Protein Synthesis, Mutations, and Viruses
The mRNA contains information in sets of ___ _____
3 nucleotides
What are pieces of DNA called?
Genes
What is a bond created between 2 amino acids called?
Peptide bond
What are the steps of the HIV virus cycle?
Binding; Reverse Transcriptase; Integration; Transcription; Translation; Assembly; Budding
How are different proteins made?
By using a different sequence of amino acids
What is each set of three codes called?
CODON
What are some examples of lytic viruses?
Cold, Flu, Stomach bug
What are some examples of diseases caused by single gene mutation?
Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington's Disease, and Sickle Cell Anemia
What are some similarities between viruses and nonliving cells (4)?
1) Do not make energy; 2) Do not grow; 3) Need a host in order to survive; 4) No nucleus
Mutations can be caused by which 4 things?
1) Errors in replication (DNA->DNA); 2) Errors in transcription(DNA->RNA); 3) Errors in cell division (meiosis); 4) External agents (radiation)
What are some similarities between viruses and living cells (4)?
1) Undergo mutations; 2) Replicate; 3) Contain DNA and RNA; 4) Made up of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are the steps of the retrovirus cycle?
1) Upon infecting a cell, retroviruses (RNA viruses) bring with them the enzyme REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE. This enzyme allows them to turn their own RNA information into DNA; 2) The viral DNA is then incorporated into the host cell's DNA. At this point the viral DNA is called PROVIRUS; 3) As the host cell copies its DNA before MITOSIS, the provirus is copied and passed on as well ; 4) This type of virus mutates very often because of the RNA to DNA transcription, so it is difficult to develop VACCINES
What are the steps of the lytic virus cycle?
1) Virus attaches to the host and injects its DNA into the cell; 2) The DNA replicates in the host cell; 3) The parts of the virus are created via protein synthesis; 4) The new viruses erupt from the host cell
What are the steps of the lysogenic virus cycle?
1) Virus attaches to the host and injects its DNA into the cell; 2) The viral DNA attaches to the host DNA; 3) DNA replication takes place (Interphase); 4) The cell undergoes mitosis; 5) Stress causes the viral DNA to create the "weird" protein thus creating an outbreak
What is a frameshift mutation?
A nitrogen base is deleted or added
What is a chain of amino acids called?
A polypeptide or protein
What happens in transcription?
A single strand of RNA forms and copies the genetic information from the DNA. This strand of RNA is called mRNA. The DNA then zips closed and remains in the nucleus. The mRNA will leave the nucleus and travel to a ribosomes
Which CODON is the START CODON?
AUG
What does transcription mean?
Across hidden
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Antibiotics are not effective against
All
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Begins with virus genetic material entering host cell
All
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Has a protein coat called capsid
All
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Protein synthesis occurs
All
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Use glycoprotein "spikes" to disguise itself, and "tricks" the cell to gain entry
All
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Uses host cell's machinery/energy
All
Each set of 3 codes for a specific _____ _____
Amino acids
What does protein begin with?
DNA molecule
Describe protein synthesis
DNA unwinds and unzips (helicase); Free RNA nucleotides attach to exposed base; Bases combine to form mRNA strand. DNA reassembles (polymerase); mRNA leaves the nucleus; The mRNA arrives at the ribosome; A START codon, methane, starts the process of protein synthesis; When the codon of the mRNA complements the anti-codon of the tRNA molecule, the tRNA places the amino acid attached in the position; tRNAs continue to deposit amino acids when codons and anticodons match; Once by one amino acids are added to the growing chain until the ribosome has reached the STOP codon; Once the protein has been synthesized completely, it is removed from the ribosome for further processing and to perform its function; Proteins like insulin and lactase exit to the Golgi bodies to be packaged and shipped out of the cell
What are 9 example of viruses?
Ebola, Herpes, Chicken Pox, HIV, Flu, Warts, Pink Eye, Small Pox, Cow Pox
With which type of microscope can virus be seen?
Electron microscope
How can you catch a virus?
Exchange of bodily fluids, insects and animal, inhalation
What is example for retroviruses?
HIV
What is the enzyme that separates the DNA strand at a specific gene called?
Helicase
What are some examples of lysogenic viruses?
Herpes, Blisters, Chicken Pox
What is RNA?
It is single stranded, contains a ribose sugar, and has Uracil instead of thymine
What are proteins?
Long chains of small molecules called amino acid
What are some symptoms of a virus?
Low grade fever, nausea, loss of appetite, muscle ache, fatigue, low WBC count
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? No immediate symptoms
Lyosgenic and Retovirus
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? "Sneaky like a ninja virus" viruses
Lysogenic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? An example: cold sores
Lysogenic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Requires an environmental trigger like stress
Lysogenic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Copies via mitosis
Lysogenic and Retrovirus
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? DNA replicates during Interphase of mitosis
Lysogenic and Retrovirus
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Inserts provirus into host cell's DNA
Lysogenic and Retrovirus
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? "Explosive" viruses
Lytic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? An example: Influenza
Lytic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? DNA never bonds with host DNA
Lytic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Destroys host cell
Lytic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Shows symptoms immediately
Lytic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? "Normal" transcription occurs
Lytic and Lysogenic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Can be a DNA or RNA virus
Lytic and Lysogenic
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Does NOT contain reverse transcriptase
Lytic and Lysogenic
What is any change in the DNA sequence called?
Mutation
What happens during the "budding" phase of the HIV virus cycle?
New HIV virus pinches at from cell membrane and break away with a piece of the cell membrane
What is a point mutation?
One nitrogen base in mRNA is replaced with another
How many sides of the DNA will be used during protein synthesis?
One side
What happens during the "assembly" phase of the HIV virus cycle?
RNA and viral enzymes gather at the edge of the cell
What happens during the "reverse transcription" phase of the HIV virus cycle?
RNA changes to DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? "Backwards, makes a lots of mistakes" viruses
Retrovirus
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? An example: HIV
Retrovirus
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Contains reverse transcriptase
Retrovirus
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Must be an RNA virus
Retrovirus
Is this statement relating to lytic virus, lysogenic virus, retrovirus, both, or all three? Undergoes reverse transcription
Retrovirus
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What are some examples of some exchanged body fluids?
Saliva, blood, semen
What will the DNA do in transcription?
The DNA of this gene will unzip like it does in replication
What happens during the "binding" phase of the HIV virus cycle?
The HIV attaches to the immune cell and the viral core enters the cell
What happens during the "translation" phase of the HIV virus cycle?
The mRNA is carried into the ribosomes to make proteins
What happens during translation?
The mRNA molecule will attach to the ribosome found in the cell. Ribosomes are also made up of RNA. rRNA is made in the nucleus. A molecule that tRNA will carry in the proper amino acid. If the tRNA ANTICODON matches with the codon sequence, the tRNA will attach temporarily to the mRNA strand. After a 2nd tRNA molecule matches an mRNA codon, an amino acid will deposited. tRNAs will continue to deposit amino acids when codons and anti-codons match
What is protein synthesis?
The making of proteins using the information that is found in DNA
What happens during the "integration" phase of the HIV virus cycle?
The newly created DNA is carried into the cell's nucleus by integrate and binds with the cell's DNA
What happens during the "transcription" phase of the HIV virus cycle?
The viral DNA is copied to mRNA
What do genes describe?
They describe how to make proteins by putting the correct amino acids into a long chain in the correct order
Which CODONS are the STOP CODONS?
UAA, UAG, UGA
What is a person that studies viruses called?
Virologist
