Praxis Behavioral Science Section

An after-effect of these kinds of communities is

specific celebrations, symbols, and/or customs. Examples include symbols of political parties and religious celebrations such as Christmas or Hanukkah.

John James Audubon

(1785-1851) American ornithologist, or expert on birds, naturalist, and painter. He is known for his in-depth study of birds that include detailed paintings and drawings

Henry David Thoreau

(1817-1862) American writer, philosopher, and transcendentalist. He is most known for his work, "Walden," that he wrote at Walden Pond, which was owned by his mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Georgia O'Keeffe

(1887-1986) American modernist painter most well known for her large and very detailed flowers and her landscape scenes from her native New Mexico. Known as the "Mother of American Modernism."

Norman Rockwell

(1894-1978) American painter and illustrator. His work displays typical American scenes such as "Before the Shot" and representations of American culture such as "The Problem We All Live With (Ruby Bridges)."

Andy Warhol

(1928-1987) American artist most known for developing the Pop Art movement. His prints of Marilyn Monroe and Campbell's soup are very famous and he coined the phrase "15 minutes of fame."

Surrealism

A cultural and artistic movement that started in the 1920s and was influenced by Dadaism. Famous Surrealists include Salvador Dali, Frida Kahlo, and Pablo Picasso, who all sought to bring down the rational, traditional values and force new perspectives on the viewer.

American Modernism

A cultural and artistic movement that took place after World War I and through World War II. A reflection of the huge shifts in culture of the modern era. Artists and writers fled Europe and took on the American identity, and America was suddenly at the center of the art world. Includes a rejection of Enlightenment-era thinking, given the more industrialized world. Maurer, Russell, Demuth

Bias

A feeling for or against a particular race, ethnicity, age, or group, and usually not being open to the opinions of others. One of the main problems with bias is that it can interfere with making objective opinions regarding many issues and can result in perceptions that are totally inaccurate. Research says that we are sometimes immediately, sometimes unknowingly, biased against other groups to which we don't belong. assuming all English language learners are less intelligent than native English speakers

During socialization

A person learns how to follow rules, understanding consequences, and doing one's part in groups. An example is a child starting school and being socialized to the school rules.

Cultural region

A region defined by common human characteristics. For example, similar food, accents, pace of life, and expectations about manners and morals can be found throughout the southern U.S. Midwest

"Yankee Doodle"

A well-known folk song written in the mid to late 1700s. The song had many different lyrics to the same melody and was used by British forces in the Revolutionary War to taunt American soldiers. Americans began singing the song as a patriotic tune and symbol of the Revolution.

A new immigrant to the United States begins to incorporate western-style clothes into her traditional wardrobe. This is an example of: Acculturation Non-material components Cultural realm Folk culture

Acculturation: Acculturation is the type of cultural diffusion which adopts aspects of a new culture while maintaining one's home culture. Incorporating new styles of clothing is an example of acculturation.

Acculturation and Assimilation

Acculturation: the adoption of aspects of new cultures while maintaining one's home culture (mixing) Taking some of the new culture European countries adopted American trends after watching Hollywood movies. Assimilation: the individual or group replaces most of their home culture with the new culture (total change) Changing to the new culture. Immigrants moving to a new country and taking on the new culture. An example, when the Spaniards brought horses to the Americas, the Native American Sioux adopted the horse as a key part of their culture.

Transcendentalism

An American social movement that started in New England in the 1830s. The political and philosophical values of this movement were in reaction to the conformist and intellectual values of the time. Emerson and Thoreau were well-known transcendentalists who theorized that all people have the ability within themselves to know things, beyond what they can understand in an intellectual manner. They sought truth in nature and spirituality, believing divinity pervades all of nature and humanity.

Non-material components of culture

Any aspect of a culture that is not physical. For example, ideas, beliefs, values, norms

Group members

Are expected to have certain common characteristics or behaviors, called roles, as they relate to others. In families, parents have specific roles, as do children and other relatives. These behavior roles are usually regulated by norms

Cultural stereotypes

Are judgments or assumptions about individuals or groups. Many times, these stereotypical responses are made with incomplete or incorrect information. Stereotypical assumptions can be related to gender or a particular race. Example: gender roles, or Boys are better at math than girls.

Norms

As societies advance economically, socially, and politically, new challenges to cultural norms occur. Modernization provides challenges. This is especially true in the modern era where societies are becoming increasingly globalized and interconnected; the exchange of cultural information and values is as rapid now as it has ever been.

