident
Kicks off the conflict. introduces the antagonist (villain)
Oral Tradition
Literature that passes by word of mouth from one generation to the next.
"The Giver"
Lois Lowry
Fireside Poets
Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell
Huckleberry Fin
Mark Twain
Escapism
Mind allows you to escape harsh conditions. Leaving city and fleeing to countryside.
Soliloquy
Monologue delivered as if no one else is present
Data Analysis
Most basic form of an informative essay that looks at Cause and Effect
"The Scarlett Letter"
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Denouement
Outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot
Phrase
Partial idea. "the large bridge", "to eat fish"
Interrogative Sentence
Questions. End in a "?"
Constructivism
Readers use prior knowledge to construct meanings
Consonance
Repetition of consonant sounds. (WhoSe woodS theSe are)
Assonance
Repetition of vowel sounds (shE kEEps Eating chEEse)
"The Outsiders"
S.E. Hinton
Prepositional Phrases
Set out relationships in time and space. Answer "when" and "where".
Ballad
Short narrative poem about an event that is considered important. Focuses on a situation that leads to a catastrophe.
Fable
Short tale that teaches a lesson. Features animals as humans
Dichotomous Thinking Fallacy
Simplifies a possible problem into only two possible options (Good/Evil, True/False)
Reciprocal Teaching
Students taking turns leading discussions, asking questions, sharing opinions.
Modelling
Students view a model and then attempt to apply the model to their own writing.
Semiotic Analysis
Study of an author's use of signals, signs and visual messages
Syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Denotation
The dictionary definition of a word
Marxist Theory
The experiences and relationships between characters is influenced by socioeconomic status
Antecedent
The noun that a pronoun replaces
Plot: Climax
The turning point!
Metacognition
Thinking about one's own thinking
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Transcendentalist. Wrote "Self-Reliance"
Theme
Underlying message about life or human nature that a writer wants the reader to understand
Red Herring Fallacy
Use of irrelevant material to divert attention of main points
"Oh Captain! My Captain!"
Walt Whitman
Father of American Literature
Washington Irving, Wrote Rip Van Winkle
"Thanatopsis"
William Cullen Bryant
Critical Writing
Writers form arguments to respond to debatable topics.
Drama
Writing that tells a story and is performed on stage
Modifier
a word or group of words that provides description for another word
Conjunction
a word that joins two phrases or sentences
Regionalism
an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot
Appositive Phrases
are offset with commas, further describe nouns eg: Mr. Dobbs, our teacher, is here. That car, a brand new Toyota, is what I want.
Structural Analysis
involves splitting words into their individual parts; prefix, suffix, and root word to determine meaning.
Connotation
the implied or associative meaning of a word
Anaphora
the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses (It was..., It was..., It was...)
Comma splice
two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma.