Protestant Reformation

Simpler, purer faith

Erasmus expressed these ideas in his works of praise of folly.

"Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched"

Erasmus sought reform within the Catholic Church. His intention was not to have people break away. his ideas prepared the way for the reformation. This is where this term comes from. He basically laid the blueprint for Luther to begin major reforms

Establishment and role of Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola. Pope Paul III recognized this small group of followers as a religious order. All Jesuits took a special vow of absolute obedience to the pope, making them an important instrument for papal policy. Jesuits used education to spread their message and established schools. Jesuit missionaries were very successful in restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and Eastern Europe

Politics in German Reformation

From the beginning the fate of Luther's movement was tied closely to German political affairs

Lutheranism popular in which countries

Lutheranism had become rooted in Germany and Scandinavia, and Calvinism had taken hold in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe. In England the split from Rome had resulted in the creation of a national church. However, the Catholic Church was revitalized in the sixteenth century. It found new strength and regained much that it had lost in the protestant Reformation

Annul

declare invalid

Salvation through Faith alone

sola fide, believed human beings were powerless in the sight of an almighty God and could never do enough good works to earn salvation. Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to believe that humans are not saved through their good works but through their faith in God. This idea became the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation

Justification

the process of being deemed worthy of salvation by God

Zwingli

A priest in the Swiss city of Zurich. The city council of Zurich strongly influenced by Zwingli, began to introduce religious reforms. As Zwingli's movement began to spread to other cities in Switzerland, he sought an alliance with Luther and the other German reformers. The German and Swiss reformers saw the need for unity to defend themselves against Catholic authorities but they could not agree on certain Christian rites.

Criticism of Popes and clergy

A series of Renaissance popes were viewed as more concerned with Italian politics and worldly interests that with the spiritual needs of their people. Church officials were viewed as using their church offices to advance their careers and their wealth. People wanted to know how to save their selves but many parish priests appeared unwilling or unable to offer them advice or instruction

Indulgence

According to church practice at that time, venerating a relic, such as a scrap of saint's clothing, could gain someone an indulgence. An indulgence was a document sold by the Church and signed by the pope or another church official that released the bearer from all or part of the punishment for sin.

Reforms in Zurich

All paintings and decorations were removed from the churches and replied by whitewashed walls. A new church service consisting of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic mass

Peace of Augsburg

An end to religious warfare in Germany

Equality of believers

Anabaptists believed in following the practices and the spirit of early Christianity The considered all believers to be equal. Anabaptists based this belief on the accounts of early Christian communities in the New Testament of the Bible. Each Anabaptist church chose its own minister or spirital leader. Because all Christians were considered to be priests, or any spiritual leader. Because all Christians were considered to be priests, any member of the community was eligible to be a minister

Conflict

A number of problems cost him his dream and his health. These same problems helped Lutheranism survive by giving Lutherans time to organize before facing Catholic forces. -Rivalry with the king of France, Francis I. Their conflict over a number of disputed territories led to a series of wars that lasted more that 20 years. Invasions by Ottoman Turks forced Charles to send forces into the eastern part of his empire as well. Finally the internal political situation in the Holy Roman Empire was not in Charles's favor. Germany was a land of several hundred territorial states. Although all owed loyalty to the emperor, many rulers of the German states supported Luther as a way to assert their authority and dislike of papal control. By this time Charles V brought military forces to Germany, the Lutheran princes were well organized. Unable to defeat them, Charles was forced to seek peace.

Anti-Semitism

(Hostility or discrimination against Jews) Very common in Europe after the Reformation. Martin Luther expected Jews to convert to Lutheranism. When they resisted, Luther wrote that Jewish houses of worship and homes should be destroyed. The Catholic Church was no more tolerant.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

Thomas Moore

A Christian humanist and devout Catholic opposed the king's action and was beheaded

Wittenburg

A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 theses.

Christian Humanism

A movement that developed in Northern Europe during the renaissance, combining classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church. The christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves. They thought that if people read the classics, and especially the fundamental teachings of christianity in the Bible, they would become more sincerely religious. This religious feeling would bring about a reform of the church and society.

