Programming Logic and Design: Ch 1-5

Programming languages

Visual Basic, C#, C++, and Java are used to write programs

class

a general catagory of objects

integrated development enviroment ( IDE)

a software package that provides an editor, compiler and other programming tools.

OOP Object Oriented Programming

a technique that focuses on objects or things. oop describes the objects features or attributes and their behaviors

Graphical User Interface, GUI

allows users to interact with a program in a graphical enviroment

data type

an items" ____ describes what values can be held by the item, how the item is stored in computer memory, and what operations can be performed on the data item

magic number

an unnamed constant whose purpose is not immediately apparent

white box tests

are a type of software test in which the tester understands how the software works internally

conventions

are standards of format and style that are selected for consistency while acknowledging that other customs might be used by others and be equally as correct.

flowlines

are the arrows in a flowchart that show the sequence of steps carried out

Programs

are the sets of xecutable instructions written by programmers

assignment statement

assigns a value from the right of an assignment operator to the variable or constant on the left of the assignment operator

computer simulations

attemts to mimic real world activities so that thir process can be improved or so that users can better understand how the real world process operate

Alphanumeric Values

can contain alphabetic characters, numbers, and punctuation

string variable

can hoold text that includes letters, digits, and special characters such as punctuation marks.

key words

comprise the limited word set that is reserved in a language

Application software

comprises all the programs yo uapply to a task

system software

comprises the programs tha tyo uuse to manage your computer, including operating systems such as Windows or UNIX and other utility programs not directly used by end users

binary language

consists of 1s and 0s and it is machine language

syntax

consists of language rules

processing

data items that may involve organizing them, checking them for accuracy, or performing mathematical operations on them.

relationships

describe how entities communicate with and react to each other

entity types

describe the borad catagories of data items in a system

white space

describes any character that appears to be empty such as a space or tab

low-level

describes languages that more closely reflect computer circuitry

high-level

describes programming languages that are English-Like

overhead

describes the extra resources a task requires

garbage

describes the unknown values that reside in variables that have not been initialized

test a program

execute it on a computer to determine if the input is correct

batch programs

execute on large quantities of data without human intervention for each record, they accept data from a storage device, such as a disk.

Interactive programs

execute with frequent intervention from a user with and input device such as a keyboard or a mouse

attributes of an object

features it "has"

real numbers

floating-point numbers

annotation symbol

flowchart symbol that is used to hold comments; it is represented by a three-sided box connected with a dashed line to the step it explains

Storage devices

hardware, such as disks or flash media, on which you can store data

output symbol

in a flowchare is represented by a parallelogram

processing symbol

in a flowchart is represented by a rectangle

decision symbol

in a flowchart represented by a diamond

input symbol

in a flowchart represented by a parallelogram

data items

include all the text, numbers, and other information that are processed by the computer

random access memory RAM

interal computer memory

object

is a "thing" or entity used in an object-orientated program

machine language

is a computers on off circuitry language

computer memory

is a computers temporary internal storage

unnamed constant

is a literal numeric or sting value

command line

is a location on you r computer screen at which you type text entries to communicate with the computers

method

is a named set of statements that performs some taks or group of tasks within an application.

input output symbol I/0

is a parallelogram used to diagram both input and output operations

flowchart

is a pictorial representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem

application

is a program that you execute to accomplish some task

string constant( literal string constant)

is a specific group of characters enclosed within quotation marks

numberic constant(literal numeric constant)

is a specific numeric style

variable declaration

is a statement that provides a data type and identifier for a variable

procedural programming

is a technique that focuses on the procedures programmers create to manipulate data

main method

is an application's primary methhod

pseudocode

is an english like representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem

syntax error

is an error in the language or grammar

logic

is developed when you give instructions to the computer in a specific sequence, without leaving any instructions out ar adding extraneous instructions.

type casting

is the act of converting data from one type to another

data modeling

is the act of identifying all the objects you want to manipulate and how they relate to each other

maintenance

is the act of making changes to programs that are alrady finished and in production

coding the program

is the act of writing program instructions

Programming

is the act of writing software instructions

information

is the data that has been processed and is ready for input

conversion

is the entire set of actions an organization must take to switch over using a new program or set of programs

camel casing

is the format for naming variable in which the initial letter is lowercase, multiple-word variable names are run together, and each new word withing the variable mane begins with an uppercase letter.

pascal casing

is the format for naming variables in which the initial letter is uppercase, multiple-word variable names are run together, and each new word within the variable name begins with and uppercase letter

Central Processing Unit.. CPU

is the hardware component that processes data

object code

is the machine language statements that have been translated from the source code.

identifier

is the name of a programming object such as a class, method or variable

input

is the process of entering data into a system using hardware devices such as keyboards and mice

output

is the process of extracting information from a system through hardware such as a monitor or printer so that people can vier, interpert, and use the results.

desk checking

is the process of walking through a programs logic on paper without using a computer

algorithm

is the sequence of steps necessary to solve any problem

Software

is the set of instructions written by programmers that tell the computer what to do ; a set of computer programs

initialize a variable

is to provide a first value for it

semantic errors

logical program errors

state or an object

made up of its attributes's values

terminal symbol

marks the beginning or end of a flowchart method or segment, represented by a lozenge

object oriented approach

means defining the objects needed to accomplish a task and developing the objects so that each maintains its own data and carries out tasks when another object requests them

program comments

nenexecuting statements that you add to a program for the purpose of documentation

floating point

nuber with decimal places

logical errors

occur when incorrect insturctions are performed or when instructions are performed in the wrong order

users/end users

people or entities for whom programs are written and who will beneift from using them.

software testers

professionals who test programs for accuracey

text editor

program that you use to create simple text files

lowest- level language

set of statements made up of 1s and 0s that the computer understands

named constant

similar to a variable, except that its value cannot change after the first assignment

black box tests

software tests in which the tester does not know how the software works internall y but verifies that correct nput is derived from various input values

class header

starts a class; it contains the word CLASS and an identifier

method header

starts a method. it contains an identifier followed by parentheses

Hardware

the set of physical devices on a computer system

source code

the statements you write in a programming language before they are translated to object code

behaviors of an object

things an object does

run (execute)

to carry out a program's instructions

compiler

translates a high level language into machine language and tells you if you have used a programming language incorrectly. it translate an entire program at once

interpreter

translates high level language into machine language one instruction at a time

Scripting languages

used to write programs that are typed directl from a keyboard. they are stored as text rather than as binary executable code

integer

whole number

program code

writtem computer instructions