Prepare to Participate Questions

Name and explain the four goals for an introduction.

1. Capture attention: convince audience to listen to you 2. Establish relevance of topic: explain why it is important. "What's in it for me?" 3. Establish speaker credibility: why people should listen to you. 4. Preview presentation: what can audience expect to hear

Describe the three main steps in developing a successful research strategy.

1. Create research question 2. Generate list of synonyms: for key concepts 3. Search information sources: library, databases, newspaper, etc.

What are the three causes of communication apprehension?

1. Heredity: from personality trait that causes apprehension 2. Learned apprehension: related to situation or context where communication occurs (situation, audience, context based) 3. Skills deficit: apprehensive because you do not know how to present effectively

List and define the six elements of the communication process.

1. People: speaker, listener 2. Messages: can be verbal and nonverbal; what we say 3. Channel: the medium of communication (e.g.: phone, face-to-face) 4. Interference: any type of distraction within the communication 5. Feedback: tells us if the message is received by the other person 6. Context: time, day, location

List and explain the four standards that can be used to make ethical communication decisions.

1. Political: understand based on a value system 2. Dialogical: interactions should promote development of self, personality, knowledge 3. Human: we have responsibility to our self and others to be open, compassionate, gentle, and reflective in choices 4. Situational: context of communication

Name and explain the two goals for a conclusion.

1. Provide summary: review main claims 2. Memorable close: something to help audience remember you and the presentation

List six factors to consider when analyzing the speaking situation. Then, note information to consider for each factor.

1. Size: larger audience = more formal presentation 2. Setting: feel for surroundings (air conditioner, lighting, etc.) 3. Type: captive or voluntary audience? 4. Interest: audience interests 5. Knowledge: determine what kind of information to put into speech 6. Attitudes: how audience feels about topic

4 ways to manage apprehension

1. Systematic desensitization: learning to relax 2. Cognitive restructuring: getting people to identify fears 3. Visualization: visualize giving a successful presentation 4. Skills training: learning about steps to success!

List and explain the four transitional devices described in the text.

1. Transition: words or phrases that demonstrate key relationships among ideas 2. Internal preview: brief statement of what will be discussed next 3. Internal summary: review of what has been discussed 4. Signpost: signal next point to be made

Why is outlining important?

Allow you to organize ideas logically, give better idea of relationship among ideas, use critical thinking, know where to place support, etc.

What are the aspects of verbal delivery?

Articulation, pronunciation, volume, rate, pause, pitch, vocal variety,

Discuss why it is important to consider your audience when developing and producing your speech.

Audience is target of your purpose and determines success of speech

What are the guidelines for writing specific purposes?

Avoid being to broad or general, use, as few words as possible, statement not question, one distinct idea,

Define information literacy.

Being able to find appropriate sources, analyze material, evaluate credibility, and use and cite sources ethically and legally

List and explain the four organizational patterns mentioned in the text.

Chronological order, spatial pattern (place/position), topical, causal (cause and effect)

What are the four considerations for effective word choice?

Clarity, accuracy, vividness, appropriateness

Describe the premise of the National Communication Association Credo for Ethical Communication.

Code of ethics to guide communication behaviors

Describe the themes that will run throughout the course.

Communication competence (knowledge, skill, motivation, judgment; knowledge on how communication affects you), communication confidence (practice in a variety of settings; decrease apprehension), ethical communicating (accuracy, honesty, clarity, open-mindedness, willingness to listen to others), critical thinking (defer judgment until you have enough info), citizens in a democracy (confidence to speak to the greater good)

Define preparation outline.

Detailed outline, full sentences to help prepare speech

What is the difference between effective and ineffective delivery?

Effective delivery gives life to words. Demonstrates you have the desire to communicate with audience, not at. Sound enthusiastic Ineffective delivery takes away meaning and importance

Describe the difference between ethics and ethical communication.

Ethics: set of social standards; why we behave how we behave Ethical communication: applying ethics to messages we produce and consume

What are the aspects of nonverbal delivery?

Eye contact, face, body, movement.

List the four suggestions in the text for developing a speaking outline.

