PrepU Chapter 2: Theory, Research, and Evidence-Informed Practice
Which group of nurses would be least likely involved in direct research? Select all that apply. A. Nurse Practitioners B. Student nurses C. Clinical Nurse Specialists D. Novice nurses E. Nurses at the PhD level
B. D.
A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client? A. Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client. B. Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping. C. Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian. D. Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the client.
C.
A group of objects with relationships is which? A. Theory B. Inductive reasoning C. Concept D. Deductive reasoning
C.
Which aspect of the nursing research process addresses a client's understanding of the potential risks and benefits of the study? A. Undergoing the informed consent process with the client B. Giving the client the opportunity to ask questions about the study C. Meeting with the hospital's institutional review board (IRB) D. Obtaining the client's signature on a permission document
A.
A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psychosocial development. These assessments are based on the work of: A. Maslow. B. Watson. C. Rogers. D. Erikson.
D.
A nurse working in a long-established hospital learned a specific approach to administering intravenous injections from the previous generation of nurses at the hospital. This is an example of which type of knowledge? A. Philosophy knowledge B. Scientific knowledge C. Authoritative knowledge D. Traditional knowledge
D.
When a researcher begins to form plans for a research project, the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection of narrative data and the analyses would select which of the following methods of research? A. Basic research B. Applied research C. Quantitative research D. Qualitative research
D.
Which theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice? A. Developmental theory B. Adaptation theory C. Systems theory D. Nursing theory
D.
Knowledge gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience is which type of knowledge? A. Authoritative knowledge B. Philosophy knowledge C. Traditional knowledge D. Scientific knowledge
A.
A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which element will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to? A. Clients who have experienced a stroke B. Turning clients more frequently C. Preventing skin breakdown D. The currently used turning schedule
C.
A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICOT format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention? A. Chromium supplements B. Weight loss C. No supplements D. Overweight clients
A.
A nurse is formulating a clinical question in PICO format. Which is represented by the letter I? A. The treatment of interest B. Specific identification of the desired outcome C. Comparison to another similar intervention D. Explicit descriptions of population of interest
A.
Following the identification of a researchable problem, what must the nurse do? A. Select literature relevant to the problem. B. Obtain a list of possible outcomes. C. Evaluate the number of ways to collect data. D. Determine a source appropriate to collect data.
A.
One of the primary reasons for conducting nursing research is to: A. generate knowledge to guide practice. B. prevent further disease and death. C. quantify outcomes related to clients. D. determine outcomes for clients.
A.
The focus of nursing is always on which of the four common concepts in nursing theory? A. Person B. Nursing C. Environment D. Health
A.
What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and practice? A. Evidence-based research B. Client-focused care C. Theoretical writing D. Case management
A.
A parent has brought a 6-year-old child into the clinic. The parent is concerned that the child does not seem to skip as well as the other children in the child's class. In planning assessments and care for this child, the nurse would be best served by choosing which theory as a foundation for decision making? A. General systems theory B. Developmental theory C. Adaptation theory D. Maslow's theory
B.
A nurse is planning to participate in a research project and is looking for information about what is already known about the topic. The nurse is involved in which step of the research process? A. Scientific literature review B. Identification of theoretical framework C. Problem statement formulation D. Problem area identification
A.
A nurse researcher is examining the cause-and-effect relationship between the consumption of tap water containing minimal amounts of bleach, and the incidence of cancer in rats. The research is taking place in a laboratory setting. What type of quantitative research is being used based upon this description? A. Experimental research B. Quasi-experimental research C. Descriptive research D. Correlational research
A.
Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave? A. General systems theory B. Nursing theory C. Adaptation theory D. Developmental theory
A.
Which type of quantitative research will examine cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables? A. Quasi-experimental B. Experimental C. Correlational D. Descriptive
A.
One of the primary reasons for conducting nursing research is to: A. prevent further disease and death. B. generate knowledge to guide practice. C. quantify outcomes related to clients. D. determine outcomes for clients.
B.
The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established following a study in 1983. The center's purpose is to: A. investigate and expand nursing theory. B. promote research for health promotion. C. advance the level of nursing research funding. D. evaluate the effect of current research.
B.
The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic? A. Quantitative research B. Qualitative research C. Delphi study D. Methodologic survey
B.
The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do? A. Provide a statical analysis for studies. B. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. C. Ask a question about a clinical practice. D. Recommend best practices for client care.
B.
When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process? A. Searching the literature B. Evaluating practice change C. Appraising evidence D. Formulating a clinical question
B.
Which activity systematically inquires about the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care? A. Scientific inquiry B. Nursing research C. Outcome criteria D. Managed care
B.
Which is a focus of medical research rather than nursing research? A. Promotion of recovery B. Drug metabolism C. Prevention of trauma D. Health appraisal
B.