New religious services

As part of the development of these state-dominated churches, Luther also set up new religious services to replace the Catholic mass. These services consisted of Christian Bible readings, preaching the word of God, and song

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. His works were to be burned, and Luther was to be captured and delivered to the emperor

Predestination

Belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be dammed (the reprobate) --> Calvin

Importance of external forms of religion

Believed that they were not important (Pilgrimages, fasts, and relics)

Praise of Folly

Book written by Desiderius Erasmus in 1509. In the book he humorously criticized society's moral and religious state and called for a simpler, purer faith. In this passage he satirizes what he views as the folly of clergy who encourage the practice of visiting the shrines of saints.

Switzerland (divisions in Protestantism)

By permitting German states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism, the Peace of Augsburg officially ended Christian unity in Europe. Previously, however, divisions had appeared within Protestantism. One of these new groups arose in Switzerland

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Institutes of Christian Religion

Calvin's summary of his understanding of Protestant thought. Because of the recent invention of the printing press, Calvin's work and the writings of the other Protestant leaders could be distributed widely. This helped spread the ideas of the Protestant Reformation. Publication of Calvin's work immediately gained him a reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism. Calvinsim was established in France, The Netherlands, Scotland, and central and Eastern Europe

John Calvin (teachings)

Educated in his native France. As a reformer and convert to protestantism, Calvin had fled France for the safety of Switzerland. He published his Institutes of the" Christian Religion" Believed that faith alone was sufficient for justification. Calvins belief I the all-powerful nature of God led him to other ideas such as predestination. Created a theocracy

Hapsburgs

Charles hoped to preserve his empire's unity by keeping it Catholic and under the control of his dynasty, the Hapsburgs.

Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

Geneva

City in Switzerland, "the most perfect school of Christ on Earth" Missionaries trained in Geneva went to all parts of Europe

Act of Supremacy

Declared that the king was "the only supreme head on earth of the new Church of England" the king now had control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline

Peasants War

German peasants revolted against their lords and looked to Luther to support their cause. Instead, Luther supported the lords. To him the tate and its rulers were called by God to maintain the peace necessary to spread the Gospel, the first four books of the New Testament in the Christian Bible. It was the duty of princes to stop all revolts. By the following spring, the German princes had crushed the peasant revolts. Luther found himself even more dependent on state authorities for the growth of his reformed church.

Theocracy

Government by divine authority in the city of Geneva. Used church leaders and non-clergy in the service of his church. John Knox, the Calvinist reformer of Scotland, called Geneva "the most perfect school of Christ on earth"

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Position of nobility

Henry used his new powers to close monasteries. He sold their lands and possessions to landowners and merchants. The English nobility had disliked papal control of the Church, and now they had a financial interest in the new order.

Charles V Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Empire. Saw the Reformation as a force that disrupted the political and social order.

Ghettos

In Italy's Papal States, which were controlled by the popes, Jews who would not convert were forced to live in segregated areas called ghettos

Munster

It was a city in northwestern Germany that was taken in control by the anabaptists in February 1534. It became "New Jerusalem". Later, Catholics and Protestants wiped out the Anabaptists from the city. (where the persecuted Anabaptists settled) Under John of Leiden

Henry VIII

King of England. Wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, with whom he had a daughter, Mary. He wanted to have a male heir and to marry a new wife, Anne Boleyn. The pope was unwilling to annul the king's marriage, so Henry turned to Enlgand's highest church courts

Position on Celibacy

Luther also called for the clergy to marry. This went against the long-standing requirement of the Catholic Church the its clergy remain celibate, or unmarried.

Attack on sacraments

Luther attacked the Church's system of sacraments. in his view, they were the means by which the pope and the Catholic Church had destroyed the real meaning of the Gospel for a thousand years. He kept only two sacraments baptism and the Eucharist (communion).

Break with Church

Luther began to move toward a more definite break with the Catholic Church

Role of German Princes

Luther called on the German Princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed German church

Ninety-five Theses

Luther was angered by the Church's practices and made his Ninety-five theses public. By posting them on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg. The act of posting may be a legend but posting topics to discuss was a common practice of the time. In any case, his theses were a stunning attack on abuses in the sale of indulgences. Thousands of copies of Ninety-five Theses were printed and spread to all parts of Germany. (printing press)

Lutheranism

Luther's doctrine soon became know as Lutheranism and the churches as Lutheran churches. First Protestant faith. Differed from Catholicism because of the ideas behind salvation

Rise of Lutheranism (establishment of new religion)

Luther's religious movement became a revolution. Luther was able to gain the support of many of the German rulers among the approximately three hundred states that made up the Holy Roman Empire.

