PrepU Chapter 1: Concepts of Health and Disease

A client has been admitted to the intensive care unit with a myocardial infarction. After the client recovers from the acute course of the event and ready for discharge, the nurse provides information about the beta adrenergic blocker, atenolol, that the client will take to prevent complications after the MI. What type of prevention is the nurse providing? Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Initial prevention

Tertiary

A disease agent can affect more than one organ of the body, and more than one disease agent can affect the same organ of the body. Which term best describes this aspect of disease etiology? Multifactorial in origin Complicated and hard to diagnose Simple and less complex to diagnose Singular cause

Multifactorial in origin

The Framingham cohort study examined characteristics of people who would later develop which disease? Coronary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Lung cancer Seizures

coronary disease The Framingham cohort studied examined the characteristics of the people who would later develop coronary disease. The study was set up in 1950 by the U.S Public Health Service.

Which action is an example of a nurse delivering care at the tertiary care level? educating a client with diabetes about good foot care conducting a blood glucose screening clinic informing a new parent about childhood immunizations participating in an education program about bicycle safety

educating a client with diabetes about good foot care

Researchers have designed a study where the health of a large group of recent newborns will be followed for several years. What type of study is this? repetition double-blind placebo case-control cohort

Cohort When a certain group of persons are enrolled in study, they are known as a cohort. Cohort members are chosen to have specific similar characteristics. These studies are often longitudinal, following the cohort over time to observe one or more specific health outcomes. A case-control study is done on an individual, case-by-case situation. The double-blind placebo is a drug study. Repetition is a type of study carried out in a laboratory with very tight controls in place.

When considering the clinical course, a disease that is characterized by remissions and exacerbations is considered to be: chronic. acute. subclinical. preclinical.

chronic

Which of the nurse's assessment questions most directly addresses the client's level of health, based on the World Health Organization's definition of health? "Would you consider yourself to be more healthy, less healthy, or average?" "What are the things that give you the most joy in your life?" "How often have you been sick over the past 12 months?" "How would you rate your overall sense of well-being?"

"How would you rate your overall sense of well-being?"

A nurse is conducting a staff educational program on diagnostic tests. The nurse should include that the normal value of a laboratory test represents the test results that fall within which distribution level? 75% 80% 95% 100%

95%

When the nurse is assisting with the diagnostic process for a client with an illness, what is a priority when compiling all of the data to have an accurate diagnosis? Select all that apply. A careful history Detailed physical examination Financial information Diagnostic tests Social data

A careful history Detailed physical examination Diagnostic tests

A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of a number of clients who are under her care in a hospital context. Which client situation best characterizes pathogenesis rather than etiology? A client who has been exposed to the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident

A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis

An infant has a difficult time passing through the birth canal and the physician uses forceps to deliver the child. In the process, the facial nerve was damaged, resulting in a facial droop. Which condition does the nurse recognize this to be? Acquired defect Congenital condition Morphologic change Pathogenesis

Acquired defect

The nurse is caring for clients with chronic illnesses. Which characteristic of chronic illness will the nurse apply when developing plans of care? Chronic illnesses are adequately managed through lifestyle changes. Chronic illnesses may have periods of stability and acute exacerbations. Chronic illnesses have a stable and predictable course. Chronic illnesses result in systemic manifestations rather than local ones.

Chronic illnesses may have periods of stability and acute exacerbations.

Which science is called on to study the risk factors in multifactorial diseases? Scientology Morphology Histology Epidemiology

Epidemiology

The health care team is attempting to determine the cause of a client's disease. What does the nurse recognize that this will be documented as? Etiology Clinical manifestations Signs Condition

Etiology

Pathogenesis is the term used to describe the sequence of cellular and tissue events that occur from the time of first contact with an etiologic agent until the disease becomes evident. What is another way of defining pathogenesis? What sets the disease process in motion Multiple factors that predispose a person to a particular disease The causes of disease How the disease process evolves

How the disease process evolves

The parents of a child with spina bifida ask what caused the condition. Which factor would the nurse identify as the most likely etiologic factor in the child's history? Insufficient maternal folic acid intake Birth trauma during delivery Neonatal infection Domestic violence

Insufficient maternal folic acid intake

Which attribute is a benefit of health care providers using an evidence-based practice guideline? It directs research into forming a diagnosis and treatment for a certain condition. Once a practice guideline is well developed, it does not require modification. It uses one research method for delivery of care. With continued use, it will decrease healing time for clients.

