Praxis: Music: Content Knowledge: 5113

Adagio [Italian Tempo Markings]

"At Ease" from ad agio (Italian); understood to mean a slower tempo than andante, but faster than largo

Andante [Italian Tempo Markings]

"At a walking pace"; is a more ambiguous tempo that can be thought of as faster than adagio but slower than allegro

Allegro [Italian Tempo Markings]

"Lively, merry"; is generally treated as fast or moderately fast tempo

Moderato [Italian Tempo Markings]

"Moderately"; is a relative tempo designation that is faster than andante, but slower than allegro

Presto [Italian Tempo Markings]

"Very Fast"; is generally treated as a very quick tempo, much faster than allegro, and if prestissimo, then as fast as possible

Characteristics of Baroque Music that Classical Composers Rejected and Reacted Against

-In the Baroque era, music was stylistically ornate and heavily ornamented. During this period tonality was established, counterpoint was invented, and the size, range, and complexity of orchestrations was expanded. -Music innovations of the Baroque became so complex that a new aesthetic was formed in reaction against the overly embellished Baroque aesthetic. 1. Homophony replaced polyphony 2. Simplicity replaced complexity 3. Gentler sentiment replaced strong passion 4. Classical music featured a slower harmonic rhythm than the ornate Baroque that featured a linear bass line 5. Classical composers introduced stylistic contrasts within a piece 6. Classical composers emphasized a natural melody above textural complexity and wrote music with a clear phrase and period structure 7. The Baroque kept a musical piece in one affect, Classical composers introduced stylistic contracts within a piece

Arnold Schoenberg

1. (1874-1951) 2. Austrian theorist and painter 3. One of the most influential composers of his time 4. Developed 12-tone technique

Baroque Era (Elaborate On...)

1. 1600-1750 2. Influenced by the rise of rationalism in the philosophy of the time 3. Composers sought to portray emotions through objectivity rather than subjectivity, and the expression of any one piece or movement was limited to a single affect 4. Thorough bass was prominent during the Baroque era, and a Baroque ensemble would typically read music and improvise on a figured bass, aka continuo. 5. Ornamentation was used heavily in the Baroque period and consisted of embellished notes of a musical line 6. These included trills, mordents, and grace notes that were rarely written out but instead were improvised by the performers

List the movements in Symphonic Form, and the characteristics of each of the movements

1. 1st Movement - Fast; Sonata Allegro form (Expo, Dev, Recap) 2. 2nd Movement - Slow; ABA pattern or Theme and Variations 3. 3rd Movement - Dance form; Minuet and Trio or Scherzo 4. 4th Movement - Fast; Rondo or Sonata Rondo (ABACADA...)

Kabuki (Elaborate On...)

1. A Japanese theater form stemming from the Edo period of the 1600s that was originally performed by females, but is now performed by males as well 2. Kesho, the kabuki makeup, is a hallmark of the art form in which a white oshiroi base is decorated w/ boldly colored kumadori to produce exaggerated and dramatic masks 3. There are 3 types of Kabuki: jidai-mono, sewa-mono, and shosagoto 4. The form of a kabuki play generally contains four parts: a. The first part is called the deha, and includes two sections that introduce the mood and ithe characters (oki and michiyuki) b. The second part called the chuha includes two sections that build the plot emotionally and climactically (kudoki and monogatari) c. The third part called the odoriji is a dance component d. The fourth part called the iriha includes both the musical finale and the end of the plot (chirashi and dangire)

Repertoire International des Sources Musicales Online

1. A musical database founded in Paris in 1952. 2. Largest non-profit organization of its kind, and operates internationally to document musical sources from around the world. 3. RISM publications are divided into 3 series a. Series A is arranged by composer and includes printed music and music manuscripts b. Series B is arranged by topic, such as ancient Greek music theory or manuscripts in lute tablature c. Series C is an index of music libraries, private collections, and of over 380,000 manuscripts by over 18,000 composers, theorists, and librettists after 1600.

Djembe (Elaborate on...)

1. A rope-tuned, skin-covered drum dating back to the Mali Empire around 1230 AD that can produce a variety of pitches through different hand-striking techniques and drum positions 2. Typically made of hollowed-out wood, it yields a large sound relative to its size and has been used for speech-like communication 3. Up until the 1950s, it was only known in its local West African ethnic groups, but has since become popular in Western culture as well 4. In a traditional African ensemble, multiple drums are used, including a lead djembe and another dunun 5. Drummers repeat various rhythmic figures resulting in polyrhythms, while the lead djembe accentuates dancers movements and improvises over the rest of the drumming ensemble 6. Musicians and singers typically form a circle w/ the dancers on the inside

Scale Degrees

1. A scale degree is an assigned number to the sequential notes of any major or minor scale 2. Since the Western tonal language is transposable in all keys, this systematic approach to music theory aids comprehensive musical analysis 3. The pitches of any major or minor scale are numbered 1-7, usually indicated in upper-case Roman numerals for major harmonies and lower-case Roman numerals for minor harmonies, as follows: I,ii,iii,IV,V,vi and vii°. 4. Each scale degree is given a label so that I is the tonic, II is the supertonic, III is the mediant, IV is the subdominant, V is the dominant, VI is the submediant, and VII is the leading tone or subtonic 5. The scale degrees in Western tonal music function similarly in the diatonic scale, and conventions can be generalized, such as the stable importance of the tonic or the tendency for the leading tone to progress to the tonic

Mambo

1. A song and dance genre of music that stems from Afro-Cuban movement of the 1940s 2. The form developed in Cuba w/ influences from Mexico and the USA, as well as those from European dances and African rhythms 3. The genre soon became popular in Latin America and crossed over to the United States, where the mambo dance became a ballroom staple, especially in NYC. 4. Performed by an ensemble that usually consists of double bass, bongo, tumbadora, trumpets, guitar, and voices 5. The rhythms are moderate to fast, and features distinctive riffs for the rhythm section and brass instruments 6. Cowbells often play strong syncopation's over the second beat in a mambo ostinato, while the conga drum varies struck tones through unaccented strokes, strongly accented strokes, and open tones

Neoclassical Movement (Elaborate on...)

1. A trend in the 20th century that emerged as a reaction to the emotionalism of the late Romantic era, and the abandonment of tonality in the early 20th century. 2. Neoclassical movement composers sought a return to the order, restraint, clarity, and formal balance of the music of the 18th century. 3. Usually featured restraint, lighter texture, objectivity, a transparent melodic line, and a call to music of the past

List the Two Sub-Genres of Latin Jazz [Latin Jazz]

1. Afro-Cuban Jazz 2. Afro-Brazilian Jazz

Describe the 12-Tone Technique?

1. All 12 pitches of the chromatic are treated as equal 2. The conventions of traditional tonality are rejected 3. The 12 pitches are ordered into a series that becomes the basic structure for the composition. 4. The pitches can be in any range or duration, but they must be introduced in the composition in that order 5. Broke away from the traditional tonality of the 20th century, and abandoned any hint of tonal center

Contrary Motion, Parallel Motion, Similar Motion, and Oblique Motion

1. All refer to the simultaneous movement of two or more musical lines 2. Terms can describe both vocal and instrumental musical lines moving in parts at the same time

Traditional African Music (Elaborate On...)

1. Although the continent of Africa holds a great variety of musical expressions, traditions, and instruments among its different regions, certain musical elements remain uniquely African 2. The Call and response form that has so heavily influenced other modern musical genres has been a central feature of African music for centuries 3. Also distinctive is the use of polyrhythms, syncopation, and offbeat phrasing in rhythmic patterns of the area 4. Much of African music uses a cyclic form in which musicians can begin at any part of the cycle and frequently improvise over the form 5. Instruments that jingle, buzz, or rattle are also popular in African cultures; exampes include the mbira, the dagbamba, and xylophones, lutes, and harps that have been manipulated to buzz, jingle, or rattle when played

List central figures in the Bossa Nova Movement (6)

1. Antonio Carlos Jobim 2. Joao Gilberto 3. Vinicius de Moraes 4. Sergio Mendes 5. Roberto Menescal 6. Nara Leao

Basic Elements of Conducting Technique [Conducting]

1. At the most basic level, the conductor indicates the tempo and the meter; the conductor must have a clear beat pattern that indicates not only a steady tempo, but also the meter of the music 2. The conductor must also indicates preparatory beats for certain sectional or instrumental entrances as well as releases at the end of a section or phrase 3. Conductors must also indicate fermatas, changes in tempo, and dynamics 4. The conductor must actively listen to balance between sections and present the right cues to maintain dynamics and the proper balance 5. Other essential elements of conducting technique include style-specific musical interpretation, the role of the free hand, and score study

List instruments typically used in Appalachian music (8)

1. Banjo 2. Mandolin 3. Guitar 4. Autoharp 5. American Fiddle 6. Fretted Dulcimer 7. Dobros 8. Dulcimer

Impact of Valved Horns and Trumpets (Elaborate On...)

1. Before the 19th century, horns had a range limited to the notes of the overtone series and to crooks or hand-stopping techniques that changed the pitch of the instrument. 2. Invention of the valved horn and keys for the modern trumpet allowed players to play chromatically throughout their entire range. 3. Composers began to incorporate more brass into their orchestral writing and, as a result, brass instruments became essential instruments in any orchestra with leading parts and solos. 4. The orchestral sound of the 19th century increased substantially in power and capacity, and composers such as Wagner, Strauss, Stravinsky, and Mahler became known for their tremendously large orchestrations and vast scope of sound

Minimalist Movement (Elaborate On...)

1. Began as a compositional movement in the late 1960s, as a reaction to the traditional goal-oriented, narrative, and representational music of the previous centuries. 2. An extension of experimental music 3. Often features compositional techniques that emphasize the process of music rather than motion towards a goal 4. Composers sought to create music that uses a minimal amount of notes, minimal instruments, and minimal focus points, so that the music could become more a wall of sound than a goal-oriented mission. 5. Tends to have constant harmony, perpetually repeated patterns or drones, interlocking rhythmic phrases and rhythms, and gradual transformation 6. Form tends to be continuous without well-defined separate sections 7. Notes may be added to a repeating pattern slowly so that the resulting effect of music becomes somewhat hypnotic

Binary vs. Rounded Binary Form

1. Binary form refers to the structure of a musical composition with regard to thematic, tonal, dynamic, and textural structure 2. Binary form consists of two main sections, both repeated. 3. The first section, A, presents the home key (tonic) of the composition 4. The Second section, A', is often labeled B, but is more precisely a modified version of A; the musical material of A' is often in the dominant key if the tonic was major, or in the relative major key if the tonic was minor 5. Simple binary form is considered to be open form, as neither A nor A' can exist independently 6. In rounded binary form, there is a return to the original thematic material of A. 7. Rounded binary can be represented as ABA or AA'A.

List famous Blues musicians (10)

1. Blind Lemon Jefferson 2. Charley Patton 3. Blind Blake 4. Blind Willie McTell 5. Leadbelly 6. Bukka White 7. Big Bill Broonzy 8. Muddy Water 9. B.B. King 10. T-Bone Walker

Choral Balance vs. Choral Blend

1. Both are essential elements of a successful and aurally satisfactory choral performance 2. Both refer to the collective sound provided from the group of singers 3. For a chorus to be balanced, there should be an equal level of sound coming from all ranges of voices. 4. "Top-Heavy" indicates an overabundance of soprano or alto sound 5. "Bottom-Heavy'" indicates an overabundance of tenor or bass sound 6. Choral Blend refers to the uniformity of vowel formation and tone among the singers. 7. Uniform choral blend is achieved by each individual singers' diligence to the same standard of tone production and blend w/n the entire chorus

Concert Band Instruments vs. Symphonic Band Instruments

1. Both include the brass family, the woodwind family, and the percussion family, as well as a wide variety of timbres, colors, and ranges 2. The Concert Band focuses on popular music and orchestral transcriptions 3. The Symphonic Band is more comparable to a symphonic orchestra in range 4. Concert Band typically has 40-50 performers 5. Symphonic Band typically has 90-120 performers

Classical Singing Timbre vs. Popular Music Timbre

1. Both vocal traditions strive to create a beautiful sound through singing, however the different traditions have many different vocal techniques 2. In Classical Singing: the mouth cavity is trained to have a high palate as in a yawn to create an open, formal sound. 3. In Classical Singing: Encouraged to use a rich, wide vibrato to add to the color of the singing tone 4. In Classical Singing: Focus on producing pure vowel tones and clear consonants 5. In Popular Singing: there is much more flexibility in the shape of the mouth, and many singers use both high and low palates to manipulate the different vocal sounds 6. In Popular Singing: Use less vibrato in their songs 7. In Popular Singing: Use a variety of sounds, timbres, and techniques such as the rasp, growl, and edge, to achieve emotional range

Waltz vs. Mazurka

1. Both were important European dances of the Romantic era and became popular compositional forms in the 1800s 2. Waltz originated in Southern Germany and Austria 3. Mazurka originated in the province of Mazovia in Poland 4. Both feature triple time; however, the waltz places emphasis on the downbeat while the mazurka places emphasis on either the second or third beat. 5. Both usually consisted of two or four repeated 8-measure sections; however, the waltz eventually evolved to become a longer complex work w/n art music sections and included an introduction as well as a coda 6. Waltz usually held a faster tempo w/ an elegant style, but stylistic variation among mazurkas was common 7. Obertas were livelier and more jovial versions; kujawiak were slower and more melancholic forms of the mazurka, while the conventional mazurka typically featured an intense, militant aesthetic

Describe characteristics of Wagner's 'Tristan und Isolde,' and why it's an important work

1. Brought a major change to the harmonic language of the past and signaled a new era of modern compositional techniques 2. Chromaticism plays a prominent role in the dissolution of typical harmonic expectation 3. Work the 'Tristian Chord' (a leitmotif the main character uses) is from, which reveals a functionally ambiguous tritone chord (f-b-d#'-g#') 4. Instead of resolving progresses to another equally chromatic and dissonant tritone chord. 5. Paved the way to the modern collapse of traditional tonal writing and to the advent of experimental, atonal compositions of the twentieth century

Wagner's Tristan und Isolde (its compositional techniques) paved the way for the experimental, atonal compositions of what composers (3)?

1. Bruckner 2. Mahler 3. Schoenberg

Opera Seria vs. Opera Buffa

1. By the end of the 17th century, opera as a musical form was widely accepted 2. Two genres appeared as the philosophical focus as the new century turned its attention to the Enlightenment 3. Thinkers and composers of the Enlightenment held that opera should reflect ancient Greek values such as clarity and unity, structure, and propriety; the Opera Seria that arose during this time focused on tragic and serious subjects that were historical rather than mythical 4. Opera Seria: The structure, number of singers, and plot line were structured so that the action usually took place in three acts of alternating arias and recitatives, and the number of characters usually numbered six or seven, with two to four main characters. 5. Opera Buffa: Focused on humorous and light-hearted elements. There was often a wide range of characters, and spoken dialogue replaced recitative. The form was less structured and often featured prominent orchestral and instrumental parts. Music tended to be faster and helped portray comic elements of the plot line, such as laughter and sneezing

Types of Dissonance found in Tonal Counterpoint

1. Careful regulations have been made to avoid dissonances; however, certain types of dissonances are allowed, in the form of voice-leading treatments 2. If an anticipation tone is dissonant yet unaccented, it is allowed if it is then directly reharmonized 3. Dissonance is also allowed in the cambiata, a figure that moves down a second to a dissonant pitch, down another third to a consonant pitch, then up a second that can be dissonant or consonant 4. Another form of allowable dissonance is the appoggiatura, in which there is a leap to a dissonance followed by a descending step. 5. Also allowed is a suspension, in which a dissonance tone sounds on a downbeat and is then resolved downward by step 6. A passing tone moves in a stepwise motion through two consonant tones. 7. A neighbor tone also moves in a stepwise motion but returns to the original consonant tone 8. An escape tone is a dissonant note that is approached by step and resolved by a leap in the opposite direction

List some Western Composers whose works used Tone Clusters (7)

1. Charles Ives 2. Bela Bartok 3. Lou Harrison 4. Henry Cowell 5. Oliver Messiaen 6. Karlheinz Stockhausen 7. George Crumb

List famous tunes from the Bossa Nova Movement (6)

1. Chega de Saudade 2. Girl from Ipanema 3. Desafinado 4. Corcovado 5. Aguas de Marco 6. Mas Que Nada

List famous composers of the Baroque Era (11)

1. Claudio Monteverdi 2. Girolamo Frescobaldi 3. Arcangelo Corelli 4. Antonio Vivaldi 5. Domenico Scarlatti 6. Francois Couperin 7. Jean-Phillippe Rameau 8. Georg Phillipp Telemann 9. G.F. Handel 10. J.S. Bach 11. Henry Purcell

Hemiola

1. Comes from the Greek meaning "one and a half," aka the ratio of three to two. 2. Its use in ancient Greek and Latin musical theory referred to the interval of the fifth, as the fifth is made up of two strings with lengths 3:2. 3. The term hemiola also refers to the rhythm of three notes in a space that usually only has two notes, whether in succession or simultaneously. 4. Horizontal hemiola, or a hemiola in succession, refers to a change of note values where, for example, three half notes follow a measure of two dotted half notes in 6/4 meter 5. Vertical hemiola, or a hemiola that occurs simultaneously, refers to a rhythmic syncopation where, for example, three quarter notes play over two dotted quarter notes in 6/8 meter 6. Music theorists prefer to use the Latin term sesquialtera in cases of vertical hemiola as a more accurate representation of the three-against-two rhythm

Half Cadence

1. Defined as any harmony progressing to a dominant harmony 2. The proceeding harmony can be the tonic, subdominant, supertonic, or any other harmony 3. A common half cadence is the tonic in second inversion resolving to the dominant, as noted I6/4 --V in Western tonal theory 4. This particular half cadence is known as the cadential tonic six-four, and shares the bass note from the six-four chord with the resulting dominant chord 5. Oftentimes, the cadential tonic six-four progression occurs at the end of the first section in a two-part or binary piece of music 6. Other types of half cadences include the Phrygian half cadence, in which a first inversion subdominant chord proceeds to the dominant similarly in the Phrygian mode, and the Lydian half cadence, in which a first inversion subdominant chord is raised by a half step and then resolved to the dominant

Deceptive Cadence

1. Defined as the dominant-sounding harmony progressing to a harmony that defies the expected tonic harmony, most commonly the submediant harmony. 2. The leading tone of the dominant resolves to the tonic of the key, but the tonic pitch acts as either the third or fifth of the chord, instead of the root. 3. The dominant chord in deceptive cadences can progress to the submediant harmony, notated as V-VI or V-vi, or to the subdominant harmony, notated as V-IV or V-iv 4. The deceptive cadence is an important compositional tool in avoiding an ending, and is useful not only in delaying or prolonging an ending, but also in transitioning to another structural section of music 5. This cadence is considered to be a weak cadence, as there is little to no sense of resolution in the music 6. Another name for the deceptive cadence is the interrupted cadence

List the four parts of the Kabuki Play, and their subsections

1. Deha (Oki & Michiyuki) 2. Chuha (Kudoki & Monogatari) 3. Odoriji 4. Iriha (Chirashi & Dangire)

Circle of Fifths

1. Describes the relationship and pattern of major and minor keys from one to the next as they move up or down in fifths. 2. Moving up a fifth from C becomes G; moving up a fifth from G becomes D; and moving up a fifth from D becomes A, etc. 3. The circle of fifths is modeled so that eventually, with enharmonic naming, it goes through all 12 keys back to C. 4. As each key moves along the circle, a sharp or flat is added depending on the direction of the circle

Use of dialogue in African musical form and rhythm

1. Dialogue, aka call and response, is an important and unique feature of African musical expression 2. W/n musical aesthetics, dialogue occurs when a musical line "responds" to a previous musical line; this response can come from a different musician, instrument, group, or register w/n a solo performer 3. A vocal or instrumental leader might make a call, and another musician or group of musicians might respond w/ a musical interjection so that phrases are exchanged between the two groups 4. Solo performers can also have a musical dialogue through musical or extra-musical interjections such as whistles, percussive sounds, or other alternating musical phrases 5. The call and response form has been influential African musical element that can be seen in the music of blues, jazz, hip-hop,rock, and gospel

Characteristics of Music in the Medieval Era

1. Dominated by vocal music of two separate genres (Sacred and Secular). 2. Sacred music included Gregorian Chant and Masses 3. Secular music included music for dance and entertainment, such as that of the troubadours and trouveres. 4. Sacred music evolved with the development of organum (an early form of polyphony) 5. Masses were an important religious ritual and featured non-imitative polyphony 6. Most important form of Medieval polyphony was the motet 7. By the end of the Middle Ages, secular music became the driving force of musical development, and the music of troubadours and trouveres saw drone accompaniment and had regular meter, syncopations, polyphony, and harmony.

List some examples of Romantic-period Program Music (4)

1. Don Quixote by Richard Strauss 2. Danse Macabre by Camille Saint-Saens 3. Symphonie Fantastique by Hector Berlioz 4. The Sorcerer's Apprentice by Paul Dukas

Producing Dynamic Changes in Brass Instruments

1. Dynamics are a product of the volume of air moving through the instrument, aka velocity 2. Careful attention must be placed on lip technique when performing dynamic changes, due to the interaction of embouchure and the breath. 3. The tendency of a pitch when moving in the direction of piano to forte, if the embouchure remains steady, is for the pitch to bend sharp, or even to move to the next pitch "shelf" due to the increase in velocity 4. The opposite is true, at lower dynamic ranges, the player must decrease airflow velocity, which required additional support through the diaphragm as well as a tighter embouchure, or else the pitch will fall flat

Early Broadway songwriters and American musical theater

1. First Broadway songwriters of the 1920s included Berlin, Kern, Gershwins, Arlen, Hammerstein, Rodgers, and Porter 2. American musical theater of the early 20th century was intricately tied to the New York music industry called Tin Pan Alley, a geographical location where musicians and composers came together to create popular new songs for the working class as a reaction against upper-class parlor music 3. The style borrowed heavily from the jazz scene as well as African-American sounds and themes 4. The success of Tin Pan Alley songs depended on large-scale production and stage shows on Broadway, and the first Broadway shows were loosely related singing, dancing, and vaudeville music from Tin Pan Alley 5. Historians mark Show Boat (1927) by Kern and Hammerstein as the first full0fledged Broadway musical w/ a complete beginning-to-end plot

Key Musical Elements of a Unified Ensemble Performance

1. For a musical ensemble performance to be unified, key musical elements such as tuning, balance, phrasing, articulation, and cut-offs must be unified. 2. Tuning must be well matched, or else the sound of an out-of-tune ensemble member will noticeably intrude 3. The sound intensity of all the parts must be balanced for a clear melody and support accompaniment to be effective 4. Phrasing is another important musical element, and if each musician is not phrasing melodies in the same manner, then there is no cohesion in the musical performance. 5. Articulation must also be handled in the same way 6. If the musicians of an ensemble do not have a simultaneous onset or cutoff of the sound, then the disunity of sound becomes jarringly evident

Relative Minor vs. Parallel Minor

1. For any diatonic major scale, there exists a relative minor and parallel minor of that scale 2. The relative minor scale shares the same key signature as the major scale 3. The parallel minor scale shares only the same tonic pitch 4. Both the relative minor and the parallel minor scales are frequently used as common keys to modulate to within a composition

List famous Oratorios (3)

1. G.F. Handel's 'Messiah' 2. Joseph Haydn's 'Creation' 3. Felix Mendelssohn's 'Elijah'

Classic Greek Tragedy (Elaborate On...)

1. Hold an important influence on the modern opera and theater of today 2. Many of the initial developments of modern opera/theater were based on the classic form 3. Elements include: plot, character, thought, diction, melody, and spectacle 4. In a classic Greek Tragedy the hero often has a goal but encounters limits through human frailty, the gods, or nature, and usually encounters suffering. 5. The characters must show essential qualities or morals that remain consistent throughout the plot. 6. Thought often displayed to drive the plot line and reveal key plot elements of tragedy. 7. Diction clear and serves the lines of the tragedy as one of the most important elements of tragedy 8. Melody is subservient to words, an accessory 9. Spectacle refers to the setting of the drama and, like melody, is an accessory

West African Musical Traditions (Elaborate On...)

1. Holds several local musical traditions such as those used in practice singing, various ceremonies, work activities, and national identities. 2. Court musicians were responsible for continuing the oral tradition through singing and performing several instruments such as the lute, long trumpet, fiddle, and drum 3. Drum ensembles in south Ghana frequently use bell patterns, but those in Senegal, Niger, and other parts of Ghana use the talking drum, one of the oldest instruments in West Africa 4. Music plays an important role in birth, adulthood initiations, marriages, and death through singing, drumming, and dancing. 5. During ceremonies, professional musicians perform special music to induce trance, possession, or direct communication w/ spirits 6. Praise singing emerged in the 20th century through the Ghanian musical genre called highlife, which incorporates guitar playing w/ traditional Akan music

Imperfect and Perfect Cadences

1. Imperfect and Perfect apply to the authentic and plagal cadences 2. An authentic or plagal cadence classifies as perfect if both of the chords are in root position and the tonic pitch sounds in the highest voice 2. An authentic or plagal cadence classifies as imperfect if either of the chords are in an inversion and/or the tonic pitch does not sound in the highest voice

Natural, Melodic, and Harmonic Minors

1. In Western tonal theory, the minor scale is the following pattern of whole and half steps: w-h-w-w-h-w-w 2. The minor scale is similar to the Aeolian mode of the Renaissance era. 3. The minor scale without alterations is termed the natural minor scale, or the pure minor scale 4. If the minor scale is altered so that the seventh note of the scale is raised by a half step, then it is termed the harmonic minor scale. 5. If the minor scale is altered so that both the sixth and seventh notes of the scale are raised by half step in ascending motion, and lowered to the natural minor in descending motion, then the scale is termed melodic minor scale 6. These patterns can be applied to any of the 12 pitches to produce the natural, melodic, and harmonic minor scales

Compound vs. Simple Meters

1. In both, the numbers in the meter refer to the subdivision of beats within a musical measure 2. The number on top, aka the numerator, specifies the number of pulses or beats in a measure 3. The number on bottom, aka the denominator, specifies which note-value gets a pulse 4. Simple meters cannot be divided into smaller groups 5. Compound meters can have the number of pulses subdivided into groups of thre

Classically Trained Voice

1. In singing, there are three general registers: a. For Men: Chest, Head, & Falsetto b. For Women: Chest, Middle, & Head 2. Chest Register: Refers to the lower ranges of the voices, and are said to have a heavier tonal quality similar to that of the natural talking voice 3. Head/Middle Voice: Refers to the upper ranges of the voice, and is said to have a lighter tonal quality that is not falsetto 4. Falsetto/Head Voice: Refers to the highest ranges of the voice above the normal speaking voice and is said to have a breathy, fairy tonal quality that lacks a lot of overtones

Classical Orchestra Instrument Families

1. In the Classical era, music became highly homophonic with a focus on melody and accompaniment textural form. 2. To accommodate for the change in compositional form, the Classical orchestra shifted the way it used certain instrument families 3. In the Baroque era, strings in winds were often doubled to play certain lines 4. With the advent of melodic authority, first violins were now the dominant string section while the lower strings became the supporting background harmonically and rhythmically 5. Wind parts were simplified from the Baroque contrapuntal lines and were now supporting background harmonies as well 6. As the Classical era progressed, Mozart eventually restored the wind section's melodic role w/n the orchestra. 7. During the Classical era, the bassoon became increasingly independent, as opposed to the previous Baroque setting of the bassoon as part of the bass line 8. Brass also began to be used in a greater independent capacity during the Classical period

Impressionist Movement

1. Influenced by the Synonymous movement in visuals arts 2. French Composer Claude Debussy developed a musical equivalent in which sound defied strict harmonic rules and soft instrumental colors focused on constant movement without distinct sectional borders, giving the audience a similar effect as in Impressionist art of a general experience rather than one that draws attention to specific details 3. Melodies tended to center around a single pitch without much climax

Australian Aboriginal Musical Instruments [Australian Aboriginal Music]

1. Instruments include the Didgeridoo, the Bull-Roarer, and the Gum Leaf. 2. Didgeridoo: Most well known of the Aboriginal instruments, consists of a simple wooden tube that is slightly flared at the end. Didgeridoo musicians buzz their lips similarly to trumpet players but w/o a mouthpiece. The sound produced is likened to a low-pitched drone and is often used to accompany songs or traditional stories 3. Bull-Roarer: Consists of a simple wooden slat connected to the end of a length of cord. The sound is produced when the cord is wound and the bull-roarer is whirled in a circular motion. The aerodynamics of this instrument creates a pulsing, low-pitched roar. 4. Gum-Leaf: A more primitive Aboriginal instrument, yet still plays an important role in the culture and tradition of native Austrailians. Musicians use the leaf of the Eucalyptus tree, held taut against the lip, as a simple wind valve for the mouth. Skilled players can easily play tunes using the same technique as whistling

Interval Types

1. Intervals measure the semitones, or half-steps, between any two tones in Western music theory 2. Additional information can be applied through five descriptive adjectives: Perfect, Major, Minor, Diminished, and Augmented 3. A Perfect Interval only refers to the unison, fourth, fifth, and octave. 4. When any perfect interval is lowered by a half-step, it becomes a diminished interval 5. When any perfect interval is raised by a half-step, it becomes an augmented interval 6. Major intervals refer to the second, third, sixth, and seventh intervals 7. Major intervals occur in a diatonic major scale and measure the relationships between those two pitches. 8. When any major interval is lowered by a half-step, it becomes a minor interval. 9. When any minor interval is lowered by a half-step, it becomes a diminished interval. 10. When any major interval is raised by a half-step, it becomes an augmented interval

List the first Broadway songwriters of the 1920s (7)

1. Irving Berlin 2. Jerome Kern 3. the Gershwins 4. Harold Arlen 5. Oscar Hammerstein 6. Richard Rodgers 7. Cole Porter

Plagal Cadence

1. Is defined as the subdominant sounding harmony resolving to the tonic harmony, notated IV-I or iv-i in Western tonal theory 2.Since there is the absence of a leading tone resolution in a plagal cadence, it is not considered as final or as strong of a cadence as the authentic cadence 3. Oftentimes, the plagal cadence is found as an extension of an authentic cadence, embellishing the final tonic through the neighboring notes of the third and fourth scale degrees, and of the fifth and sixth scale degrees 4. The plagal cadence is a common ending to many Protestant hymns, and is also known as the amen cadence, as the cadence is set to the word amen. 5. The plagal cadence is so closely associated with Protestant hymns that some composers have used IV-I progression as an allusion to its sacred usage

Periodical Databases (List) (4)

1. JSTOR (Holds 32 Scholarly journals dedicated to music. Includes Early Music History, Music Analysis, The Musical Quarterly, Perspectives of New Music, and The Journal of Musicology) 2. The Music Index Online (Source for Music periodicals and literature from 1973-present. Over 655 international music journals) 3. International Index of Music Periodicals (Indexes over 425 scholarly and popular music periodicals. Includes International Journal of Music Education, Ethnomusicology, Jazz Education Journal, Rock and Rap Confidential, and Rolling Stone) 4. RIPM (Retrospective Index to Music Periodicals; provides a valuable resource for scholarly writing on music history and culture)

List famous Operas (6)

1. Jacopo Peri's 'Daphne' 2. Gioacchino Rossini's 'Barber of Seville' 3. Giacomo Puccini's 'Madame Butterfly' 4. W.A. Mozart's 'The Marriage of Figaro' 5. Guiseppe Verdi's 'La Traviata' 5. George Bizet's 'Carmen'

Describe the three types of Kabuki

1. Jidai-mono: Historical plays 2. Sewa-mono: Domestic theater dramas 3. Shosagoto: Dance Pieces

List representative composers of the Viennese Waltz (7)

1. Joseph Lanner 2. Johann Strauss 3. Franz Schubert 4. Frederic Chopin 5. Franza Liszt 6. Johannes Brahms 7. Pyotr Tchaikovsky

Classical Sonata Form (Elaborate On...)

1. Key compositional structure since the Classical era 2. Usually referring to a convention within a single movement of a sonata or symphony 3. Form features 3 main sections: Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation 4. Exposition - Melodic and harmonic themes of the movement are usually introduced 5. Initial first subject is introduced in the tonic key, the second subject is usually in the dominant or relative minor key. 6. Typically a bridge or short transition connects the first and second subjects. 7. Development - Thematic material from the Exposition is altered, modified, and transformed through mood, key, and modulations. Introduces tension that demands resolution, and builds until the beginning of the Recapitulation 8. Recapitulation - Tonal balance is reinstated with a shorted version of the initial subject and the second subject, this time in the tonic key instead of the dominant or relative minor. 9. A coda may round out the sonata at the end

The Ordinary includes six sections, list them in order... [Musical Importance of the Mass]

1. Kyrie 2. Gloria 3. Credo 4. Sanctus 5. Benedictus 6. Agnus Dei

List famous Latin Jazz musicians (7)

1. Mario Bauza 2. Luciano Pozo 3. Frank Grillo 4. W.C. Handy 5. Dizzy Gillespie 6. Antonio Carlos Jobim 7. Joao Gilberto

List Composers who were influenced/impacted by Schoenberg's 12-Tone Technique of composition (8)

1. Milton Babbit 2. Pierre Boulez 3. Charles Wuorinen 4. Anton Webern 5. Karlheinz Stockhausen 6. Alban Berg 7. Luigi Nono 8. Roger Sessions

Monophony, Homophony, Polyphony, and Heterophony

1. Monophony- refers to the texture of any music that is made up of a single melodic line. Can be performed by a solo musician or group of musicians ex: Plainchant, Minnesinger, Meistersinger, and Troubador music 2. Homophony- refers to the texture of any music that is made up of a main melodic line over a supporting accompaniment ex: rock, pop, country, jazz 3. Polyphony- refers to the texture of any music that is made up of many equally important melodic lines ex: much Renaissance and Baroque music 4. Heterophony- refers to the texture of any music that is made up of multiple improvised interpretations of the same melody played at the same time ex: Mostly occurs in non-Western cultures such as those of East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East

Pre-Colombian indigenous musical culture of South America

1. Most of the Pre-Colombian indigenous musical culture of South America known today revolves around the Inca of Peru and the Aztecs of central Mexico 2. The Spanish conquerors of the 16th century recorded the role of music in these highly developed civilizations that produced public ceremonies, professional musicians, and musician-specific educational institutions 3. Aztec and Inca rulers employed musicians who were responsible for new compositions and performances of large repertoires 4. Standards of performance were held high, and a mistake in a ceremonial performance or dance could mean death 5. Since no evidence has been found of a Pre-Colombian musical notation, little is known about the actual sound and style of their music. 6. However, evidence of Aztec and Inca instruments reveals those such as the huehuetl and teponaztli types of drums, gourd rattles, flutes and panpipes, clay jingles, wood and conch shell trumpets, bone rasps, and ocarinas

Middle Eastern Maqam system of Melodic Organization

1. Most resembles the Western mode but is distinctively confined to the lower tetra-chord 2. More than 30 different maqamat, and each defines the melodic contour, pitches, and hierarchial development of the scale 3. Not even-tempered as in Western music, as fifth notes are tuned based on the third harmonic; additionally, each of the remaining notes may be tuned differently depending on which maqam is being used 4. Musicians frequently compose and improvise over a single maqam but may also modulate to others before returning 5. Since the nature of Middle Eastern maqam contains numerous subtle microtonal variations, music of the region is mostly melodic and is rarely ever harmonic

Nineteenth-Century Debate over Program Music and Absolute Music

1. Music philosophers debated the value of program music vs. absolute music 2. Programmatic Music (music that represented non-musical images or ideas) flourished in the Romantic Era 3. Absolute Music (instrumental music that existed apart from extra-musical references, able to move audiences solely on the purity of the music itself) 4. Proponents of Programmatic Music argued that music alone could not express anything, and that music needed associations for audiences to fully grasp musical expression

Role of Music in Australian Aboriginal Culture [Australian Aboriginal Music]

1. Music played a key role in Australian Aboriginal culture through storytelling, preserving history, and leading ceremonies 2. Since there was no formal system of writing, the Aborigines held a strong oral tradition; records were passed down through generations via song and dance 3. The Aborigines believed that all music comes from the spiritual realm, and new songs were discovered through visions and dreams 4. Music played an integral role in Aboriginal daily life, and children were encouraged at an early age to sing and dance while doing everyday tasks. 5. The Aborigines had songs that recorded family histories, geographies of the land, rules, and customs 6. The Aborigines also had secular gossip songs about controversies and relationships. 7. Ceremonial music played an important role in the various spiritual ceremonies, whether to invoke ancestral beings or to purify items of the deceased

Organum (Elaborate On...)

1. One of the earliest forms of polyphony 2. Appeared in the medieval period 3. Based on a cantus firmus 4. Began as improvised voices that duplicated the original melody 5. Organum types included parallel voices at the octave and parallel voices at the fifth below 6. Composers adjusted the lines to avoid tritones as necessary 7. Expanded to include contrary and oblique motion, as well as free or florid organum in which the tenor chant held notes and upper voices decorated the tenor with phrases of varying length 8. In the 12th century, the development of the discant in organum moved the compositional techniques further towards polyphony as voices became increasingly complex and independent 9. By the 13th century, the motet had replaced organum as a major polyphonic genre

Musical Importance of the Mass

1. One of the most important services of the Roman Catholic Church 2. Driving force of musical development in Medieval and Renaissance eras 3. The liturgy of the Ordinary was most often set to music 4. Musical advancements applied to the composition of the mass 5. By Renaissance Era: Polyphony common, Musical notation refined, Complete Masses written by single composer. 6. As a large scale form, it appeared in many composers oeuvre 7. Genre declined in 20th century, but is still set in new musical settings 8. Ordinary (6 Sections): Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei

Operas vs. Oratorios

1. Opera began as an art form in the late 16th century and consisted of a staged dramatic work w/ singers and orchestra. 2. Oratorios began as an art form in the 17th century and became popular in part because of the success of opera and b/c of religious bans on secular operas during Lent 3. Both are large-scale musical works that feature dramatic, musical, and narrative elements 4. Both utilize solo vocalists, chorus, ensembles, and orchestras 5. Opera is usually theatrically staged, Oratorio is not 6. Oratorio usually centers on a religious or ethical subject, Opera usually centers on historical, mythological, or other secular plot lines

Early Jazz Music

1. Originated from a wide variety of cultural, social, and instrumental influences from the 1890s through the 1910s. 2. New Orleans jazz was one of the earliest forms of jazz music and borrowed from the music of black and creole musicians; it featured frequent interplay between instruments, improvisations, and syncopated march rhythms 3. Early jazz music, as well as blues music, was heavily influenced by the black church through improvisation, storytelling, call and response, vocal inflections, and the blues progression 4. Early jazz music also borrowed features of American marching band music and ragtime, such as strong stride rhythms and multi-thematic material 5. Pianistic harmonies of composers of Debussy and Ravel also contributed to early jazz music, and composers also incorporated the claves and syncopations of Latin song and dance forms

Bossa Nova Movement (Elaborate On...)

1. Originated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the late 1950s 2. Combined elements of the popular Brazilian samba with elements of American jazz 3. Popular in U.S. & internationally 4. Characterized by a laid-back singing style, complex harmonies, and a distinctive rhythmic pattern known as the bossa nova clave. 5. Often features acoustic guitar as a principal instrument, and also includes bass, drums, voice, and piano 6. The bossa nova rhythm, often notated in duple meter, starts with a downbeat but is otherwise syncopated to give a swaying feeling rather than a strong, measured pulse.

Latin Jazz (Elaborate On...)

1. Originated in the late 1940s when musicians merged the rhythms and instruments of Afro-Latin music with American jazz music 2. Two prominent sub-genres of Latin jazz are Afro-Cuban jazz, and Afro-Brazilian jazz.

Blues (Elaborate On...)

1. Originated through African work songs that were brought over to the U.S. in the 19th century and early 20th centuries. 2.Rise of the Blues occurred approximately around the time of the emancipation of slaves in the U.S. ,especially in the Mississippi delta and east Texas 3. Elements such as the call and response format, the unaccompanied voice, and accompaniment styles all have roots in traditional African music 4. By mid 20th century, Blues had a standard 12-bar harmonic progression 5. Utilizes the blues scale that features a lowered 3rd and a dominant 7th, called the "blues notes." 6. Music usually centers on a melancholy emotion, w/ instrumental and vocal techniques such as moans, growls, and cries to express that emotion

List prominent composers of the Neoclassical Movement (6)

1. Paul Hindemith 2. Igor Stravinsky 3. Richard Strauss 4. Sergei Prokofiev 5. Manuel de Falla 6. Aaron Copland

Traditional Chinese Musical Instruments

1. Pipa: Pear-shaped Chinese plucked lute traditionally made w/ silk thread that has four strings and a bent neck. It has been an important and popular instrument of Chinese culture since the 17th century, and is often played as a solo instrument in performance. The standard tuning for the pipa, A-d-c-a, allows the full chromatic scale to be played 2. Erhu: Traditional Chinese lute often featured as a solo instrument and has two strings w/ a bow that sits between the strings. Typically made w/ snakeskin on the sound box and horsehair for the bow 3. Yangqin: Trapezoidal, hammered dulcimer that is often played solo as well as in ensembles 4. Dizi: A transverse flute that plays an important role in Chinese folk, operatic, and orchestral music. The instrument includes a special hole in addition to the blowing and finger holes that, when appied, gives the resulting sounds a nasal and buzzing quality

Evolution of Harmonic Language (Elaborate On...)

1. Prior to Wagner, it was dominated by the rules of diatonicism and straightforward voice leading 2. By the middle of the 19th century, composers started to explore ideas of chromaticism and common tone relationships rather than strong root progressions 3. Arrival of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde brought a major change to the harmonic language of the past and signaled a new era of modern compositional techniques. 4. Wagner's use of harmonic suspension, full chromaticism, polyphony, and range of colors in Tristan und Isolde paved the way to the modern collapse of traditional tonal writing and to the advent of experimental, atonal compositions of the 20th century

Percussion Instruments [How Sound is Produced]

1. Produce sound by being hit, scraped, or shaken 2. Certain instruments such as drums produce sound through the vibration of a membrane around a resonating body. AKA membranophones, the membrane on these instruments can be struck by hands or mallets, as well as rubbed or scraped 3. Other percussion instruments produce vibrations without the aid of air, string, or membranes: these musical instruments are known as idiophones and include concussion idiophones, percussion idiophones, rattles, scrapers, and friction idiophones. 4. Concussion Idiophones: Are two objects that are struck together. Instruments include: rhythm sticks, castanets, and claves 5. Percussion Idiophones: Are those struck by mallets. Instruments include: Marimbas, Bells, Gongs, and Xylophones 6. Rattles are shaken. Ex: Maraca 7. Scrapers are stroked across a notched surface. Ex: Washboards and Guiros 8. Friction Idiophones: Played by rubbing. Ex: Musical Saw and Glass Harmonica

Stringed Instruments [How Sound is Produced]

1. Produce sound through the vibrations of the strings on a resonating body usually made of wood. 2. The strings (nylon, steel, or silk) can be set in motion by plucking, bowing, or striking 3. As the string sets the surrounding air in motion, it also vibrates the soundboard through the bridge as the resonant vibrator and the audible tone effuses out of the instrument through a sound hole. 4. Pitches on a stringed instrument are modified by string tension, thickness, and length. a. The higher the pitch; the thicker the string; The lower the pitch; and the longer the string; the lower the pitch 5. Strings can be parallel to the soundboard as in the lute, guitar, violin, piano and dulcimer, or at a right angle to the soundboard as in the harp

Woodwind Instruments [How Sound is Produced]

1. Produce sound through vibrations in an enclosed tube 2. The vibrations can be set into motion by blowing through single or double reeds, across an opening, or through an opening 3. Single-Reed Instruments produce sound when air is blown through a reed that vibrates against the mouthpiece. Instruments include: Clarinet & Saxophone 4. Double-Reed Instruments produce sound when air is blown through two reeds that are tied together and vibrate. Instruments include; Oboe, Bassoon, and Sarrusophone 5. Woodwinds that produce sound when the player blows across an opening are the transverse flutes, which are held sideways 6. Woodwinds that produce sound when the player blows directing into an opening are the whistle and the recorder. Players change the pitch of an instrument by shortening or lengthening the air column through covered holes or keys

RILM Abstracts of Music Literature

1. RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, aka Repertoire International de Litterature Musicale, is an international databases focused on scholarship from around the world relating to any aspect of the music discipline 2. Includes historical musicology, ethnomusicology, instruments and voice, music therapy, and dance 3. International bibliography contains books, catalogs, master's theses, doctoral dissertations, articles, bibliographies, films, videos, ethnographic recordings, conference proceedings, reviews, Festschriften, technical deawings, fascimile editions, and iconographies 4. Entries presented in orginal language w/ an English tanslation of the title, abstract, and full biographical dta 5. Online database covers over 780,000 entries in over 117 languages from 1967 to present, requires a subscription and is regularly updated

Appalachian Music

1. Refers to the folk traditions of the Eastern U.S., specifically the Appalachian mountain range 2. Music is heavily influenced by the Irish, Scottish, and English emigrants of the 18th century and features musical traditions such as English and Scottish ballads, dance tunes, and fiddle songs. 3. African-American musical traditions also contributed to the development of rhythmic drive, harmonic blue notes, and group singing, all originate from African-American slaves of the time 4. Appalachian music features heavy ornamentation, improvisation, rhythmic and melodic focus, and an upbeat tempo 5. Typical instruments used in the genre include the banjo, mandolin, guitar, autoharp, American fiddle, fretted dulcimer, dobro, and dulcimer

Metrical Accenting

1. Refers to the natural stresses on certain beats of a meter 2. This can be defined by the meter itself or by the style or origin of the musical rhythm

Negative Results of not Hearing Yourself Play in an Ensemble

1. Self-monitoring w/n any ensemble is of key importance in a healthy musical collaboration 2. If an instrument cannot hear him/herself, productive collaboration could be hindered and inaccurate tuning, rhythm, and phrasing could become detrimental not only to the individual instrumentalist, but also to to the ensemble as a whole.

Negative Results of not Hearing Yourself Sing in a Choral Setting

1. Spacing w/n any chorus is of key importance in a healthy choral collaboration 2. If the singers cannot hear himself or herself, productive collaboration could be hindered and inaccurate intonation could become detrimental not only to the individual singer, but to the group as a whole 3. If a singer cannot hear him/herself, then the likelihood of actively listening and constant adjusting to the surrounding musicians becomes minimal; self-monitoring is key in productive collaboration 4. When self-monitoring become hindered, then intonation can easily become a problem for the singer 5. If one singer becomes out of tune in a choral setting, then that voice can easily influence the surrounding singers intonation, resulting in an entire chorus that becomes out of tune

List composers of the Minimalist Movement (5)

1. Steve Reich 2. Terry Riley 3. Philip Glass 4. John Adams 5. La Monte Young

Classical Symphonic Form

1. Symphony was a major orchestral form in the Classical era, and refers to a large musical work usually for orchestra or another combination of instruments in four movements. 2. The Classical Symphonic Form has a fast first movement, a slow second movement, a dance form in the third movement, and a fast fourth movement. 3. 1st Movement - Sonata Allegro Form (Expo, Dev, Recap) 4. 2nd Movement - ABA Pattern or Theme and Variations 5. 3rdMovement - Minuet and Trio or Scherzo 6. 4th Movement - Rondo or Sonata Rondo (ABACADA...)

Encyclopedias and Dictionaries of Music (List Some) (3)

1. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music (10-volume series covering all world music) 2. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Authoritative reference work for Western music) --available through Grove Music Online, part of Oxford Music Online 3. The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Authoritative reference work for all popular music)

List instruments that would be employed in a Symphonic Band, but not a Concert Band

1. The String Bass 2. Piccolo 3. English Horn 4. Harp 5. Bass Trombone 6. Contrabassoon 7. Saxophone

Relation of Tonal Characteristics to their Use in Orchestration

1. The Strings tend to have a rich tonal quality and form the basis of many orchestral textures. Strings have a variety of sounds and techniques and can easily function as melody, supporting harmony, or rhythmic texture. 2. High Brasses have a clear, focused tonal quality and many times are used melodically or as a crisp rhythmic flourish. 3. Low Brasses tend to provide bass lines as well as rhythmic motives 4. Woodwinds have held various roles within the orchestra and can easily function as melody, supporting harmony, or rhythmic texture, similar to strings 5. Percussive instruments have historically held a rhythmic role in orchestral writing, but have also been used as melodic interest through the marimba, timpani, and other melodic percussion instruments

Authentic Cadence

1. The authentic cadence is defined as a dominant sounding harmony resolving to the tonic harmony, notated as V-I or V-i in Western tonal theory 2. The authentic cadence is considered to be the strongest cadence because of the presence of the supertonic to tonic progression as well as the leading tone-to-tonic progression. 3. In voice leading, these two progressions exhibit the highest tension to release movements within music theory 4. An authentic cadence can be either perfect or imperfect 5. A perfect authentic cadence has both the roots of the V and I chords sounding in the bass, and the tonic as the highest-sounding note on a final chord 6. An imperfect authentic cadence does not involve all the conditions required to be a perfect authentic cadence, and so may not have the tonic sounding in the highest note of the final chord, or may have inverted chords

Authentic Musical Modes (Elaborate On...)

1. The authentic musical modes are commonly used in modern times and have origins in the Medieval musical tradition as well as the Greek musical tradition. 2. Modes: Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, and Locrian

General Principles for Conducting Beat Patterns [Conducting]

1. The downbeat of the pattern always indicates the strongest pulse of the pattern, and is indicated by a downward stroke of the hand 2. The last beat of the pattern is always the weakest pulse of the pattern and is thus indicated by an upward stroke of the hand 3. If in a compound meter there exists a secondary strong pulse, then the movement of the hand is almost just as strong of a downbeat as the primary strong downbeat 4. The movement of the hand in a three- or four-beat pattern moves so that the collisions between the baton hand and the free hand are avoided 5. Conductors may choose to indicate subdivided pulses such as eight pulses in a slow 4/4 movement, or to indicate fewer pulses in a fast movement, such as conducting only the downbeats of a fast 3/4 waltz

Dynamic Markings Commonly Used in Music

1. The dynamic markings commonly used in music come from the written Italian musical tradition of the seventeenth century 2. From softest to loudest: Pianissimo (pp/very soft) Piano (p/soft) Mezzo Piano (mp/moderately soft) Mezzo Forte (mf/moderately loud) Forte (f/loud) Fortissimo (ff/very loud) 3. Dynamic markings that indicate a gradual change: Crescendo (increasingly louder) Decrescendo (increasingly softer) Diminuendo

Clefs Commonly Used in Orchestral Writing

1. The four main clefs commonly used in orchestral writing are the treble, alto, tenor, and bass clefs 2. Treble Clef is aka G-Clef. 3. Alto Clef is aka C-Clef (Third line = Middle C) 4. Tenor Clef also used C-Clef (Fourth line = Middle C) 5. Bass Clef is aka F-Clef

Tonal vs. Real Answer to a Fugal Subject

1. The fugue is a form of imitative counterpoint in which a fugue theme is introduced at the beginning of the work, aka the exposition, and is echoed in all of the fugal voices through imitation and development. 2. The term fugue comes from the Latin fugere meaning "to flee," as each voice essentially chases the previous voice 3. The initial subject is called the leader, or dux, and is presented in the tonic key. 4. The dux is usually followed by the comes, the companion answer in the dominant key, which can be presented in one of two ways: real or tonal. 5. In a real answer to a fugal subject, the theme is transposed exactly note to note in the dominant key 6. In a tonal answer to a fugal subject, the theme is transposed loosely in the dominant key, modified so as to maintain harmonic congruity or to facilitate modulations

Influence of African song and dance on Latin American Music (Elaborate On...)

1. The historically large African population found in the Caribbean region near South America has had a substantial influence on the development of Latin American music 2. Common features of African music include call and response singing, repeated and improvised musical figures, polyrhythm, and the use of African instruments such as congas, rattles, thumb pianos, claves, and drum ensembles 3. Calypso music, originally developed in Trinidad, is a popular song and dance form in the Caribbean 4. Typically played w/ a steel drum band, calypso music is witty, lively, and humorous 5. The rumba is another African song and dance form now popular in Cuba that uses conga drums and sticks 6. The rumba has a three-part form w/ fast polyrhythms, and includes improvised verses and repetitive call and response sections 7. The merengue, prominent in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti, is a popular song and dance style in a swift duple meter. 8. Instruments w/ some African influences include the double-headed tambora drum and the metal guayo scraper

Polynesian Nose Flute

1. The nose flute is a widely important wind instrument throughout the Pacific, except for Australia and New Zealand. 2. Commonly made out of bamboo, the nose flute is played through a single nostril, while the other nostril is held shut. 3. Since the nose flutes produces a soft and gentle sound, it played an important role in many Polynesian musical traditions. 4. The nose flute was popular during courtship and lovemaking; the timbre and tone of the nose flute had an enticing sound, and as a quiet instrument, encouraged intimacy and privacy for current and prospective lovers 5. In Tonga, the nose flute was also used as a respectful way to gently awaken the chief of the tribe 6. Some cultures believed that nose flutes were also instruments that could evoke magical and spiritual qualities

Changes giving rise to the Renaissance Movement

1. The period from 1400 to 1600 was a time of major change not only in Western musical history, but also Western history in general 2. 1400s marked the end of the Hundred Years War, the fall of the Byzantine Empire, and the end of the Great Schism 3. During the Renaissance, religious conflicts emerged through the Reformation, European colonialism expanded, and a middle class grew in many European nations 4. As a result of the Ottoman Turks' victory, displaced Byzantine scholars brought ancient Greek writings w/ them to other European countries, and the Western world had access to the plays and histories of ancient Greece for the first time. 5. Renaissance art featured classical Greek and Roman ideals of humanism, clarity, and clean form. 6. Music of the Renaissance featured Greek modes, clarity of vocal lines, harmonic consonance, imitative counterpoint, and expressivity. 7. Printing press also invented during this time, so music became widely available to the expanding middle class

Position of the Baton and the Various Roles of the Free Hand [Conducting]

1. The position of the baton should be a natural extension of the hand and arm 2. It should not be rigidly in line, but should serve as a musical tool of expression: a. In a gentle passage, the baton may be lightly held with only the first few fingers b. In an animated passage, the baton may be tightly grasped to evoke a feeling of passion and urgency 3. The elbow should be slightly raised away from the body so that the baton can be clearly seen from all angles 4. The free hand w/o the baton plays the role of musical reinforcement and can also help turn pages 5. As an independent stimulus, the free hand can reinforce dynamics, such as crescendo/decrescendo, as well as aid in cueing parts 6. The free hand should also indicate releases, phrasing, musical style, and necessary modifications in the balance of the ensemble

Importance of Arab culture in the development of North African Music

1. The region of North Africa received considerable cultural influence from the bordering Arabic countries, and the music of North Africa reflects that cultural diversity 2. The N. African region that includes present-day Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria is also known by the Arabic term Maghrib ("west") 3. Although Egypt is geographically included on the African continent, it holds its own unique cultural, musical, and sociopolitical place w/n North Africa 4. Arabic-Islamists ruled the Maghrib from approximately the 7th century to the 16th century; beginning in the 11th century, Jewish and Muslim refusgees from the al-Andalus region of the Iberian Peninsula brought w/ them the Arab-Andalusian music traditions that originated in Baghdad 5. Elements of Arabic influence in North African music include the Quranic chant, poetry/harp/lute playing, and instruments such as the gimbri, drums, and metal castanets

Physiological Mechanisms of Singing

1. The three main vocal parts involved in creating sound are the air supply, vibrator, and resonator 2. Air supply is taken into the lungs by the inspiratory muscles, especially the diaphragm, and emptied from the lungs by the expiratory muscles 3. The Vibrators for singing are the vocal folds, held within the voice box or larynx at the top of the trachea. When air passes through the vocal folds through the opening called the glottis, the vocal folds vibrate and produce sound 4. The sound passes through the Resonators, principally the pharynx and the mouth cavities. These Resonators influence the tonal quality of the sound through the cavity shapes and surfaces, as well as the various singing techniques used to alter sound and timbre.

Whole Tone Scale and the Chromatic Scale

1. The whole tone scale is a scale in which every pitch is separated by a whole step 2. Within Western musical tonality, there are two different whole tone scales, each made up of six pitches. 3. Whole tone scales: i. C-D-E-F#-G#-A# ii. C#-D#-F-G-A-B 4. The chromatic scale is a scale in which every pitch is separated by a half step. 5. Within Western musical tonality, the chromatic scale includes all 12 pitches of an octave, 6. Both the Whole Tone Scale and the Chromatic Scale lack a clear tonal center, as either of the scales could start on any key without any definite hierarchy to the pattern 7. Composers tend to use the chromatic scale as a tool to increase complexity, while the whole tone scale is a useful tool to give a feeling of vague spaciousness

Name musical innovations/characteristics of the Baroque Era

1. Tonality established 2. Counterpoint invented 3. Size, range, and complexity of orchestrations expanded 5. Polyphony 6. Complexity 7. Strong passion 8. Linear bass line 9. Kept a musical piece in one affect

12-Tone Music

1. Twelve-tone music is a system of musical theory in which a composition is based on a serial ordering of all 12 pitches that stipulates the sequence in which those 12 pitches should appear in the composition. 2. The 12-tone system of music arose as a result for the growing disdain for traditional tonal music 3. This theory of composition became a way for music to be planned in an abstract manner, into a serial row that establishes the pitch structure of the resulting composition. 4. Rows can be manipulated throughout the composition through retrograde, inversion, or retro-grade inversion, 5. The rows can be transposed to start on a different pitch wherein the same intervallic relationship of the row is kept intact. 6. Arnold Schoenberg, a leading Austrian composer of the Second Viennese School, began developing this theory of composition in the early 1920s and continued to compose 12-tone music throughout the 20th century

List instruments employed in a Concert Band

1. Two flutes 2. Two Oboes 3. Two Bassoons 4. Three Clarinets 5. One Bass Clarinet 6. Four Saxophones 7. Four Horns 8. Three Trumpets 9. Three Trombones 10. One Baritone Horn 11. One Tuba 13. Three or Four Percussion Instruments

Brass Instruments [How Sound is Produced]

1. Typically through the buzzing of the player's lips as the air travels through a tubular, expanding metallic wind instrument. 2. The lips act as a vibrating valve that produces oscillating air and pressure 3. As the air vibrates through the tubular instrument, some of the energy is lost as viscous and thermal energy, while the rest emerges as sound 4. Almost all consist of a tube that gets larger towards the end of the tube called the bell 5. The tube is often coiled, so it is easier to hold 6. Brass instruments resonate at certain frequencies more easily than others, so to produce other tones, players can change the length of the instruments through valves or slides 7. Narrower, more cylindrical brass instruments like the trumpet and trombone produce sharp and clear sounds 8. Wider, larger-belled brass instruments like the French horn and euphonium produce warmer, darker sounds

Leitmotif (Elaborate On...)

1. Used to identify a reoccurring motivic fragment that musically represents some part of a musical drama, usually a person, place, or idea. 2. Must be clearly recognizable by its melody, harmonic progression, or rhythm. 3. Useful tool w/n the context of an opera, used for character development, and the unfolding of the story 4. In musical drama, can reinforce the action taking place onstage, as well as recall an event or person from a previous scene. 5. Most often associated w/ Wagner's later operatic works, although he preferred the term Grundthema and Hauptmotiv instead

Producing Dynamic Changes in Stringed Instruments

1. Variables that affect dynamics are the speed and pressure of the bow 2. To Play F, FF & MF: The bow must move faster across the strings with greater pressure to produce greater amplitudes in the vibrating sound waves 3. To Play P, MP, & PP: The bow moves a little slower across the strings with less pressure to produce smaller amplitudes in the vibrating sound waves 4. When stringed instruments are plucked, the sound produced has a sharper attack; dynamic changes are produced similarly: a heavier pluck at greater speed increases dynamics, and vice versa

Equal- and Unequal- Voice Polyphony

1. W/n polyphony, there exists equal- and unequal-voice polyphony 2. Equal-voice polyphony refers to polyphony that maintains the same thematic material in all the individual voices ex: Canon, Fugues, Inventions 3. Unequal-voice polyphony refers to polyphony in which greater importance is given to one or more melodic lines ex: Medieval-era cantus firmus compositions that gave musical precedence to the cantus firmus, usually sung or played in the tenor voice

Waltz Form

1. Waltz is a dance form that has been popular since the 18th century 2. Features triples meter in a lively tempo 3. Term means "no turn about" 4. Musical aspects of the waltz help dancers feel refined and fluid motion of the turn 5. In waltz time, emphasis is on the downbeat, while the other two beats create a sense of floating. 6. Early forms features two simple repeated phrases of about eight measures 7. As it evolved it became longer in form and more complex, with introductory material as well as a coda. 8. The ballroom dance achieved popularity across all of Europe and reached its height of fashion w/ the Viennese waltz.

Nationalism (Elaborate on...)

1. Was a facet of the Romantic Era during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in which music evoked the national or regional character of a place. 2. Composers used folk music in their compositions either as a direct quote or as a framework for the composition of melodies and rhythms that resemble folk music of the area.

Achieving Choral Blend Using Vowel Modification, Dynamics, and Vocal Vibrato

1. When using good choral blend, singers must pay attention to their use of vowel modification, dynamics, and vocal vibrato 2. In a choral setting, pure vowel sounds are preferred in producing the sounds a, e, i, o, u. 3. The mouth cavity must be open with a raised palette to produce the pure vowel sounds 4. Dynamics among the singers must be adjusted to compensate for the stronger singers as well as the weaker singers 5. When singing in a choral setting, self-monitoring is key in knowing when to adjust sound levels in accordance with the surrounding musicians 6. Generally, vocal vibrato should be kept to a minimum when striving for good choral blend; an active vocal vibrato can easily stick out in a choral texture, and works conversely in achieving good choral blend, which should prioritize uniform sound, texture, and tone

Tone Cluster

1.A tone cluster is a group of closely spaced notes played simultaneously, usually in intervals of adjacent seconds and groupings, or "clusers" 2. The term usually refers to stacks of more than two neighboring notes, with three being the minimum 3. Tone clusters can be diatonic, chromatic, and dia-chromatic 4. For diatonic tone clusters, only neighboring notes in the diatonic key are used 5. For chromatic tone clusters, notes that are separated by a half-step are used 6. For dia-chromatic tone clusters, both diatonic seconds and chromatic notes are used 7. Tone clusters appeared rarely in music before the 1900s, and were not considered a definite compositional tool until the 1900s. 8. The concept of tone cluster was termed by the American composer Henry Cowell (1897-1965) in the 1920s.

Renaissance Era (Years)

1400-1600

Baroque Era (Years)

1600-1750

When was Kansas City Blues Developed?

1940s

When was Latin Jazz Developed?

1940s/50s

When was West Coast Jazz Developed?

1950s

List Simple Meters

2/4, 4/4, 2/2, 4/2, 5/4, 3/4

List Compound Meters

6/8, 9/8, 12/8

Define Alberti Bass

A bass figuration that outlines the tones within a triad

The Wah-Wah Mute produces what kind of a tone?

A buzzed tone

Define Larghetto

A diminutive of largo, not quite as slow as largo

Define appoggiatura

A leap followed by a step. An appoggiatura is a kind of incomplete neighbor tone that is accented, approached by leap (usually up), and followed by step (usually down, but always in the opposite direction of the preceding leap) to a more stable tone (typically a chord tone).

The cup mute results in what kind of tone?

A muffled, darker tone

Define Neighbor Tone

A neighbor tone moves in a stepwise motion, but returns to the original tone. A neighboring tone that is a step higher than the surrounding chord tones is called an upper neighboring tone or an upper auxiliary note while a neighboring tone that is a step lower than the surrounding chord tones is a lower neighboring tone or lower auxiliary note.

