Praxis 5038

C.S. Lewis

"Chronicles of Narnia"

Ray Bradbury

"Farenheit 451"

Jane Austen

"Pride and Prejudice"

Robert Frost

"The Road Not Taken"

Anne Bradstreet

"To My Dear and Loving Husband". Puritan Poet

Sonnet

14 line poem. Lyrical poem. iambic pentameter.

Iamb

2 syllables. 2nd syllable is emphasized. (be-TRAY, co-LLIDE)

Anapest

3 Syllables. Only last one is emphasized. (o-ver-COME, in-ter-VENE)

Tercet

3 line stanza

Dactyl

3 syllables. Only 1st syllable is emphasized. (BUFF-a-lo, SCOR-pi-on)

Independent Clause

A complete thought. Consist of a subject and a verb.

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Compound-complex sentence

A sentence having 2independent clauses and 1 dependent clauses. (She must...because...,but...)

Declarative Sentence

A sentence that makes a statement. Get main idea across. End in a period.

Complex Sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 1 complete and 1 incomplete thought.

Compound Sentence

A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (comma + and/but/so) 2 complete thoughts.

Folktale

A story that is usually passed down orally and becomes part of a community's tradition

Gerund

A verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun

Adjective

A word that describes a noun

Adverb

A word that describes a verb

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word (at, to, by, for, of, )

Pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun

Theory of Universal Grammar

All languages have a similar grammatical structure

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

Circular Argument Fallacy

Argument is restated repeatedly with no inclusion of new evidence

Summative Learning

Assesses learning over time for the purpose of a grade. Tests, Projects, Papers, etc.

Formative Assessment

Assessment used to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching (assignments, warm-ups, exit-slip, etc.)

Slippery Slope Fallacy

Assumes once an action begins it will lead to an eventual and inevitable conclusion

Expressionism

Attempt to show the character's inner struggles

Anthropomorphism

Attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.

Imperative Sentence

Commands. Give an order. "Go cut the grass"

Plot: Resolution

Conflict is solved

Theme of Puritan writing

Dedication to God and the Bible

Feminist Literary Theory

Degree to which a literary text perpetuates the ideas that women are inferior to and dependent on men or that the perspective of a woman is not as interesting or significant as that of a man

Hasty Generalization Fallacy

Drawing a conclusion based on too few or inadequate evidence

Correlative Conjunction

EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, BOTH/AND join pairs of ideas

"The Raven", "The Tell-Tale Heart"

Edgar Allen Poe

Exclammatory Sentence

Ends with "!" Shows feeling or emotion

Interjection

Expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. "Ouch!", "Zap!", "Pow!"

Conceit

Extended metaphor. Compares two things that are nothing alike.

"The Great Gatsby"

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Coordinating Conjunction

FANBOYS=for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Trochee

First syllable of a word is emphasized (PEPP-er)

"My Bondage and My Freedom"

Frederick Douglass' autobiography

Canon

Group of works that are culturally, artistically, or historically significant.

Legend

Handed down from the past, containing HISTORICAL elements and usually supernatural elements

Civil Disobedience

Henry David Thoreau

"Moby Dick"

Herman Melville

Reader Response Theory

How a reader individually interprets the text.

Mood

How the reader feels about the text while reading.

Plot: Exposition

Important background information about characters, settings, etc.

Extemporaneous

Improvised; done without preparation

Dependent Clause

Incomplete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence

Plot: Falling Action

Issues begin to be resolved

"Bridge to Terabithia"

Katherine Paterson

Plot: Inciting Incident

Kicks off the conflict. introduces the antagonist (villain)

Oral Tradition

Literature that passes by word of mouth from one generation to the next.

"The Giver"

Lois Lowry

Fireside Poets

Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell

Huckleberry Fin

Mark Twain

Escapism

Mind allows you to escape harsh conditions. Leaving city and fleeing to countryside.

Soliloquy

Monologue delivered as if no one else is present

Data Analysis

Most basic form of an informative essay that looks at Cause and Effect

"The Scarlett Letter"

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Denouement

Outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot

Phrase

Partial idea. "the large bridge", "to eat fish"

Interrogative Sentence

Questions. End in a "?"

Constructivism

Readers use prior knowledge to construct meanings

Consonance

Repetition of consonant sounds. (WhoSe woodS theSe are)

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds (shE kEEps Eating chEEse)

"The Outsiders"

S.E. Hinton

Prepositional Phrases

Set out relationships in time and space. Answer "when" and "where".

Ballad

Short narrative poem about an event that is considered important. Focuses on a situation that leads to a catastrophe.

Fable

Short tale that teaches a lesson. Features animals as humans

Dichotomous Thinking Fallacy

Simplifies a possible problem into only two possible options (Good/Evil, True/False)

Reciprocal Teaching

Students taking turns leading discussions, asking questions, sharing opinions.

Modelling

Students view a model and then attempt to apply the model to their own writing.

Semiotic Analysis

Study of an author's use of signals, signs and visual messages

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Denotation

The dictionary definition of a word

Marxist Theory

The experiences and relationships between characters is influenced by socioeconomic status

Antecedent

The noun that a pronoun replaces

Plot: Climax

The turning point!

Metacognition

Thinking about one's own thinking

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist. Wrote "Self-Reliance"

Theme

Underlying message about life or human nature that a writer wants the reader to understand

Red Herring Fallacy

Use of irrelevant material to divert attention of main points

"Oh Captain! My Captain!"

Walt Whitman

Father of American Literature

Washington Irving, Wrote Rip Van Winkle

"Thanatopsis"

William Cullen Bryant

Critical Writing

Writers form arguments to respond to debatable topics.

Drama

Writing that tells a story and is performed on stage

Modifier

a word or group of words that provides description for another word

Conjunction

a word that joins two phrases or sentences

Regionalism

an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot

Appositive Phrases

are offset with commas, further describe nouns eg: Mr. Dobbs, our teacher, is here. That car, a brand new Toyota, is what I want.

Structural Analysis

involves splitting words into their individual parts; prefix, suffix, and root word to determine meaning.

Connotation

the implied or associative meaning of a word

Anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses (It was..., It was..., It was...)

Comma splice

two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma.