Chapter 2

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study.

Researchers use findings from the _____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure.

NHANES

Pellagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country?

South

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

cohort

Observational epidemiological research includes

cohort studies and case-control studies

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable.

confounding

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

control group and treatment group

A ______ is a relationship between two variables.

correlation

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient _____________diseases.

deficient

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to

diet

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research.

epidemiology

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

epidemiology

he study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is referred to as ______.

epidemiology

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n) ______.

experiment

A(n) _________________is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

An anecdote ______ considered scientific evidence.

is not

What is the first step in the scientific method?

observation of a natural phenomenon

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

persons with the disease or condition under investigation, persons without the disease or condition under investigation

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______.

poor diets lack of proper nutrition

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the_____________ method.

scientific

What type of study has very few confounding variables?

test tube studies

A ______ is a personal endorsement of a product.

testimonial

Which terms best describes marketing a product with a personal endorsement?

testimonial

A(n) ______ is a factor, such as a person's age, weight, or environment, that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an _________________, or a report of a personal experience.

anecdote