Define Passing Tone

A passing tone is a melodic embellishment (typically a non-chord tone) that occurs between two stable tones (typically chord tones), creating stepwise motion. ... A passing tone can be either accented (occurring on a strong beat or strong part of the beat) or unaccented (weak beat or weak part of the beat).

Define 3-2 Clave

A rhythm of 3 followed by a rhythm of 2

Define Chromatic Scale

A scale in which every pitch is separated by a half step

Define Whole Tone Scale

A scale in which every pitch is separated by a whole step. Two different whole tone scales, each made up of six pitches: i. C-D-E-F#-G#-A# ii. C#-D#-F-G-A-B

Define Michiyuki

A section of the kabuki play that includes a journey scene where characters dance or talk while travelling

The bucket mute results in what kind of tone?

A softer tone, and reducing the piercing quality of loud or high notes that can be amplified by other mutes

Define Bossa Nova

A specific rhythmic pattern that would be repeated in different harmonies

Define Staccatissimo

A style of playing notes in a detached, separated, distinct manner that shortens the notated duration of the note in a more exaggerated way than normal staccato.

The straight mute results in what kind of tone?

A tinny, metallic sound

Give the general voice range of the mezzo-soprano voice [Conventional Parts of Four-Part Harmony]

A to f''

First Inversion Triad [Inversions of Triads and Seventh Chords]

A triad is considered to be in first inversion if the third of the chord is the lowest-sounding pitch

Second Inversion Triad [Inversions of Triads and Seventh Chords]

A triad is considered to be in second inversion if the fifth of the chord is the lowest-sounding pitch

A conductor is conducting with heavier, slower movements, and with a grave expression on the face, is requiring what sound and mood from the ensemble? a. Dark and somber b. Quick and energetic c. Slow and passionate d. Upbeat and hopeful

A. Dark and somber

Which of the following is the most likely cause for a trumpet student's pitch to fall flat only at the ends of musical phrases? a. Lack of breath support b. Mouth corners too relaxed c. Neglecting to use the tuning slides d. Tongue resting too high in the mouth

A. Lack of breath support

Of the following, what is the best technique for using recordings in score study? a. Listen to a variety of interpretations b. Use recordings at every rehearsal c. Listen to famous recordings d. Practice conducting to the recording

A. Listen to a variety of interpretations

What is a helpful technique for woodwind students in developing good intonation? a. Practicing long tones b. Practicing in a group c. Practicing in front of a mirror d. Practicing rapid scales

A. Practicing long tones

Which of the following is the most likely cause of a buzzing sound when a beginner snare drum student plays fast? a. The student is hammering the drumstick onto the drum b. The student is playing multiple strokes on the drum c. The student is dropping the drumstick onto the drum d. The student is playing single strokes on the drum

A. The student is hammering the drumstick onto the drum

What is the standard instrumentation of the concert band as prescribed by members of the American Band Association? a. Two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, three clarinets, one bass clarinet, four saxophones, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, one baritone horn, one tuba, and three or four percussion instruments b. Four violins, four violas, four cellos, four basses, two piccolos, one English horn, one harp, one bass trombone, one bassoon, one contrabassoon, and two saxophones c. Four flutes, two piccolos, three oboes, one bassoon, two contrabassoons, four clarinets, three alto clarinets, two bass clarinets, one saxophone, and two percussion instruments d. Two french horns, two flugelhorns, three trumpets, two cornets, one baritone horn, two tubas, three trombones, three saxophones, and four percussion instruments

A. Two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, three clarinets, one bass clarinet, four saxophones, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, one baritone horn, one tuba, and three or four percussion instruments

Call and response singing, polyrhythms, and improvised rhythms, are all common features of music from... a. Africa b. Asia c. Europe d. North America

A: Africa

What is a common accompanying pattern in which chords are played note-by-note successfully instead of simultaneously? a. Arpeggio b. Scales c. Blocked chord d. Ostinato

A: Arpeggio (Also termed as a broken chord)

The Jazz improvisational style can be compared to what Classical musical style? a. Baroque music b. Minimalist music c. Symphonic music d. Impressionist music

A: Baroque Music (Baroque music was traditionally improvised, and followed a standard in performance, whether a 32-bar from in jazz, or a ritornello form in Baroque music. In both genres, improvisations are based on outlined chord symbols that direct the melody.

Of the following choral settings, which is better suited for homophonic pieces, but can create issues of the singers being able to listen to other parts? a. Blocked formation b. Matrix formation c. Columnar formation d. Mixed formation

A: Blocked Formation

Which of the following musical elements is stylistic of the African musical tradition? a. Dialogue b. Modes c. Discant d. Coda

A: Dialogue (AKA call and response, is an important and unique stylistic element of the African musical tradition.)

Cajun music of Louisiana traces its roots back to which European culture? a. French b. Dutch c. Flemish d. Portuguese

A: French (Early French settlers on the North American continent migrated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to southern Louisiana, and brought with them traditional French ballads that, over time, developed into present-day Cajun music).

Which of the following forms is a mono-thematic composition in which a single subject is continually echoed throughout the piece through imitation and development? a. Fugue form b. Strophic form c. Sectional variation d. Rondo form

A: Fugue form (The fugue theme is introduced at the beginning of the work, aka the exposition, and is echoed in all of the fugal voices in different pitches and various keys.

The Sugarhill Gang helped to widely popularize which term in their 1979 song "Rapper's Delight"? a. Hip Hop b. Disco Rap c. Neo Soul d. Trip Hop

A: Hip Hop (They helped popularize the term "hip hop" into mainstream culture. Note the lyrics: "I said a hip hop, hippie to the hippie, etc.")

Which movement in music paralleled the movement in visual arts led by painters such as Monet, Cezanne, Degas, Manet, and Renoir? a. Impressionism b. Rococo c. Neoclassicism d. Abstraction

A: Impressionism (19th/20th Centuries; Both composers and artists abandoned formal elements and created works that caught the soft, brief, and sensory effects of a particular moment.)

Which of the following is the purpose of a "leitmotif"? a. It musically represents a person, place, or idea b. It musically protests a political uprising c. It musically records the historic events of a place d. It musically inspires the audience to do a specific action

A: It musically represents a person, place, or idea. (Used to identify a reoccurring motivic fragment that musically represents some part of a musical drama.)

Which of the following coursework would be most important to an aspiring audio engineer? a. Recording technology b. Music theory c. Physics d. Music business

A: Recording Technology

Proper voice leading of harmonic progression typically features which of the following structures? a. SATB b. SAB c. SSAA d. TTBB

A: SATB

If a vocal student is told to practice yawning, he or she most likely has the common problem of... a. Singing with a tight throat b. Singing out of tune c. Singing with blurred words d. Singing without rhythm

A: Singing with a tight throat

Which of the following articulations would best evoke a sense of raindrops? a. Staccato b. Legato c. Tenuto d. Fermata

A: Staccato

Which of the following is an example of "absolute music", as opposed to "program music"? a. Symphony No. 9 by Ludwig van Beethoven b. Don Quixote by Richard Strauss c. Danse Macabre by Camille Saint-Saens d. Symphony Fantastique by Hector Berlioz

A: Symphony No. 9 by Ludwig van Beethoven (Absolute music is defined as instrumental music that can be represented by non-musical images or ideas. Symphony No. 9 exists apart from extra-musical references)

What component of a stringed instrument generates the sound? a. The strings b. The soundboard c. The bridge d. The neck

A: The Strings

How does bow handling on the cello and bass differ from bow handling on the violin and viola? a. The pinky finger does not rest on top of the bow b. The arm generally stays above the bow c. The pinky fingers rests of top of the bow d. The elbow generally stays above the bow

A: The pinky finger does not rest on top of the bow (The pinky should instead rest next to the middle and ring fingers.)

The Fibonacci sequence in mathematics can be seen in all of the following aspects of music EXCEPT... a. The syncopation of dance forms with the divine equation b. Compositional climaxes of musical works at the golden ratio c. Diatonic scales and the foundational structure of the tonic triad d. The design and construction of instruments such as the violin

A: The syncopation of dance forms with the divine equation (The Fibonacci sequence is a mathematical series where each number in the series is the sum of the two numbers preceding it)

How did the orchestra shift the way it used certain instrument families from the Baroque to the Classical era? a. Violins became the dominant string section while the lower strings became the supporting background b. Strings and winds were doubled on every thematic line c. Bassoons became part of the supporting bass texture d. Woodwinds became the prominent rhythmic support section while strings played secondary rhythmic roles

A: Violins became the dominant string section while the lower strings became the supporting background. (In the Baroque era, strings and winds were often doubled to play certain lines. With the new Classical era, first violins were the dominant string section while the lower strings became the supporting background harmonically and rhythmically.)

What is the general range of the alto voice? a. f to d'' b. B to g' c. c' to a'' d. E to c'

A: f to d''

What is the Velum?

AKA the soft palate a membrane or membranous structure, typically covering another structure or partly obscuring an opening, in particular.

Metrical Accenting in simple 3/4

Accent falls on the first beat of the measure

What did stopping technique do? [Impact of Valved Horns and Trumpets]

Added a wider range to the horn, but the tone and volume were highly variable. This could not be used to add a wider range because of the length of the early trumpet

List the Three Main Vocal Parts involved in Creating Sound

Air Supply, Vibrator, and Resonator

Describe the Air Supply [Physiological Mechanisms of Singing]

Air supply is taken into the lungs by the inspiratory muscles, especially the diaphragm, and emptied from the lungs by the expiratory muscles

List the Nationalistic Composers who Represented Spain

Albeniz, Granados, and de Falla

Polyphony, Homophony, and Monophony

All refer to a certain texture of music. 1. Polyphony: a texture of music in which all voices or parts hold similar musical prominence or interest. This can be thought of as several distinct melodic lines occurring at the same time. The rhythm of each line moves independently of each other 2. Homophony: Has several voices or parts, but melodic interest is reduced to a single voice or part. All other voices or parts support the main melody as accompaniment and move together in rhythmic likeness. Can be thought of as any form of melody and accompaniment texture. 3. Monophony: Centers of a single melodic line, however, unlike homophony, it does not have supplemental accompaniment parts. For example, plainchant, in which a single line of melody embodies the entire work itself

Describe the Ionian Mode

Also known as the major scale in modern musical theory

Describe the Aeolian Mode

Also known as the natural minor sale in modern musical theory

Define Organum

An early form of polyphony during the Medieval period in which voices were sung in parallel motion In its earliest stages, organum involved two musical voices: a Gregorian chant melody, and the same melody transposed by a consonant interval, usually a perfect fifth or fourth.

Characteristics of Organum [Music of the Medieval Era]

An early form of polyphony in which voices were sung in parallel motion.

Modes can be traced back to which musical tradition?

Ancient Greek

Describe and Give Examples of Percussion Idiophones

Are those struck by mallets. Instruments include: Marimbas, Bells, Gongs, and Xylophones

Describe and Give Examples of Concussion Idiophones

Are two objects that are struck together. Instruments include: rhythm sticks, castanets, and claves

What composer was a leading Austrian composer of the Second Vienesse School, and developed 12-tone music in the early 1920s and continued to compose 12-tone music throughout the 20th century

Arnold Schoenberg

Who developed the 12-Tone Technique?

Arnold Schoenberg

Define Largo

At a very slow tempo

Define Andante

At a walking pace

Define Larghissimo

At an extremely broad and slow tempo

When was New Orleans Jazz Developed?

At the start of the 20th century

Give the general voice range of the tenor voice [Conventional Parts of Four-Part Harmony]

B to g'

What is the general range of the tenor voice?

B to g'

Instrumental warm-ups should... a. Begin with the most challenging techniques to expedite the process b. Begin moderately then gradually increasing the speed, intensity, and range c. Begin and maintain slow tempo, low intensity, and a narrow range d. Begin with physical stretching and then proceed immediately to repertoire

B. Begin moderately then gradually increasing the speed, intensity, and range.

On reed instruments, reeds that are chipped or cracked should be... a. Soaked b. Discarded c. Sanded d. Trimmed

B. Discarded

How can conductors best promote cultural diversity in their music programs? a. Take yearly trips to non-Western countries b. Include non-Western musical repertoire into concerts c. Have a non-Western music day camp d. Assign non0Western textbooks to all the students

B. Include non-Western musical repertoire into concerts

Which of the following marimba mallet grips provide the most independence for mallet movement? a. Traditional crossed grip b. Musser/Stevens grip c. Two-mallet grip d. Burton grip

B. Musser/Stevens grip (It places the first mallet between the thumb and index fingers, and the second mallet between the middle and ring fingers so that the mallets are not crossed

What plays a direct role in vowel formation and clear diction for singers? a. The larynx b. The tongue c. The lungs d. The vocal tract

B. The tongue

A beginning cello student plays with too much arm movement; what is most likely causing the problem? a. The student's back is slouched b. The wrist is not bending properly on a bow stroke c. The thumb is placed too close to the second and third fingers d. The fingers are overly curved

B. The wrist is not bending properly on a bow stroke

A performer's decision to add dramatic intent within a certain musical piece is conceptually most similar to... a. A painter's decision to use white instead of black paint b. An actor's personal interpretation of character lines c. A writer's alternate ending of a novel d. A dancer's warmup before a debut performance

B: An actor's personal interpretation of character lines

Which period of classical Western Music featured heavy ornamentation and improvised embellishment of a musical line? a. Romantic b. Baroque c. 20th and 21st centuries d. Classical

B: Baroque (Music of the Baroque era featured heavy ornamentation and improvised embellishment of a musical line)

How do sopranos maximize vocal tract resonance at high frequencies to achieve a vibrant sound? a. By creating less space in the oral cavity and tightening the vocal tract b. By creating more space in the oral cavity and relaxing the vocal tract c. By creating less space in the oral cavity and relaxing the vocal tract d. By creating more space in the oral cavity and tightening the vocal tract

B: By creating more space in the oral cavity and relaxing the vocal tract

Of the following Cuban styles, which is derived from the mambo with a characteristic rhythmic pattern of two eighth notes followed by a quarter note? a. Tresillo b. Cha-cha-cha c. Son montuno d. Rumba

B: Cha-cha-cha (is an onomatopoeia of the musical rhythm)

Which major pedagogue developed the system of music education through movement called eurythmics? a. Kodaly b. Dalcroze c. Orff d. Suzuki

B: Dalcroze (Emile Jaques-Dalcroze was a Swiss composer, musician, and pedagogue who developed eurythmics in 1900. Dalcroze wanted students to use a kinesthetic approach to experience musical concepts. The body is seen as the instrument, and students discover musicality, tempo, dynamics, and phrase structure through physical dialogue with the music)

The pyramid model of balance and blend in a vocal ensemble refers to what theory? a. Louder singers should sing at the same level as softer singers b. Higher-pitched singers should sing softer than the lowest pitched singers c. Taller singers should stand behind shorter singers d. Melodic singers should sing louder than accompanying singers

B: Higher-pitched singers should sing softer than the lowest pitched singers

What is the foundational tool for beginning improvisation? a. Syncopation b. Imitation c. Modulation d. Inversion

B: Imitation (Imitation allows students to learn techniques, progressions, melodic contour, and rhythmic patterns of improvisers of the past.)

Ostinatos are found extensively in the world music of which of the following regions? a. China b. India c. Mexico d. Ethiopia

B: India

What is the main role of the free hand when conducting an ensemble? a. Keeping the beat b. Musical reinforcement c. Balance d. Following the score

B: Musical reinforcement

The "ballade" refers to a musical form originally based on which literary form? a. Play b. Narrative c. Soliloquy d. Elegy

B: Narrative (The original literary form of the ballade usually featured a narrative that was comic, romantic, tragic, or historical: Words were set to 3 stanzas w/ 7 or 8 lines each.)

Which movement of the 19th century featured music that evoked a place through the use of folk melodies? a. Impressionism b. Nationalism c. Romanticism d. Realism

B: Nationalism (Nationalism was the movement in the Romantic era in which composers used folk melodies of their country within their compositions)

What are the main incentives for aspiring performers to compete in local, regional, and national competitions? a. High school and college admissions b. Performance opportunities and publicity c. Financial and retirement stability d. Music research and development

B: Performance opportunities and publicity

A career in music business would include which of the following job titles? a. Composer b. Publicist c. Accompanist d. Vocalist

B: Publicist

Which of the following improvisational tools is based on a dialogue structure? a. Repetition b. Question and answer c. Syncopation d. Heterophony

B: Question and answer

Which American musical is considered by historians to be the first complete Broadway musical with a beginning to end plot? a. Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber b. Show Boat by Kern and Hammerstein c. Ain't Misbehavin' by Horwitz and Maltby, Jr. d. Porgy and Bess by George Gershwin

B: Show Boat (1927)... (Cats was 1981, Ain't Misbehavin' was 1987, and Porgy and Bess was 1934).