Categorical-self

Concrete descriptions, such as age, gender, size, and skills

The Roman Empire

Constructed buildings using design methods they borrowed from Greece and other conquered people. Roman architecture was influenced by the need to connect a far-flung empire. The Roman Empire gad access to a variety of materials and a large labor pool allowing them to develop complex architectural techniques. For example, they used the arch so they could build large structures with seemingly unsupported domes. The Pantheon in Rome is an example of this which still stands.

In other words

Contemporary issues influence creative expressions For example, the 1872 painting American Progress, illustrates the theme of forward progress. However, it is specific to the contemporary idea of manifest destiny. The woman is bringing technology and information westward. The American settlers are driving out wildlife and Native Americans, and the railroads are being laid westward.

Prehistoric hunting and gathering cultures affect on geographers

Created skillful, but primitive sort of art through the drawings on cave walls that depicted their everyday lives. The walls on tombs tell stories of people farming and working the fields, side by side with the animals they domesticated.

Another way to view or study a culture is through

Cultural relativity. This means that the culture is studied through its own standards, and also that all cultures are of equal value. Life in this country might be different if everyone adhered to cultural relativism.

Culture and cultural traits

Culture is composed of cultural traits, individual aspects of human activity that shape the social life of a place.These traits include daily routines and practices, food, language, art, and religion. Rituals and traditions cultures celebrate with are significant cultural traits.

Sociology

Deals with understanding how human actions and behavior are shaped by the organizations surrounding them and how group life is affected by individual behavior.

Ancient Greeks

Developed drama and comedy productions to criticize the government, Greek sculptures were so life-like they gave the feeling that they could be alive.

In moving to a new country, ELLs must adapt to a new way of life. During that process, it's common for ELLs to experience all of the following except: Assimilation Enculturation Culture shock Acculturation

Enculturation: The process of learning and adapting to one's native culture. ELLs only experience this in their native countries

Egyptians

Expressed their religious beliefs in half-animal and half-human stone works. At the time, stone was a material in great supply and resisted decay. This reflects how environment impacts culture. The great pyramids were long standing places of worship for the pharaohs.

Self-image

How you see or define yourself. These can include the concrete descriptions, but also include social roles (father) and personal traits (generous).

Group status

Influenced by a person's socialization skills and the position a person holds in a group

Ethnocentrism

Is the belief that one's own culture is better than any others. Democracy is the very best way to run a government.

"Battle Hymn of the Republic"

Julia Ward Howe wrote the lyrics to this famous American song in 1861. This song has strong ties to the Union forces in the Civil War and was written after Julia Ward Howe visited Union army camps near Washington, DC.

Cultural adaptation

Just as cultures are influenced by new people, people are influenced by new cultures. Immigrants to a new community adjust to the norms of the new culture, and adopt them as their own. Cultures change over time, especially when people from different cultures interact.

Values and norms in a culture help

Keep people in check

"Star-Spangled Banner"

National Anthem of the US. Written by Francis Scott Key during an attempted attack by the British on Baltimore during the War of 1812.

Positive and negative sanctions

Occur as a result from adhering or not adhering to social controls. Positive sanction - the approval of some activities in a society Example: getting a good education Negative sanction - the disapproval of some activity in a society Example: the abuse of prescription painkillers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of oral storytelling among families and cultures around the world? Oral traditions communicate cultural values and practices to others. Oral traditions have been marginalized and made unimportant in most cultures due to the rise of new technologies. Stories are the primary means by which cultures today interact and represent themselves with one another. Oral traditions are mostly used in religious ceremonies to further particular concepts and to discredit concepts presented by other religions.

Oral traditions communicate cultural values and practices to others. This is correct because the family unit uses storytelling to convey knowledge about culture and society.

Material components of culture

Physical items related to a culture. For example, houses and buildings, means of transportations, clothing, even eating utensils. This includes religious artifacts!

Abstract

Popular during World War II, abstract art uses color and shape to create meaning. Abstract art does not necessarily connect with the real world but can represent concrete objects, landscapes, and people. Delaunay, Kandinsky, Mondrian

Prejudice

Related to bias, typically strong, negative feelings about a person or group of people. Prejudice has sometimes been referred to as a very strong bias. Some individuals are prejudiced against people of any color other than their own.