The researcher must critically appraise evidence following a literature review. Which questions should the researcher pose in this appraisal? (Select all that apply.) A. "How many studies were found during the review?" B. "What were the results of each study?" C. "Where was each study conducted?" D. 'Will the results of each study improve client care?" E. "Are the results of each study valid and reliable?"
B. D. E.
A nurse researcher is involved in an experimental research study. Which component would the nurse researcher manipulate? A. Dependent variable B. Data analysis C. Independent variable D. Research design
C.
A nursing theory differs from a theoretical framework in which way? A. Ideas about aggregates are described B. Concepts are in a meaningful configuration C. Concepts and propositions are more specific D. Cause and effect of nursing actions are described
C.
In order for the nurse to be able to apply the knowledge that has been obtained in the formal education process, which theory would best break whole concepts into parts and then determine how the parts would work together as a whole? A. Theory of human needs B. Developmental theory C. General systems theory D. Adaptation theory
C.
What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered? A. Nurses now spend time looking up the best way to give nursing care. B. Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client care. C. Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. D. Nurses now have to take part in research.
C.
An abstract idea or object that relates to other abstract ideas or objects is which? A. Concept B. Deductive reasoning C. Inductive reasoning D. Theory
A.
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: A. use of outcome studies to guide decisions. B. care based on pathophysiologic factors. C. cost efficiency of treatment models. D. evaluation by experts to direct care in specialty areas.
A.
Which types of knowledge are subjective? (Select all that apply.) A. Authoritative knowledge B. Evidence-based practice C. Scientific method D. Scientific knowledge E. Traditional knowledge
A. E.
A nurse researcher who plans to collect and analyze data for the purpose of improving clinical practice should select which method of research? A. Applied research B. Quantitative research C. Qualitative research D. Basic research
A.
A nursing theorist studies health care systems in communities. Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of these systems? A. Boundaries separate health care systems both from each other and from the environment. B. The system is closed in that it does not allow energy, matter, or information to move between it and its boundaries. C. The system is an entity in itself and cannot communicate with, or react to, its environment. D. The system is independent of its subsystems in that a change in one element does not affect the whole.
A.
A conceptual framework is defined as: A. a set of concepts and propositions. B. a set of phenomena and related abstractions. C. an explanation of nursing and nursing practice. D. a foundation for nursing skills and care.
A.
A group of concepts and the relationships among them is what? A. Theory B. Deductive reasoning C. Evidence-based practice D. Inductive reasoning
A.
Which could be considered an example of a qualitative research project? A. A nurse is a member of the wound care team on an inpatient floor in the hospital. The nurse is collecting data for a research project that is interested in uptake of information given to clients by nurses. The nurse is giving clients a quiz about the information both before client education occurs and afterward. B. A BSN student is looking at the prevalence of alcohol hand sanitizer use on an adult medical floor. The student is collecting data by observing nurses going in and out of rooms and noting how often they use hand sanitizer and how often they do not. C. A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic. D. A member of a nursing research team is interested in the prevalence of anemia in a group of clients with Crohn disease. This researcher is looking at the serum hemoglobin and ferritin levels of these clients.
C.
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as: A. reducing salt intake. B. no change in salt intake. C. lower blood pressure. D. adults.
D.
A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in preparation for conducting a research study. The question is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared with other frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the statement reflects the "O"? A. Clients with intravenous catheters B. Replacing administration sets every 72 hours C. Replacing administration sets at other intervals D. Decrease infection rates
D.
A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research? A. Applied research B. Basic research C. Qualitative research D. Quantitative research
D.
Which is true of concepts? A. Concepts provide a means of testing knowledge. B. Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them. C. Concepts are derived through deductive and inductive reasoning. D. Concepts differentiate nursing from other disciplines.
B.
Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment? A. Lydia Hall B. Florence Nightingale C. Dorothea Orem D. Sister Callista Roy
B.
Which activity best helps the nurse apply theory to practice? A. Case management B. Evidence-based research C. Client-focused care D. Theory development
B.
A novice nurse is sharing a newly published research article which outlines a different approach in preventing a wound infection after surgery with a colleague and states the nurse is going to try this new method. Which is the best response from the colleague? A. Agree the method should be used immediately with their own clients. B. Wait until the method is analyzed to ensure it will be appropriate for their clients. C. Help share the information with other staff members so all can use the new technique. D. Suggest they conduct their own research to determine if it will work with their clients.
B.
A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact regarding acquiring funding? A. National Institutes of Health B. National Institute of Nursing Research C. ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research D. Institute of Medicine
B.
A nurse researcher who plans to collect and analyze data for the purpose of creating a new theory should select which type of research? A. Applied research B. Quantitative research C. Qualitative research D. Basic research
D.
A nurse subscribes to the Basic Needs theory. Which action by the nurse exemplifies this theory? A. Assisting the client in coping with a new diagnosis B. Assisting the client in finding a clean, well-lit residence C. Assisting the client in recognizing signs of infection and changing dressings D. Assisting the client to the bedside commode
D.