Which of the following notation software allows musicians to notate compositions electronically and then transfer the data to other MIDI instruments? a. Mozarteum b. Sibelius c. MagicNote d. Forte Score

B: Sibelius

Which of the following instrument groups would an orchestrator most likely choose to represent a lush canvas of passionate sound? a. Percussion b. Strings c. Brass d. Woodwinds

B: Strings

What is the name of that range within a singer's vocal abilities that resonate in the most aesthetically pleasing manner and is usually the most comfortable to sing? a. Chest voice b. Tessitura c. Falsetto d. Register

B: Tessitura

Which of the following compositional tools describes a group of closely spaced notes played simultaneously, usually in intervals of adjacent seconds and groupings? a. Extended harmony b. Tone cluster c. Diminished 7th d. Retrograde inversion

B: Tone cluster (Defined as a group of closely spaced notes played simultaneously, usually in intervals of adjacent seconds and groupings or "clusters")

What is the name of the soft tissue at the top of the mouth cavity that singers raise to produce a relaxed and free sound while also easing register transitions and maintaining the health of the vocal mechanisms? a. Epiglottis b. Velum c. Pharynx d. Uvula

B: Velum

Which trumpet mute, also known by the brand name Harmon mute, produces a buzzes tone, and is often associated with Miles Davis during his cool jazz period? a. Straight mute b. Wah-wah mute c. Cup mute d. Bucket mute

B: Wah-wah mute. (This mute produces a buzzed tone.)

List the Nationalistic Composers who Represented Hungary

Bartok and Kodaly

Call and Response Form has been widely influential in what genres of music? Hint: Typically coming from African musical tradition

Blues, Jazz, Hip Hop, Rock, and Gospel

When a bow moves faster across a stringed instrument with greater pressure, what sound is produced? a. A softer dynamic b. A sharper attack c. A louder dynamic d. A shorter duration

C. A louder dynamic

For valved brass instruments, how often should valve oil be applied? a. Only in particularly dry conditions b. When storing the instrument long-term c. Before every playing session d. After a extended performance

C. Before every playing session

Which of the following is NOT a double reed woodwind instrument? a. Oboe b. Bassoon c. Clarinet d. Sarrusophone

C. Clarinet

Which percussion instruments are played by striking two objects together? a. Percussion idiophones b. Membranophones c. Concussion idiophones d. Friction idiophones

C. Concussion idiophones

What is NOT an aspect to consider when selecting music for an ensemble? a. Number of rehearsals before the performance b. Strengths and weaknesses of the ensemble c. Height of the players in the ensemble d. Number of players and instruments in the ensemble

C. Height of the players in the ensemble

How often should a conductor check for accurate intonation of the ensemble? a. Only at the beginning of rehearsals b. Every third rehearsal c. Periodically during rehearsals d. At the end of every rehearsal

C. Periodically during rehearsals

What is NOT an aspect of the score the conductor needs to learn when preparing a score? a. Form b. Transpositions c. Publisher d. Dynamics

C. Publisher

Which of the following typically describes rondo form? a. AABBCC b. ABABA c. ABACABA d. AABA

C: ABACABA

Which of the following musical terms comes from the Italian term meaning "to hurry"? a. Slentando b. Allargando c. Affretando d. Calando

C: Affretando

The twelve-tone technique of music was created by... a. Anton Webern b. Milton Babbit c. Arnold Schoenberg d. Pierre Boulez

C: Arnold Schoenberg (He developed 12-tone music in which all 12 pitches of the chromatic scale are treated as equal. Webern, Babbit, and Boulez were all composers who subsequently USED the 12-tone technique in their compositions, but they did NOT create it.)

What is the minimum education requirement for those wishing to enter a career in music education? a. Associates in music education, with the proper state teaching certification b. Doctor of musical arts in music education, with the proper state teaching certification c. Bachelor's degree in music education, with the proper state teaching certification d. Master's degree in music education, with the proper state teaching certification

C: Bachelor's degree in music education, with the proper state teaching certification

What is the name of the playing technique for French horn which produces a slightly darker tone, more easily controls pitch, and aids in performing extended techniques such as stopped horn and echo horn? a. Left-hand technique b. Open-fist technique c. Hand-horn technique d. Closed-throat technique

C: Hand-horn technique (aka right hand technique, is the placement of the right hand inside the bell of the horn to produce a slightly darker tone, to more easily control pitch, and to perform extended techniques such as stopped horn and echo horn.)

Vocal resonance is important for an effective vocal solo performance because... a. It increases breathing capacity b. It simulates harmonic overtones c. It creates a well-projected sound d. It clarifies vocal diction

C: It creates a well-projected sound

How does funk music differ from soul and R&B music? a. It is based on an unconventional progression over many chords b. It is based on a melody line over whole-tone chords c. It is based on a rhythmic groove over a single chord d. It is based on the harmonic voice-leading of extended chords

C: It is based on a rhythmic groove over a single chord (All 3 are inspired by the African musical tradition, but soul & R&B are based on a melody line or a progression over many chords).

What is the name of the highly useful digital interface that allows communication between digital instruments and computers allowing ease of composing, arranging, performing, recording and editing? a. RAM b. DAW c. MIDI d. MP4

C: MIDI (aka Musical Instrument Digital Interface)

Of the following, which is the most secure job in music, providing extensive opportunities to tour, record, and perform at high-profile ceremonies as well as college repayment, health care, and other benefits? a. Cruise ship musician b. Orchestra musician c. Military musician d. Band Musician

C: Military musician

Composers typically use which of the following musical modes to convey sadness? a. Major mode b. Mixolydian mode c. Minor mode d. Lydian Mode

C: Minor Mode

The Middle Eastern "maqam" system of melodic organization is most similar to which aspect of Western music theory? a. Counterpoint b. Binary form c. Modes d. Notation

C: Modes (Maqam system is distinctly confined to the lower tetra-chord. There are more than 30 different maqamat, and each defines the melodic contour, pitches, and hierarchical development of the scale.)

Which of the following describes a sequence in which the second segment moves to a different tonal center than the first? a. Real sequence b. False sequence c. Modulating sequence d. Tonal sequence

C: Modulating Sequence

Which opera form of the Enlightenment featured 3 acts with alternating arias and recitatives with usually six or seven characters? a. Opera buffa b. Opera comique c. Opera seria d. Opera grego

C: Opera Seria (focused on tragic and serious subjects. The structure, number of singers, and plot line were structured so that the action usually took place in three acts with alternating arias and recitatives, and the number of characters usually numbered six or seven with two to four main characters).

The overtone series can be best understood within the context of which scientific discipline? a. Chemistry b. Biology c. Physics d. Astronomy

C: Physics (The concept of overtones refers to a specific acoustic property of sound. For every one frequency, there are multiple other frequencies, or overtones, that vibrate through the resonate space of its normal tones

When encountering a difficult passage, how do musicians most effectively practice that passage? a. Playing it as fast as possible b. Studying it away from the instrument c. Playing it slowly and thoughtfully d. Playing the sections before and after

C: Playing it slowly and thoughtfully

What is the system of notational reading that, when combined with hand motions, helps to reinforce the special relationship between pitches for sight-reading? a. Roman numerals b. C-clef c. Solfege d. Nashville system

C: Solfege

If a singer does not control the rate of exhalation, what common problem happens physically when the singer runs out of breath? a. The diaphragm contracts b. The abdominals tighten c. The chest collapses d. The pharynx dilates

C: The chest collapses

What physiological changes are happening to pubescent students when their voice "cracks"? a. The pharynx expands and the uvula hardens b. The alveolar ridge thickens and the oral cavity widens c. The larynx enlarges and the vocal chords lengthen and thicken d. The glottis strengthens and hard palate lowers.

C: The larynx enlarges and the vocal chords lengthen and thicken

What is NOT a typical instrument of Appalachian folk music? a. Dulcimer b. Banjo c. Tumbadora d. Mandolin

C: Tumbadora

What role did freedom songs play during the period of apartheid in South Africa? a. Divided the oppressed and exposed the freedom of the government b. Calmed the oppressed and exposed the power of the government c. United the oppressed and exposed the injustices of the government d. Defended the oppressed and exposed the loyalty of the government

C: United the oppressed and exposed the injustices of the government (Apartheid was the name of the system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by white rule in South Africa for 46 years. During that time, freedom songs were used to unite the oppressed and expose the injustices of the government during that period of hatred and brutality).

The structure of sonata form in music can be seen most similarly to which literary narrative structure? a. Setup - bridge - resolution b. Setup - plot - conflict c. Setup - conflict - resolution d. Setup - resolution - plot

C:Setup - conflict - resolution (Exposition, Development, Recapitulation)

List some common features of African Music

Call and response singing, polyrhythms, and improvised rhythms.

Common features of African Music [Influence of African song and dance on Latin American Music]

Call and response singing, repeated and improvised musical figures, polyrhythm, and the use of African instruments such as congas, rattles, thumb pianos, claves, and drum ensembles

Characteristics of Calypso music [Influence of African song and dance on Latin American Music]

Calypso music, originally developed in Trinidad, is a popular song and dance form in the Caribbean Typically played w/ a steel drum band, calypso music is witty, lively, and humorous

List the orchestral instruments that typically employ the tenor clef

Cello, Bassoon, and Trombone

Define Monophony

Centers of a single melodic line, however, unlike homophony, it does not have supplemental accompaniment parts. For example, plainchant, in which a single line of melody embodies the entire work itself

Inversions of triads and seventh chords

Chords are related by inversion if they contain the same pitches w/ the same root, but have different pitches sounding in the bass

Tumbadora is another name for what? Hint: This instrument is used in mamba, rumba, and many other Latin musical styles

Conga (a drum from Cuba)

List some of the instruments used in typical African music [Influence of African song and dance on Latin American Music]

Congas, rattles, thumb pianos, claves, and drum ensembles

How should cymbals be stored? a. Upright in a sturdy and stiff box b. Stacked in a dark closet or room c. Flat in a soundproof and clean locker d. Divided into padded bags or cases

D. Divided into padded bags or cases

How does the hand move when conducting a 4/4 beat pattern? a. Upward on the first beat, downward of the second beat, inward on the third beat, and outward on the fourth beat b. Inward on the first beat, outward on the second beat, upward on the third beat, and downward on the fourth beat c. Outward on the first beat, upward on the second beat, downward on the third beat, and inward on the fourth beat d. Downward on the first beat, inward on the second beat, outward on the third beat, and inward on the fourth beat

D. Downward on the first beat, inward on the second beat, outward on the third beat, and inward on the fourth beat

Which of the following is NOT an important element of an effective solo performance? a. Dynamics b. Correct intonation c. Phrasing d. Fingering

D. Fingering

A beginning student plays the flute with a small and weak tone; what is most likely causing the problem? a. The student is overblowing b. The wrists are bent the wrong way c. The lip corners are pulled slightly back d. The bottom lip is covering too much of the lip plate

D. The bottom lip is covering too much of the lip plate

What are the benefits of having sectional rehearsals as opposed to having only full rehearsal? a. The players have to clean, adjust, and tune their instruments together. b. The players are able to work out their counterpoint on original compositions. c. The players have the opportunity to work on their sight-reading skills d. The players are able to fine-tune their parts together.

D. The players are able to fine-tune their parts together. (and to fix any technical or musical problems apart from the full ensemble. Sometimes the conductor may not be aware of other hidden problems except through listening to sectional rehearsals

When beginning string players say their pegs do not hold, what is the most common cause? a. They are not tuning the pegs in a clockwise motion b. The length of the string is too long for the peg c. The instrument has entered an environment that is too humid d. They are not putting pressure on the end of the peg when turning it

D. They are not putting pressure on the end of the peg when turning it

Which of the physical aspects of brass performance directly affects changes in dynamics? a. Embouchure b. Volume of air c. Posture d. Velocity of air

D. Velocity of air

The waltz form places rhythmic emphasis on which beat? a. 2nd beat b. All beats equally c. 3rd beat d. 1st beat

D: 1st Beat (Waltz is a dance form that features triple meter in a lively tempo. In waltz time, the rhythmic emphasis is on the downbeat, while the other two beats are kept light.)

Which of the following should be done first before harmonizing a given melody? a. Execution b. Planning c. Testing d. Analysis

D: Analysis (First observe the contour of the melody and analyze what possible harmonies can be written with regard to the pitches and rhythmic structure.)

The black church heavily influenced which of the following musical genres through improvisation, storytelling, and call and response? a. Metal b. Latin c. Grunge d. Blues

D: Blues

Taking in a deep breath over as many counts as possible, holding the breath, and then slowly letting out the air on an "S" sound, over as many counts as possible, is an example of what kind of vocal warm-up? a. Octave warmup b. Falsetto warmup c. Tessitura warmup d. Breathing warmup

D: Breathing warmup

Which of the following would best help a music producer with career advancement in an increasingly competitive environment? a. Increasing his or her social media output b. Obtaining a master's degree in music c. Buying the latest in audio technology d. Diversifying his or her skill set

D: Diversifying his or her skills set.

When arranging music, which group of instruments would best function as a crisp rhythmic flourish? a. Strings b. Woodwinds c. Low brasses d. High brasses

D: High brasses

Which of the following composers wrote music that featured brass with large orchestrations and increasingly powerful orchestral sounds? a. Roger Sessions b. Manuel de Falla c. Bela Bartok d. Igor Stravinsky

D: Igor Stravinsky (Ex's of his work: "The Firebird," "Petrushka," and "The Rite of Spring."

At what developmental stage does the larynx have the highest placement in the throat? a. Puberty b. Adult c. Adolescence d. Infancy

D: Infancy (Born with a very high larynx; the larynx drops slightly when a child reaches the age of 3. During puberty, a child's larynx grows to its full size, drops, and the vocal chords lengthen and thicken substantially.)

Reggae music originated in which Caribbean nation in the 1960s? a. Haiti b. Cuba c. Trinidad d. Jamaica

D: Jamaica (The Music has roots in traditional calypso and mento music, as well as in American jazz, rhythm and blues, ska, and rocksteady movement of the 60s. Early Jamaican reggae musicians include Jackie Mittoo, Winston Wright, "Scratch" Perry, and the Pioneers.

Which of the following is a traditional form of Japanese theater that stems from the 1600s? a. Kesho b. Michiyuki c. Shosagoto d. Kabuki

D: Kabuki (stems from the Edo periods of the 1600s.)

What is one of the earliest forms of jazz music? a. West coast jazz b. Kansas City Blues c. Latin Jazz d. New Orleans Jazz

D: New Orleans Jazz (Developed @ the start of the 20th century, borrowed from the music of black and creole musicians.)