The painting of Pocahontas best depicts which of the following historical themes? Cultural exchange Religious conversion Syncretism Colonial conquest

Religious conversion - Pocahontas was baptized as a Christian and took the name Rebecca upon her religious conversion.

Members of a sports team have shared experiences and values. This is an example of: status. secondary groups. social solidarity. social controls.

Social solidarity: is when a group/society is brought together by common values. Solidarity also transpires through common work, kinship, and/or education.

Networks

Social ties from one group or individual to another. An example is Twitter, which keeps people socially connected. Other examples could be groups based on ethnicity who share language and traits

The self

Someone's self-perception of themselves. It's influenced by the person's attributes, the society they live in, and what they think of any difference between the two.

Sociological institutions

Such as family, religious/faith communities, political structures (political parties), and education. However, the family is often considered the most basic of all other institutions. In the family, relationships are built, rules are made, and values are developed. It is necessary for all sociological institutions to provide a structure of these governing rules and standards, which are usually developed by those living in or being a part of that institution. Religious institutions such as Catholicism or Methodism.

Social conflict

The belief that disagreements will occur in societies where there are differing beliefs and values.

Cultural Foundations

The core worldview the society holds about itself, its members, and its place in the world. A society's beliefs, institutions, and ideas. This worldview is how and why cultures change. For instance, a social movement may arise in a society challenging a long held cultural belief, such as the Suffrage movement in the United States, seeking to recognize a woman's right to vote. The social movement claims a broad cultural feature and seeks to challenge long-held assumptions about that belief. The culture is then reshaped and what was once outside of the cultural norms becomes acceptable while the broader cultural foundation remains consistent.

The media can have a tremendous impact on

The development of stereotypical behaviors.

Norms

The expectations or rules. An example of some of the norms in most societies to is to refrain from stealing or harming another person.

The further apart the self-image and the ideal-self,

The harder self-actualization will be.

Diversity,

The inclusion of people from different cultures, religions, and ethnicities etc., in groups like schools, communities, and workplaces can help minimize cultural stereotypes and ethnocentrism. Many schools today are encompassed with multicultural diversity.

Social controls

The methods that are used to encourage compliance with the norms, regulations, and behaviors. These controls are based on what the group or person feels is most important, and are called values. For example, controls are used in schools to motivate students to have good grades, based on study habits and behaviors.

Sociological Structures

The organization and relationships in social institutions that guide individuals in the way they behave and interact with each other. Schools must have expected social structure in order for students to have the best opportunity to learn.

Cultural diffusion

The process by which cultural traits spread from one group to another. Culture changes as societies encounter new challenges and influences, both internal and external. For example, many new foods - like tacos or lasagna have been introduced to America as the result of immigration

Oral storytelling

The process of passing down a group's history through stories, became an important way of sharing knowledge with the next generation

Structures

The way a group is organized in regard to governing rules and standards in a society; usually developed by those living in the group or community. Rules developed by City Councils

Which of the following are characteristics of sociological institutions? Select all answers that apply. They provide a structure to help govern behavior. They are separate from political structures. They are based on what a particular culture values most. They require specific symbols or celebrations

They provide a structure to help govern behavior. Sociological institutions provide a structure of governing rules and standards for those who are part of the society. These are usually developed by those living in or being a part of that institution. They are based on what a particular culture values most. Sociological institutions are based on what the culture values most along with specific rules that help organize the culture.

Ideal-self

What you would like to be.

Social solidarity

When a group/society is brought together by common values. Solidarity also transpires through common work, kinship, or education. Religious affiliations often brings about social solidarity.

Yao is an ELL student who recently moved to the United States with his family. He adheres to the procedures and norms of his new American school, and has spent the earnings of his job at the grocery store on shoes and clothing similar to what his classmates wear. At home, he still observes the holiday traditions and religious practices of his native country. Yao's current experience is best described as: cultural relativism. assimilation. acculturation. biculturalism.

acculturation. Acculturation refers to the process of taking on some elements of a new culture while maintaining some elements of the home culture.

Ana's parents immigrated to the United States from Mexico when she was an infant. She is considered an ELL student because both English and Spanish are spoken in her home. She has grown up with very similar experiences to her peers. She participates in the same extracurricular and church activities as them and shops for food and clothing at the same stores. Ana's experience is best described as: acculturation. cultural pluralism. intragroup differences. assimilation.

assimilation. Assimilation refers to the process of taking on most or all of the cultural traits of a new culture.