Follow same framework as preparation outline, make it legible, make it brief, and include delivery notes

Why is delivery important?

From the moment you stand up, you are communicating. Audience doesn't have outline-base speech off of delivery. Audience sees actions

Define audience demographics. Give examples of demographic traits.

General information about who your audience is. Ex: gender, religion, income, occupation

Define the difference between a general-purpose statement and a specific purpose statement.

General purpose: contain overall intent of the message Specific purpose statement: focus on one aspect of the topic

What is self-concept?

How you see yourself

What are the four methods of delivery?

Impromptu (little time to prepare), manuscript (read off paper), memorization, extemporaneous (use outline)

List and describe the informal and formal methods of gathering information about the audience.

Informal: spending time with classmates, listening to into speeches, etc. Formal: interviews, questionnaires

What information should be included in an oral citation?

Information about author, statement about credibility, publish date, relevant information about source

What are some guidelines for integrating your presentation aid into your speech?

Inspect room first to make sure the visual aid can be incorporated, practice, talk and do at the same time, maintain eye contact, always be prepared to do without aid.

Explain the difference between intentional and unintentional plagiarism.

Intentional: can occur when taking passages or speeches. Knowingly pass off as your own Unintentional: because of carelessness

Describe the difference between internal and external effects of communication apprehension.

Internal: psychological issues; psychological discomfort. Can lead to physical discomfort. Audience unaware External: behavioral issues; avoidance or disfluency (filler words)

List the seven guidelines for developing a preparation outline.

Label intro & body & conclusion as separate elements, use consistent pattern of symbols, include transitions, integrate supporting material, provide list of references, and use complete sentences

What are the 3 differences between oral style and written style?

Oral: shorter sentences, less formal, positive slang

What is the relationship between perception and self-concept?

Perceptions of self affect how people perceive you.

List and describe the three benefits of studying communication.

Personal: be more confident in expressing ideas and point of view Social: influencing people and creating relationships Professional: create positive impression during an interview, presentation, etc.

What are the factors that affect perception?

Physical (senses affect ability to perceive events around you), experiential (past events affect), situational (context or environment affecting)

Discuss why introductions and conclusions are important.

Prepare audience to listen to, and remember the message. First and last impressions ultimately determine whether goals are accomplished

Define plagiarism.

Present someone else's words as your own

What are the design considerations for presentation aids?

Proximity, contrast, repetition

What are the steps in the process of perception?

Select, organize, and interpret

List and define the five types of supporting material.

Statistics (numerical method for summarizing data), analogies (compare defining characteristics of one concept and another), facts (true statement), examples (specific instances developed), testimony (use someone else's words)

Define thesis statement and list the five components that should be included in a thesis statement.

Thesis: clear and concise statement that provides an overview of presentation Components: general purpose, specific purpose topic & direction, main points, organizational pattern

What are the two sides of visual literacy?

What happens when we consume information (reading, listening, interpreting), when we produce the information (wring, speaking, creating)

What are the types of presentation aids?

Written language, data graphics, diagrams, illustrations/paintings, photos, film/video/animation, objects

Discuss why it is important to organize your ideas clearly.

You want the information to make sense to the audience. Organized speakers sound more credible, helps the speaker feel more confident

Nervousness

body providing extra adrenalin, making senses more aware; provides speaker with energy to give a successful presentation.

Describe two ways to generate ideas for a topic.

brainstorm, personal inventory

Apprehension

individuals fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.

What should you consider when selecting and incorporating support material for your speech?

oral citations

What are the various ways you can display your presentation aid?

screen, paper, etc.

Transaction Model

simultaneous sending and receiving of messages that occur in context. Feedback is constantly being shared. No one speaker or listener. Takes into account the context of the situation and relationship of people.

Action Model

speaker sends message to listener who receives it. Have a beginning and an end. Ex: seeing a McDonalds sign on the highway.

Interaction Model

takes into account the role of feedback in communication. Model of back and forth communication. Taking turns.

Define speaking outline.

to remember what you are saying

Name the three things to consider when selecting a topic for any presentation.

yourself, your audience, your occasion