What is the name of the motion of two musical lines where one line stays stationary while the other musical line moves in an upward or downward direction? a. Contrary motion b. Parallel motion c. Similar motion d. Oblique motion

D: Oblique motion

Which of the following was an early form of polyphony during the Medieval period in which voices were sung in parallel motion? a. Motet b. Gregorian chant c. Mass d. Organum

D: Organum

A loud, forceful, and fast sound tends to convey which of the following moods? a. Sorrow b. Elation c. Hope d. Passion

D: Passion (Sorrow tends to be represented by slower sounds; elation can be represented by loud and fast sounds; and hope tends to be represented by sustained, high notes)

Which of the following careers is concerned with overseeing and promoting the health of the performing artist? a. Critical care medicine b. Music therapy c. Medical nutrition therapy d. Performing arts medicine

D: Performing arts medicine

When the tongue rests forward in the mouth with the tip of the tongue resting against the bottom teeth for the most space in the mouth, what is the resultant sound? a. Tinny b. Dull c. Bright d. Resonant

D: Resonant

How should a conductor's elbow be positioned? a. Raised high above the podium b. Close to the torso c. Pointed to the front of the ensemble d. Slightly raised away from the body

D: Slightly raised away from the body

Which of the following is NOT an example of compound musical form? a. Sonata form b. String quartet c. Minuetto and trio d. Ternary form

D: Ternary Form (Compound musical form describes a tonal work that can be seen as a composite form that is made up of other, smaller simply forms such as binary and ternary forms)

Musical phrasing, contour, and line can be most analogous to... a. The choice of subject and medium in a painting b. The synchrony and interaction between dancers in a ballet c. The melding of flavors and ingredients in culinary arts d. The cadence and inflection of language in a narrated text

D: The cadence and inflection of language in a narrated text

As a general rule, how often should a piano be tuned? a. Once a year b. Six times a year c. Every other year d. Two to four times a year

D: Two to four times a year

The rhythms of music are most related to... a. The size of canvas in a painting b. The shape of a sculpture c. The climax of the plot in a novel d. The steps taken in dance

D: the steps taken in dance

List Impressionist Composers (6)

Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Bela Bartok, Oliver Messiaen, Gyorgy Ligeti, and George Crumb

List the orchestral instruments that typically employ the bass clef

Double Bass, Cello, Bassoon, Trombone, Low Brasses, and the Bass range of keyboard instruments

List instruments used in the Mambo ensemble

Double bass, bongo, tumbadora, trumpets, guitar, and voices

As a large scale form, the mass appeared in many composers oeuvre, including... [Musical Importance of the Mass]

Dufay, Josquin, Palestrina, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Weber, Berlioz, Verdi, Wagner, and Faure.

Give the general voice range of the bass voice [Conventional Parts of Four-Part Harmony]

E to c'

What is the general range of the bass voice?

E to c'

List the Nationalistic Composers who Represented England

Elgar, Vaughan Williams, and Holst

List some of the ornamentations used in the Baroque Era

Embellished notes including trills, mordents, and grace notes (rarely written out - improvised by performers)

List the three main sections of Sonata Form

Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation

Define Extended Harmony

Extended harmony prior to the 20th century usually has dominant function - as V9, V11, and V13, or V9/V, V13/ii etc.

Give the general voice range of the alto voice [Conventional Parts of Four-Part Harmony]

F to d''

Define falsetto

Falsetto is a musical term for a male voice that's artificially high. Falsetto means "artificial voice" and comes from the Italian word falso for "false."

Describe some characteristics of Baroque Music

Featured heavy ornamentation and improvised embellishment of a musical line

Describe some characteristics of 20th and 21st century music

Featured modernism and rejection of tonality

Describe some characteristics of Classical Music

Featured restraint, lighter texture, objectivity, and a transparent melodic line.

Describe some characteristics of Romantic Music

Features expressive emotionalism

Define Realism

Focused on compositions based around objects

Define Impressionism

Focused on hazily colored compositional writing

Describe Opera Buffa

Focused on humorous and light-hearted elements. There was often a wide range of characters, and spoken dialogue replaced recitative. The form was less structured and often featured prominent orchestral and instrumental parts. Music tended to be faster and helped portray comic elements of the plot line, such as laughter and sneezing

Define Romanticism

Focused on music that portrayed fantastic and mystical subjects

Seventh Chords [Inversions of Triads and Seventh Chords]

For Seventh Chords, the classifications are similar to triads except for the addition of a third inversion, indicating that the seventh chords, the classifications are similar except for the addition of a third inversion, indicating that the seventh of the chord is the lowest-sounding pitch. Thus for the root position seventh chord g-b-d-f, first inversion becomes b-d-f-g', second inversion becomes d-f-g'-b', and third inversion becomes f-g'-b'-d'

Root Position Triad [Inversions of Triads and Seventh Chords]

For triads, a chord is considered to be in root position if the root of the chord is the lowest-sounding pitch

Give the general voice range of the baritone voice [Conventional Parts of Four-Part Harmony]

G to e'

List the Nationalistic Composers who Represented Russia

Glinka, Borodin, Balakirev, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov

List the Nationalistic Compsoers who Represented Norway and Finland

Grieg (Norway) and Sibelius (Finland)

What two terms did Wagner prefer over Leitmotif?

Grundthema and Hauptmotiv

Characteristics of Gregorian Chant [Music of the Medieval Era]

Had melodies that were free flowing with no distinct meter, melismatic, and largely monophonic, sung by unaccompanied voice or choir.

Define Gregorian Chant

Had melodies with no meter. The traditional music for Latin texts in the worship of the Roman Catholic Church. Gregorian chant is marked by performance in unison and by free-flowing rhythms that follow the phrasing of the text. The chants often call for one syllable to be sung across several notes.

Define Homophony

Has several voices or parts, but melodic interest is reduced to a single voice or part. All other voices or parts support the main melody as accompaniment and move together in rhythmic likeness. Can be thought of as any form of melody and accompaniment texture.

Describe the Characteristics of High Brasses [Relation of Tonal Characteristics to their Use in Orchestration]

Have a clear, focused tonal quality and many times are used melodically or as a crisp rhythmic flourish.

Describe the Characteristics of Woodwinds [Relation of Tonal Characteristics to their Use in Orchestration]

Have held various roles within the orchestra and can easily function as melody, supporting harmony, or rhythmic texture, similar to strings

Describe the Characteristics of Percussion [Relation of Tonal Characteristics to their Use in Orchestration]

Have historically held a rhythmic role in orchestral writing, but have also been used as melodic interest through the marimba, timpani, and other melodic percussion instruments

Describe some characteristics of Appalachian music

Heavy ornamentation, improvisation, rhythmic and melodic focus, and an upbeat tempo

Which American Composer termed "Tone Cluster"

Henry Cowell

List Aztec and Inca instruments

Huehuetl and teponaztli types of drums, gourd rattles, flutes and panpipes, clay jingles, wood and conch shell trumpets, bone rasps, and ocarinas

List the standard 12-bar harmonic progression used in Blues

I-I-I-I-IV-IV-I-I-V-IV-I-I

Give the label given for each scale degree I-VII

I-Tonic II-Supertonic III-Mediant IV-Subdominant V-Dominant VI-Submediant VIII-Leading tone or subtonic

Define Half Cadence

I-V

Define Plagal Cadence

IV-I

Perfect Plagal Cadence (Roman Numerals)

IV-I (tonic in highest voice)

Imperfect Plagal Cadence (Roman Numerals)

IV-I (tonic not in highest voice)

Plagal Cadence (Roman Numerals)

IV-I or iv-i

C: Passing Tone (The F# dissonance in the given example comes between a G and E, so that the soprano line moves downward in a step-wise motion).

Identify the type of dissonance found above the asterisk in the given voice-leading example. a. Neighbor tone b. Suspension c. Passing tone d. Appoggiatura

What is a Real Answer to a Fugal Subject?

In a real answer to a fugal subject, the theme is transposed exactly note to note in the dominant key

What is a Tonal Answer to a Fugal Subject?

In a tonal answer to a fugal subject, the theme is transposed loosely in the dominant key, modified so as to maintain harmonic congruity or to facilitate modulations

Define Ostinato

In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, frequently at the same pitch.

Define Hemiola

In music, hemiola (also hemiolia) is the ratio 3:2. In rhythm, hemiola refers to three beats of equal value in the time normally occupied by two beats.

A: Staccatissimo

In the example above, which articulation indicates that the note should be played with the shortest duration? a. Staccatissimo b. Staccato c. Tenuto d. Accent

Describe Afro-Cuban Jazz [Latin Jazz]

Incorporated Cuban rhythms such as the mambo and the habanera with elements of bebop. Afro-Cuban bass lines featured distinctive syncopated rhythms labeled as either 2-3 clave or 3-2 clave.

Describe Afro-Brazilian Jazz [Latin Jazz]

Incorporated rhythms of the samba with music of Europe and America. A new style of samba known as bossa nova featured a laid-back singing style, increased textural complexity, and a distinctive rhythmic pattern known as the bossa nova clave.

Define Accent

Indicates that the note should be played with a strong stress. In music notation, an accent mark indicates a louder dynamic and a stronger attack to apply to a single note or an articulation mark.

Describe Absolute Music

Instrumental music that existed apart from extra-musical references, able to move audiences solely on the purity of the music itself

Describe characteristics of the Conventional Mazurka

Intense, militant aethetic

List the Modes in Order (Remember: I Don't Particularly Like Modes A Lot)

Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian

Define Opera Buffa

Italian music. Opera buffa, (Italian: "comic opera") genre of comic opera originating in Naples in the mid-18th century. It developed from the intermezzi, or interludes, performed between the acts of serious operas.

List the Nationalistic Composers who Represented the United States

Ives, Harris, Gershwin, and Copland

Name 4 Early Jamaican Reggae Musicians

Jackie Mittoo, Winston Wright, "Scratch" Perry, and the Pioneers

Define Shosagoto

Kabuki dance pieces, one of three types of kabuki

Define Masses

Large-scale works that also features polyphony in counterpoint. a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that sets the invariable portions of the Eucharistic liturgy (principally that of the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, and Lutheranism) to music.

Describe characteristics of Obertas (Mazurka)

Livelier and jovial

The first mass by a known composer was... [Musical Importance of the Mass]

Machaut's Mess de Notre Dame

Discant is an element of what type of music?

Medieval

The motet was a major musical form of the Medieval and Renaissance periods that emerged from...

Medieval organum and clausulae

Metrical Accenting in certain 3/4 styles (Mazurka/folk dances)

Metrical stress may be on the second beat in 3/4 meter

List some of the vocal techniques used in Blues

Moans, Growls, and Cries that express emotion

List painters of the Impressionist movement (5)

Monet, Cezanne, Degas, Manet, and Renoir

Give examples of heterophony

Mostly occurs in non-Western cultures such as those of East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East

Define contrary motion

Moves in opposite directions

Define parallel motion

Moves in the same direction

List some characteristics of music of the Renaissance

Music of the Renaissance featured Greek modes, clarity of vocal lines, harmonic consonance, imitative counterpoint, and expressivity.

Described Program Music

Music that represented non-musical images or ideas. It flourished in the Romantic era with program symphonies, symphonic poems, and character pieces with descriptive titles.

B: Aø7 (Root position of Chord: A-C-Eb-G; B/c the interval between the root & 5th is a diminished 5th and the distance between the root and the seventh is a minor 7th, the harmony of the given chord is Aø7).

Name the harmony in the above example a. C°7 b. Aø7 c. G°7 d. Ebø7

Define Opera Seria

Opera seria (Italian pronunciation: [ˈɔːpera ˈsɛːrja]; plural: opere serie; usually called dramma per musica or melodramma serio) is an Italian musical term which refers to the noble and "serious" style of Italian opera that predominated in Europe from the 1710s to about 1770.

Define Opera Greco

Operas based on Greco-Roman mythology

In the 13th century, motet replaced what as a major polyphonic genre?

Organum

Define Cha-Cha-Cha (think pattern)

Part of Cuban styles, characteristic rhythmic pattern of two eighth notes followed by a quarter note; is an onomatopoeia of the musical rhythm

Define Son Montuno

Part of Cuban styles, comprised of a 2-3 clave

Define Tresillo

Part of Cuban styles, comprised of triplets over a composite duple beat

Define Rumba (rhythmic pattern)

Part of Cuban styles, rhythmic pattern consists of 16th and quarter note beats in triple- and duple-pulses

What are Friction idiophones?

Percussion instruments played by rubbing and include the musical saw and the glass harmonica

What are Percussion idiophones?

Percussion instruments struck by mallets

What are concussion idiophones?

Percussion instruments that are played by striking two objects together

What are Membranophones?

Percussion instruments that produce sound through the vibration of a membrane around a resonating body

Give examples of Monophony

Plainchant, Minnesinger, Meistersinger, and Troubador music

Describe and Give Examples of Friction Idiophones

Played by rubbing. Ex: Musical Saw and Glass Harmonica

List elements of classic Greek Tragedy

Plot, Character, Thought, Diction, Melody, Spectacle

Metrical Accenting in 4/4 meter

Primary stress on the downbeat of the measure, and a secondary, weaker stress on the third beat of the measure

Describe Horns prior to the 19th century [Impact of Valved Horns and Trumpets]

Range limited to the notes of the overtone series and to crooks or hand-stopping techniques that changed the pitch of the instrument

Define Augmentation

Refers to rhythmic lengthening. In Western music and music theory, augmentation (from Late Latin augmentare, to increase) is the lengthening of a note or interval. Augmentation is a compositional device where a melody, theme or motif is presented in longer note-values than were previously used.

Describe Characteristics of the Falsetto/Head Register (M/F)

Refers to the highest ranges of the voice above the normal speaking voice and is said to have a breathy, fairy tonal quality that lacks a lot of overtones

Describe Characteristics of the Chest Register (M/F)

Refers to the lower ranges of the voices, and are said to have a heavier tonal quality similar to that of the natural talking voice

Define Oblique Motion

Refers to the motion of two musical lines in which one stays stationary while the other musical line moves in an upward or downward direction

Define Contrary Motion

Refers to the motion of two musical lines that move in opposite directions

Define similar motion

Refers to the motion of two musical lines that move in similar directions

Define Similar Motion

Refers to the motion of two musical lines that move in similar directions, whether upwards or downwards, but without maintaining the same interval between the lines

Define Parallel Motion

Refers to the motion of two musical lines that move in the same direction, whether upwards or downwards, while maintaining the same interval between the lines

Define Anacrusis

Refers to the notes before the downbeat of the first measure. In music, an anacrusis (also known as a pickup, or fractional pick-up) is a note or sequence of notes, a motif, which precedes the first downbeat in a bar in a musical phrase.

Describe Characteristics of the Head/Middle Register (M/F)

Refers to the upper ranges of the voice, and is said to have a lighter tonal quality that is not falsetto

Define Retrograde Inversion

Retrograde inversion is a musical term that literally means "backwards and upside down": "The inverse of the series is sounded in reverse order." Retrograde reverses the order of the motive's pitches: what was the first pitch becomes the last, and vice versa.

Define Rondo Form

Rondo form is a piece of music where the musical material stated at the beginning of the piece keeps returning. This opening music can be called either the theme or the refrain; they are the same thing. Ex: ABACABA

Describe relative minor

Shares the same key signature as the diatonic major scale

Describe parallel minor

Shares the same tonic pitch as the diatonic major

What was the first full-fledged Broadway musical w/ a complete beginning-to-end plot?

Show Boat (1927) by Kern and Hammerstein

Explain the Maqam system of Melodic Organization used in the Middle East

Similar to Modes, but the Maqam system is distinctly confined to the lower tetra-chord. There are more than 30 different maqamat, and each defines the melodic contour, pitches, and hierarchical development of the scale.

Describe the Mixolydian Mode

Similar to the major scale, but has a lowered seventh scale degree

Describe the Lydian Mode

Similar to the major scale, but has a raised fourth scale degree

Describe the Phrygian Mode

Similar to the natural minor scale, but has a lowered second scale degree

Describe the Locrian Mode

Similar to the natural minor scale, but has a lowered second scale degree and a lowered fifth scale degree

Describe the Dorian Mode

Similar to the natural minor scale, but has a raised sixth scale degree

Describe characteristics of Kujawiak (Mazurka)

Slower, more melancholic

List the Nationalistic Composers who Represented Czechoslovakia

Smetana, Dvorak, and Janacek

List the conventional voice parts from high to low [Conventional Parts of Four-Part Harmony]

Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass

Define Suspension

Sounds on a downbeat, then moves downward by step. A suspension (Sus.) keeps a note the same and then steps downward. A suspension keeps a note the same and then resolves by step (commonly downward).

Define Ionian Mode

Starting on the 1st scale degree, this mode is the same as a major scale. It has the same W W H W W W H (whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half) pattern. The naturally occuring half steps of this mode are between the 3rd & 4th and 7th & 8th scale degrees.

Define Lydian Mode

Starting on the 4th scale degree, the lydian mode's naturally occurring half steps are between the 4th & 5th and 7th & 8th scale degrees. It's pattern is W W W H W W H. For ear training purposes, think of this scale as a major scale with a raised 4th.

Describe the Characteristics of Strings [Relation of Tonal Characteristics to their Use in Orchestration]

Tend to have a rich tonal quality and form the basis of many orchestral textures. Strings have a variety of sounds and techniques and can easily function as melody, supporting harmony, or rhythmic texture.