In the process of studying and understanding human actions and behaviors, sociologists observe

both primary and secondary groups Primary: Those in which people have frequent and close interactions with others in the group Example: a family or a class Secondary: Those in which members have little close interaction Example: different grade levels in schools

A teacher divides his students into groups, and assigns each group to research traditional foods for a specific country. He cautions the students that while they may not find some of the foods appealing, they should refrain from judgments based on their own preferences. The teacher is encouraging: cultural relativity. prejudice. social solidarity. ethnocentrism.

cultural relativity. Cultural relativity means that the culture is studied through its own standards, rather than judged based on preferences of a different culture.

Art reflects

current events. When looking at historical art, think about what was happening at that time. How does that show up in the artwork?

Which of these represent the most common roles of traditions, storytelling, and music in communities? Select all answers that apply. defining a sense of cultural identity within the community passing knowledge and culture to future generations to define other cultures as inferior a way of establishing friendly bonds between different groups

defining a sense of cultural identity within the community. One of the roles of traditions, storytelling, and music in communities is to define a sense of cultural identity within the community. defining a sense of cultural identity within the community One of the roles of traditions, storytelling, and music in communities is to define a sense of cultural identity within the community. passing knowledge and culture to future generations One of the roles of traditions, storytelling, and music in communities is to pass knowledge and culture to future generations. One of the roles of traditions, storytelling, and music in communities is to pass knowledge and culture to future generations.

Which of the following best describes a result of cultural exchange between Greece and other ancient cultures? the spread of Hellenistic religion following the Greek defeat of lands previously under Roman control Egyptian peoples worshipping a version of the Greek god Isis Hellenistic temples containing art made with stones from pre-Columbian South America development of Asian cities following Greek city-planning patterns

development of Asian cities following Greek city-planning patterns Following his conquests in Asia, Alexander the Great left behind cities built following Greek city-planning patterns but containing Asian temples and art.

The British people's embrace of tea drinking is an example of adaptation assimilation culture diffusion

diffusion Diffusion is the process by which ideas and practices spread, including cultural norms. The British didn't drink tea until they encountered it in China.

Which of the following poses the greatest challenge to the continuation of a particular culture? innovation industrialization globalization modernization

globalization Globalization is not necessarily a threat to cultural continuation, but the increase in cultural exchange that it brings presents a challenge to cultures seeking to hold on to their cultural foundations.

Self-esteem is best understood as which of the following? how you value yourself descriptions about yourself that fit into rigid categories how you would like to be regrets over past choices you made

how you value yourself Self-esteem focuses on how you value yourself and your choices.

Self-esteem

how you value yourself and your virtueH

Which of the following tools do sociologists use to help understand human behavior and understand societal questions? Select all answers that apply. measurement observation networks socialization

measurement Sociologists use methods such as measurement to scientifically quantify information. observation Sociologists observe both primary and secondary groups to study human behavior.

The process of self-actualization requires coherence between which of the following two subcategories of self-identity? self-image and categorical self self-image and ideal self categorical self and self-esteem self-esteem and ideal self

self-image and ideal self Self-actualization is the realization of one's potential and requires coherence between self-image and ideal self.

Which of the following best describes a cultural foundation? the five common systems into which culture can be categorized the first aspect of a culture to develop the basic worldview from which cultural practices derive the universal aspects of human culture shared across societies

the basic worldview from which cultural practices derive: A cultural foundation describes the basic worldview a society or culture holds about itself and the world, and it is from this foundation that other aspects of culture emerge.

Which of the following is an example of acculturation? the purposeful decision to close off to outsiders, as in Hasidic Judaism the development of cash crops, including peanut farming in Senegal the fusion of two culinary traditions, such as Korean tacos the adoption of new technologies in traditional fields, such as the use of drones in agriculture

the fusion of two culinary traditions, such as Korean tacos Acculturation is when one culture takes on some of the customs and traits of another culture. Koreans using traditional flavors in the new form of tacos is a merging of traits through acculturation.

Diffusion is best understood as: the spread of culture, ideas, and customs. the process by which one nation takes control of another. an economic activity involving moving goods from one place to another. the movement of people from one place to another.

the spread of culture, ideas, and customs. Diffusion is the movement of culture, ideas, and customs, which often happens through trade or migration.

Which of the following is least important to the development and shaping of cultures? the geography of the region traditions written and passed down through history types of accents interactions of people and ideals

types of accents Accents can be an expression of culture, but have little impact on shaping it.