It directs research into forming a diagnosis and treatment for a certain condition.

The nurse is performing an assessment on a newly admitted client with asthma and hears wheezes in the upper lobes of the lungs. When the nurse documents this finding, the nurse recognize this to be: an objective symptom. a sign. a diagnosis. a complication.

a sign

There are three fundamental types of prevention used in health care: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which statement accurately describes secondary prevention? Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings. Secondary prevention goes beyond treating the problem with which the person presents. Secondary prevention is often accomplished outside the health care system at the community level. Secondary prevention takes place within health care systems and involves the services of a number of different types of health care professionals.

Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings. Secondary prevention detects disease early in its course when it is still asymptomatic and treatment measures can effect a cure or stop the disease from progressing. Most secondary prevention is undertaken in clinical settings. Tertiary prevention goes beyond treating the presenting problem. Tertiary prevention programs are located within health care systems and involve the services of a number of different types of health care professionals. Primary prevention is often accomplished outside the health care system at the community level.

A client has been admitted for exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the first time. Which aspect of the client's current state of health would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign? The client's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oximetry. The client notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine. The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the client's lower lung fields bilaterally. The client's respiratory rate is 31 breaths per minute.

The client notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine

Which statement is an example of a prognosis? The leading cause of death is cancer. Pressure injuries occur in 2% of hospitalized clients. The client's chance of a full recovery is 50%. Folic acid during pregnancy may prevent fetal neural tube defects.

The client's chance of a full recovery is 50%.

When the nurse questions the blood glucose level obtained via a glucometer, a serum blood level is ordered. This protocol is directed toward ensuring which measure of standardization? Validity Standardization Reliability Predictability

Validity Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure, and is assessed by comparing a measurement method with the best possible method of measure that is available. Thus, the validity of a fingerstick method of testing blood glucose is compared with serum testing in the laboratory. Reliability refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result. Predictive value is the extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition. In the field of clinical laboratory measurements, standardization is aimed at increasing the accuracy and reliability of measured values.

A client with hypertension is given an IV medication and has an anaphylactic reaction. This is considered to be: a complication. a sequelae. a syndrome. a subacute presentation.

a complication

Facility policies on wound dressing selection refer the nurse to a dressing algorithm. The nurse anticipates that the algorithm will include: a step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection. a pictorial representation of various dressings. standing orders for wound care. guidelines for staging pressure injuries.

a step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection.

Which concept(s) will be included in the study of the science of pathophysiology? Select all that apply. body's response to disease effect disease has on human organs morphologic changes of cells altered function of tissues normal human anatomy

body's response to disease effect disease has on human organs morphologic changes of cells altered function of tissues

A client develops an infection with a resistant organism while hospitalized for surgery. After treatment, there are no obvious signs of infection, but a culture shows that the organism is present. Which term describes the client's status? Chronic disease Preclinical stage Clinical disease Carrier status

carrier status

A client is diagnosed with Crohn disease and is informed that there is no cure; however, the client will have periods when there are no symptoms and other times when symptoms will be quite severe. What term should the nurse teach the client applies to this disease course? acute chronic subacute carrier state

chronic

During an assessment, a client tells the nurse that he has suffered from asthma since childhood. He is not experiencing any symptoms at this time but takes an inhaled steroidal medication daily. The nurse should document the asthma as being which type of condition? Acute Chronic Subclinical Subacute

chronic

A client is experiencing signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. The client's disease is in which phase of its clinical course? Subclinical Clinical Preclinical Postclinical

clinical

In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease began in West Africa in which there was a sharp increase in the number of people being diagnosed with this disease. At the same time, a very high proportion of those who were diagnosed died from the disease. The epidemiologic characteristics of this disease include: high prevalence and increased incidence. increased incidence and high mortality. high morbidity and mortality. increased morbidity and high prevalence.

increased incidence and high mortality

A nurse researcher is collecting data on the number of people who have a current diagnosis of diabetes in a local population. Which term categorizes the aspect of epidemiology the nurse is collecting? prevalence morbidity mortality incidence

prevalence

A newly introduced diagnostic test has been found to produce unacceptably low levels of reliability. The nurse should recognize that the test: is impractical to implement in daily practice. does not actually measure what it purports to measure. yields inconsistent results when repeated. does not reflect the status of the population as a whole.

yields inconsistent results when repeated.