Programming Logic and Design: Ch 1-5
Programming languages
Visual Basic, C#, C++, and Java are used to write programs
class
a general catagory of objects
integrated development enviroment ( IDE)
a software package that provides an editor, compiler and other programming tools.
OOP Object Oriented Programming
a technique that focuses on objects or things. oop describes the objects features or attributes and their behaviors
Graphical User Interface, GUI
allows users to interact with a program in a graphical enviroment
data type
an items" ____ describes what values can be held by the item, how the item is stored in computer memory, and what operations can be performed on the data item
magic number
an unnamed constant whose purpose is not immediately apparent
white box tests
are a type of software test in which the tester understands how the software works internally
conventions
are standards of format and style that are selected for consistency while acknowledging that other customs might be used by others and be equally as correct.
flowlines
are the arrows in a flowchart that show the sequence of steps carried out
Programs
are the sets of xecutable instructions written by programmers
assignment statement
assigns a value from the right of an assignment operator to the variable or constant on the left of the assignment operator
computer simulations
attemts to mimic real world activities so that thir process can be improved or so that users can better understand how the real world process operate
Alphanumeric Values
can contain alphabetic characters, numbers, and punctuation
string variable
can hoold text that includes letters, digits, and special characters such as punctuation marks.
key words
comprise the limited word set that is reserved in a language
Application software
comprises all the programs yo uapply to a task
system software
comprises the programs tha tyo uuse to manage your computer, including operating systems such as Windows or UNIX and other utility programs not directly used by end users
binary language
consists of 1s and 0s and it is machine language
syntax
consists of language rules
processing
data items that may involve organizing them, checking them for accuracy, or performing mathematical operations on them.
relationships
describe how entities communicate with and react to each other
entity types
describe the borad catagories of data items in a system
white space
describes any character that appears to be empty such as a space or tab
low-level
describes languages that more closely reflect computer circuitry
high-level
describes programming languages that are English-Like
overhead
describes the extra resources a task requires
garbage
describes the unknown values that reside in variables that have not been initialized
test a program
execute it on a computer to determine if the input is correct
batch programs
execute on large quantities of data without human intervention for each record, they accept data from a storage device, such as a disk.
Interactive programs
execute with frequent intervention from a user with and input device such as a keyboard or a mouse
attributes of an object
features it "has"
real numbers
floating-point numbers
annotation symbol
flowchart symbol that is used to hold comments; it is represented by a three-sided box connected with a dashed line to the step it explains
Storage devices
hardware, such as disks or flash media, on which you can store data
output symbol
in a flowchare is represented by a parallelogram
processing symbol
in a flowchart is represented by a rectangle
decision symbol
in a flowchart represented by a diamond
input symbol
in a flowchart represented by a parallelogram
data items
include all the text, numbers, and other information that are processed by the computer
random access memory RAM
interal computer memory
object
is a "thing" or entity used in an object-orientated program
machine language
is a computers on off circuitry language
computer memory
is a computers temporary internal storage
unnamed constant
is a literal numeric or sting value
command line
is a location on you r computer screen at which you type text entries to communicate with the computers
method
is a named set of statements that performs some taks or group of tasks within an application.
input output symbol I/0
is a parallelogram used to diagram both input and output operations
flowchart
is a pictorial representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem
application
is a program that you execute to accomplish some task
string constant( literal string constant)
is a specific group of characters enclosed within quotation marks
numberic constant(literal numeric constant)
is a specific numeric style
variable declaration
is a statement that provides a data type and identifier for a variable
procedural programming
is a technique that focuses on the procedures programmers create to manipulate data
main method
is an application's primary methhod
pseudocode
is an english like representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem
syntax error
is an error in the language or grammar
logic
is developed when you give instructions to the computer in a specific sequence, without leaving any instructions out ar adding extraneous instructions.
type casting
is the act of converting data from one type to another
data modeling
is the act of identifying all the objects you want to manipulate and how they relate to each other
maintenance
is the act of making changes to programs that are alrady finished and in production
coding the program
is the act of writing program instructions
Programming
is the act of writing software instructions
information
is the data that has been processed and is ready for input
conversion
is the entire set of actions an organization must take to switch over using a new program or set of programs
camel casing
is the format for naming variable in which the initial letter is lowercase, multiple-word variable names are run together, and each new word withing the variable mane begins with an uppercase letter.
pascal casing
is the format for naming variables in which the initial letter is uppercase, multiple-word variable names are run together, and each new word within the variable name begins with and uppercase letter
Central Processing Unit.. CPU
is the hardware component that processes data
object code
is the machine language statements that have been translated from the source code.
identifier
is the name of a programming object such as a class, method or variable
input
is the process of entering data into a system using hardware devices such as keyboards and mice
output
is the process of extracting information from a system through hardware such as a monitor or printer so that people can vier, interpert, and use the results.
desk checking
is the process of walking through a programs logic on paper without using a computer
algorithm
is the sequence of steps necessary to solve any problem
Software
is the set of instructions written by programmers that tell the computer what to do ; a set of computer programs
initialize a variable
is to provide a first value for it
semantic errors
logical program errors
state or an object
made up of its attributes's values
terminal symbol
marks the beginning or end of a flowchart method or segment, represented by a lozenge
object oriented approach
means defining the objects needed to accomplish a task and developing the objects so that each maintains its own data and carries out tasks when another object requests them
program comments
nenexecuting statements that you add to a program for the purpose of documentation
floating point
nuber with decimal places
logical errors
occur when incorrect insturctions are performed or when instructions are performed in the wrong order
users/end users
people or entities for whom programs are written and who will beneift from using them.
software testers
professionals who test programs for accuracey
text editor
program that you use to create simple text files
lowest- level language
set of statements made up of 1s and 0s that the computer understands
named constant
similar to a variable, except that its value cannot change after the first assignment
black box tests
software tests in which the tester does not know how the software works internall y but verifies that correct nput is derived from various input values
class header
starts a class; it contains the word CLASS and an identifier
method header
starts a method. it contains an identifier followed by parentheses
Hardware
the set of physical devices on a computer system
source code
the statements you write in a programming language before they are translated to object code
behaviors of an object
things an object does
run (execute)
to carry out a program's instructions
compiler
translates a high level language into machine language and tells you if you have used a programming language incorrectly. it translate an entire program at once
interpreter
translates high level language into machine language one instruction at a time
Scripting languages
used to write programs that are typed directl from a keyboard. they are stored as text rather than as binary executable code
integer
whole number
program code
writtem computer instructions