Describe the Characteristics of Low Brasses [Relation of Tonal Characteristics to their Use in Orchestration]

Tend to provide bass lines as well as rhythmic motives

Characteristics of the Medieval Motet [Medieval Motet vs. Renaissance Motet]

The Medieval Motet featured a tenor line derived from plainchant with one or more upper voices in French or Latin. The tenor line usually had a short, repeated rhythmic pattern, while the upper voices had contrasting, lively upper voices. The texts of the upper voices were sometimes independent and in a different language from the tenor line

Characteristics of the Renaissance Motet [Medieval Motet vs. Renaissance Motet]

The Renaissance Motet referred more to a genre of music than to a certain form or structure. By the mid-fifteenth century, the motet was known as a polyphonic setting of any sacred Latin text, not restricted to the liturgy. Composers of the Renaissance introduced imitation, homophony, and four-part harmony to the motet.

Describe the Vibrators [Physiological Mechanisms of Singing]

The Vibrators for singing are the vocal folds, held within the voice box or larynx at the top of the trachea. When air passes through the vocal folds through the opening called the glottis, the vocal folds vibrate and produce sound

A: 2-2-3 (B/c the music is written w/ 2 quarter notes in the bass line followed by a dotted quarter, the pulse is best felt with the 8th notes grouped w/ the bass line)

The above excerpt is best subdivided into which pulse subdivisions? a. 2-2-3 b. 5-2 c. 3-4 d. 3-2-2

Metrical Accenting in certain jazz and world music (4/4)

The accents may be on the second and fourth beats for stylistic accuracy

Define Aeolian Mode

The aeolian scale begins on the 6th scale degree of the major scale and is also known as a natural minor scale. It's naturally occurring half steps are between the 2nd & 3rd and 5th & 6th scale degrees, and it's pattern is W H W W H W W.

List typical instruments used in Appalachian music

The banjo, mandolin, guitar, autoharp, American fiddle, fretted dulcimer, dobro, and dulcimer.

B: Ostinato (The bass repeats a rhythmic pattern on the same note similarly to a drone.)

The bass in the above example uses which of the following rhythmic patterns? a. 3-2 clave b. Ostinato c. Bossa Nova d. Alberti Bass

(Answer) A: vii°

The chord in the above example can be best described as which of the following? a. vii° b. V c. ii d. iv

Define Dorian Mode

The dorian mode starts on the second scale degree of the major scale, which changes the pattern to W H W W W H W. The naturally occuring half steps are between the 2nd & 3rd and 6th & 7th scale degrees. For ear training purposes, think of this mode as a natural minor scale with a raised 6th.

Give the conducting pattern for 3/4 [Conducting Patterns]

The hand moves downward of the first beat, outward on the second beat and upward on the third beat

Give the conducting pattern for 2/4 [Conducting Patterns]

The hand moves downward on the first beat, and upward on the second beat

Give the conducting pattern for 4/4 [Conducting Patterns]

The hand moves downward on the first beat, inward on the second beat, outward on the third beat, and upward on the fourth beat

Give the conducting pattern for 9/8 [Conducting Patterns]

The hand moves downward on the first primary strong beat, bounces inward on the second and third beats, moves outward on the second strong fourth beat, bounces outward on the fifth and sixth beats, then moves upward on the tertiary strong seventh beat, and bounces upward and inward on the weak eighth and ninth beats

Give the conducting pattern for 6/8 [Conducting Patterns]

The hand moves downward on the first primary strong beat, bounces inward on the second and third beats, moves outward on the secondary strong fourth beat, bounces outward on the fifth beat, and upward on the sixth beat

Characteristics of Merengue [Influence of African song and dance on Latin American Music]

The merengue, prominent in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti, is a popular song and dance style in a swift duple meter. Instruments w/ some African influences include the double-headed tambora drum and the metal guayo scraper.

Define Melodic Minor

The minor scale is altered so that both the sixth and seventh notes of the scale are raised by half step in ascending motion, and lowered to the natural minor in descending motion

Define Harmonic Minor

The minor scale that has the seventh note of the scale raised by a half step

Define Natural Minor

The minor scale without alterations made. AKA pure minor scale

Define Mixolydian Mode

The mixolydian mode begins on the 5th scale degree of the major scale, and the naturally occurring half steps are between the 3rd & 4th and 6th & 7th scale degrees of a major scale. It's pattern is W W H W W H W. Think of this as a major scale with a flatted 7th.

Characteristics of the Motet [Music of the Medieval Era]

The most important form of Medieval polyphony, which spanned both sacred and secular genres

Define Motet

The motet evolved from organum, and featured a tenor line with contrasting upper voices A sacred choral piece, usually unaccompanied, in several parts - that's about as close as one can get to a definition of 'motet' without excluding whole swathes of repertoire.

Medieval Motet vs. Renaissance Motet

The motet was a major musical form of the Medieval and Renaissance periods that emerged from medieval organum and clausulae. 1. The Medieval Motet featured a tenor line derived from plainchant with one or more upper voices in French or Latin. The tenor line usually had a short, repeated rhythmic pattern, while the upper voices had contrasting, lively upper voices. The texts of the upper voices were sometimes independent and in a different language from the tenor line 2. The Renaissance Motet referred more to a genre of music than to a certain form or structure. By the mid-fifteenth century, the motet was known as a polyphonic setting of any sacred Latin text, not restricted to the liturgy. Composers of the Renaissance introduced imitation, homophony, and four-part harmony to the motet.

Define Oblique motion

The motion of two musical lines in which one line stays the same while the other musical line moves in an upward or downward motion

Define Nationalism

The movement in the Romantic era in which composers used folk melodies of their country within their compositions)

Define Kesho

The name of the white and dramatic kabuki makeup

Define Phyrigian Mode

The phrygian mode begins on the 3rd scale degree of the major scale, and the naturally occurring half steps are between the 1st & 2nd and 5th & 6th scale degrees. The pattern is H W W W H W W. Think of this mode as a natural minor scale with a flatted 2nd.

Characteristics of Rumba [Influence of African song and dance on Latin American Music]

The rumba is another African song and dance form now popular in Cuba that uses conga drums and sticks. The rumba has a three-part form w/ fast polyrhythms, and includes improvised verses and repetitive call and response sections

B: Hemiola (The treble notes shift from groupings of three to groupings of two in 6/8, which gives a sense of meter change from triple to duple.)

The second measure of the above examples uses which rhythmic device? a. Anacrusis b. Hemiola c. Suspension d. Augmentation

Describe the Resonators [Physiological Mechanisms of Singing]

The sound passes through the Resonators, principally the pharynx and the mouth cavities. These Resonators influence the tonal quality of the sound through the cavity shapes and surfaces, as well as the various singing techniques used to alter sound and timbre.

Describe Opera Seria

The structure, number of singers, and plot line were structured so that the action usually took place in three acts of alternating arias and recitatives, and the number of characters usually numbered six or seven, with two to four main characters. Focused on tragic and serious subjects that were historical rather than mythical

Define Opera Comique

The term opéra comique is complex in meaning and cannot simply be translated as "comic opera". The genre originated in the early 18th century with humorous and satirical plays performed at the theatres of the Paris fairs which contained songs (vaudevilles), with new words set to already existing music.

Metrical Accenting in compound meters such as 6/8, 9/8, and 12/8 time

There is a natural accent on the first of every group of three eighth notes

Define Locrian Mode

This mode starts on the 7th scale degree of a major scale. It's pattern is H W W H W W W. It's naturally occurring half steps are between the 1st & 2nd and 4th & 5th scale degrees. For ear training purposes, think of it as starting and ending on the leading tone of a major scale.

Define Calando

To Let Down

Define Allargando

To Widen

Define Fermata

To hold a note longer than written

Define Affrentando

To hurry

Define Tenuto

To play slightly longer and with rubato

Define Staccato

To play with a shortened sound duration

Define Marcato

To play with extreme stress

Define Slentando

To slow down

Define Kabuki

Traditional form of Japanese theater that stems from the Edo periods of the 1600s.

Define the Twelve Tone Technique of Music

Twelve-tone music is based on series (sometimes called a row) that contains all twelve pitch classes in a particular order. There is no one series used for all twelve-tone music; most composers write a unique row for each piece. (There 12!—that is, 12 factorial—twelve-tone series, which is equal to 479,001,600 unique row forms. Quite a lot of possibilities!) Twelve-tone music is most often associated with a compositional technique, or style, called serialism. The terms are not equivalent, however. Serialism is a broad designator referring to the ordering of things, whether they are pitches, durations, dynamics, and so on. Twelve-tone composition refers more specifically to music based on orderings of the twelve pitch classes.

Define Perfect Authentic Cadence

V-I

Perfect Authentic Cadence (Roman Numerals)

V-I (tonic in highest voice)

Authentic Cadence (Roman Numerals)

V-I or V-i

Define Deceptive Cadence

V-VI

Deceptive Cadence (Roman Numerals)

V-VI or V-vi; V-IV or V-iv

Imperfect Authentic Cadence (Roman Numerals)

V6-I

List the orchestral instrument that typically employs the alto clef

Viola

List orchestral instruments that typically employ the treble clef

Violin, woodwinds, high basses, and the treble range of keyboard instruments

List composers who are known for their tremendously large orchestrations and vast scope of sound (4) [Impact of Valved Horns and Trumpets]

Wagner, Strauss, Stravinsky, and Mahler

Coda is a musical form within _________. (3 words)

Western Classical Music

D: 9/8 (The connected beams suggest groupings of three 8th notes)

What is the implied time signature of the example above? a. 3/4 b. 6/8 c. 12/4 d. 9/8

A: Lydian (Example is most related to the C Maj scale, as indicated by the M3 interval C to E, and the M6 and M7 intervals C-A and C-B. Lydian is most similar to the major scale, w/ a raised 4th degree)

What is the musical mode in the example shown above? a. Lydian b. Dorian c. Locrian d. Phyrigian

D: Half Cadence (I-V)

Which of the following best describes the above cadence? a. Perfect authentic cadence b. Plagal cadence c. Deceptive cadence d. Half cadence

B: Minor 7th (B/c the 7th note is lowered by a half step, it is a minor 7th interval)

Which of the following best describes the harmonic interval in the above example? a. Aug 7th b. Minor 7th c. Diminished 7th d. Major 7th

C: Augmented 4th (B/c D down to Ab is a half step larger than a P4, it is augmented 4th)

Which of the following best describes the melodic interval in the above example? a. P4 b. Diminished 5th c. Augmented 4th d. M5

A: Major 7th in 3rd Inversion (B/c the interval from G to F# is a M7, it's a M7 chord, and b/c F#, the 7th note of the chord, is in the bass, that makes it 3rd inversion)

Which of the following best describes the seventh chord in the above example? a. Major 7th in 3rd inversion b. Dominant 7th in 2nd inversion c. Major/minor 7th in 3rd inversion d. Minor 7th in 2nd inversion

B: I6 - IV - V6/4 - ii (E Maj 1st inversion, A Maj root position, B Maj 2nd inversion, F# root position)

Which of the following chord progressions best describes the above example? a. ii6/4 - V - vi6 - iii b. I6 - IV - V6/4 - ii c. IV - V6/4 - I - ii d. iii6 - V - I6/4 - IV

(Answer) B: Larghissimo (means "at an extremely broad and slow tempo)

Which of the following examples should be performed at an extremely slow and broad tempo? a. Andante b. Larghissimo c. Largo d. Larghetto

D: 6/8 (in compound meter, the number of pulses can be subdivided into groups of 3).

Which of the following is a compound meter? a. 3/8 b. 2/8 c. 4/8 d. 6/8

(Answer) C: Tenuto (to play slightly longer and with rubato)

Which of the following is the articulation that indicates the note to be played slightly longer and with rubato? a. Marcato b. Staccato c. Tenuto d. Fermata

(Answer) D: Db

Which of the following is the name of the note in the above example? a. Bb b. D c. B d. Db

C: A#

Which of the following is the name of the note in the above example? a. C# b. E# c. A# d. G#

When any minor interval is lowered by a half-step, it becomes ____________

a diminished interval

When any perfect interval is lowered by a half-step, it becomes ___________

a diminished interval

What is the epiglottis?

a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

What is the uvula?

a fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the throat.

Define Tone Cluster

a group of closely spaced notes played simultaneously, usually in intervals of adjacent seconds and groupings or "clusters"

Define Horizontal Hemiola

a hemiola in succession, refers to a change of note values where, for example, three half notes follow a measure of two dotted half notes in 6/4 meter

Define Vertical Hemiola

a hemiola that occurs simultaneously, refers to a rhythmic syncopation where, for example, three quarter notes play over two dotted quarter notes in 6/8 meter

When any major interval is lowered by a half-step, it becomes ___________

a minor interval

Define Polyphony

a texture of music in which all voices or parts hold similar musical prominence or interest. This can be thought of as several distinct melodic lines occurring at the same time. The rhythm of each line moves independently of each other

When any major interval is raised by a half-step, it becomes ____________

an augmented interval

When any perfect interval is raised by a half-step, it becomes ___________

an augmented interval

Half Cadence (Roman Numerals)

anything-V; ex: I6/4 -- V

Describe and Give Examples of Rattles

are shaken. Ex: Maraca

Describe and Give Examples of Scrapers

are stroked across a notched surface. Ex: Washboards and Guiros

Place the following instruments in order from brightest to darkest timbres: French horn, flugelhorn, trumpet, trombone. a. Flugelhorn, trumpet, French horn, trombone b. Trumpet, flugelhorn, trombone, French horn c. Trombone, trumpet, flugelhorn, French horn d. French horn, flugelhorn, trumpet, trombone

b. Trumpet, flugelhorn, trombone, French horn. (The size and aspect of the conial bore affects the instruments timbre, and of the four instruments, trumpets have the narrowest and most cylindrical bore, while the French horn has the widest and biggest bore.)

Define Dia-Chromatic Tone Cluster

both diatonic seconds and chromatic notes are used

Give the general voice range of the soprano voice [Conventional Parts of Four-Part Harmony]

c', middle C, to a''

What is the general range of the soprano voice?

c', middle C, to a''

Which of the following instruments is typically notated on the treble clef and sounds a minor third higher than written? a. Bb Clarinet b. A Clarinet c. D Clarinet d. Eb Clarinet

d. Eb Clarinet

What is the alveolar ridge?

is one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth.

Give examples of polyphony

much Renaissance and Baroque music

Define Chromatic Tone Cluster

notes that are separated by a half-step are used

Describe the Bossa Nova Rhythm

often notated in duple meter, starts with a downbeat but is otherwise syncopated to give a swaying feeling rather than a strong, measured pulse.

Define Diatonic Tone Cluster

only neighboring notes in the diatonic key are used

Define Unequal-Voiced Polyphony and give an example

refers to polyphony in which greater importance is given to one or more melodic lines ex: Medieval-era cantus firmus compositions that gave musical precedence to the cantus firmus, usually sung or played in the tenor voice

Define Equal-Voiced Polyphony and give an example

refers to polyphony that maintains the same thematic material in all the individual voices ex: Canon, Fugues, Inventions

Define Heterophony

refers to the texture of any music that is made up of multiple improvised interpretations of the same melody played at the same time

Give examples of homophony

rock, pop, country, jazz

Major intervals refer to the ___________ (list)

second, third, sixth, and seventh intervals

What is the larynx?

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

What is the pharynx?

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

List characteristics of Classical Singing Timbre/Techniques

the mouth cavity is trained to have a high palate as in a yawn to create an open, formal sound. Encouraged to use a rich, wide vibrato to add to the color of the singing tone Focus on producing pure vowel tones and clear consonants

What is the glottis?

the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the slit-like opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.

Define tessitura

the range within which most notes of a vocal part fall.

A Perfect Interval only refers to __________ (list)

the unison, fourth, fifth, and octave.

List characteristics of Popular Music Singing Timbre/Techniques

there is much more flexibility in the shape of the mouth, and many singers use both high and low palates to manipulate the different vocal sounds Use less vibrato in their songs Use a variety of sounds, timbres, and techniques such as the rasp, growl, and edge, to achieve emotional range