Pilgrimages

Making pilgrimages to view relics grew popular as a way to acquire indulgences and therefore, salvation. Pilgrimages are journeys

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a monk in the Catholic Church and a professor at the University of Wittenberg in Germany where he lectured on the Bible. Through his study of the Bible, Luther arrived at an answer to a problem that bothered him since he had become a monk. He wanted to know about the certainty of salvation. Believed that faith alone would allow you to achieve salvation.

No power to State

Most Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state.

Desiderius Erasmus

One of the best-known humanist. Believed that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide beliefs that might help them be saved. He also thought that the Catholic Church needed to return to the simpler days of early christianity. Stressing the inwardness of religious feeling. Wanted to educate in the works of Christianity and worked to criticize the abuses in the Church.

Selling of indulgences

Practice of popes using their authority to limit the time a person's soul spent in purgatory, in exchange for cash. This presents the idea of selling indulgences in order to free your soul

Teresa of Avila

Promoted the reform of the Carmelite order.

Role of women in marriage

Protestantism also modified the traditional view of marriage. Protestants had abolished monasticism and the requirement of celibacy for their clergy. The mutual love between man and wife in marriage could be praised. However, reality more often reflected the traditional roles of husband as the ruler and wife as the obedient servant and bearer of children. Calvin and Luther saw this role of women as a part of the divine plan

Anabaptists (why were they considered radicals)

Reformers such as Luther had allowed the state to play an important, if not dominant, role in church affairs. However, some people strongly disliked giving such power to the state. These were radicals known as Anabaptists. Not only was government to be kept out of the realm of religion, it was not supposed to have any political authority over "real" Christians. Anabaptists refused to hold political office or bear arms because many took literally the biblical commandment "thou shall not kill"

Extent of empire

Ruled an immense empire consisting of Spain and its colonies, The Austrian Lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, the duchy of Milan in northern Italy, and the kingdom of Naples in southern Italy.

Pope Paul III

Saw the need for reform. He took the bold step of naming a Reform commission to determine the Church's ills. The commission blamed the Church's problems on the popes corrupt policies. Also called the council of Trenct

Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish nobleman who founded the Society of Jesus, or jesuits.

Carmelite Order

The Carmeletes were one of the four major religious orders founded in the Middle Ages who took a vow of complete poverty. Teresa founded a small convent at Avila where the nuns followed a very strict way of life.

Tetzel

The Catholic Church authorized Tetzel to sell indulgences to raise money to build St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Tetzel told the faithful that their purchases would free the should of their loved ones from purgatory. His slogan was "as soon as coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"

England (causes and effects of Protestant Reformation in England)

The English reformation was rooted in politics. In 1534 at Henry's request, Parliament finalized England's break with the pope and the Catholic Church

Education (all children)

The Protestant Reformation had an important effect on the development of education in Europe. Protestant teachers were very effective in using humanist methods in new Protestant secondary schools and universities. Protestant schools were aimed at a much wider audience that the humanist schools, which were mostly for the elite. Convinved of the need to provide the church with good Christians, Martin Luther believed that all children should have an education provided by the state. To that tend he urged the cities and villages of German states to provide schools paid for by the public. Protestants in Germany then established secondary schools, where teaching in Greek and Latin was combined wit religious instruction.

Frederick III of Saxony

The elector (or prince) of Saxony, was unwilling to see his subject killed. He sent Luther into hiding and then protected him when Luther returned to Wittenberg

John of Leiden

The leader of the radical Anabaptists in Munster, who said he would be the king of the New Jerusalem

Gospel

The message of good news

Papal Reform

The participation of Renaissance popes in dubious financial transactions and it Italy's politics and wars had encouraged corruption. it took the jolt of the Protestant Reformation to change the Catholic Church

Salvation

The state of being saved, or, acception into heaven. While leaders of the church were failing to meet their responsibilities, ordinary people desired meaningful religious expression and assurance of their salvation. As a result the process of obtaining salvation became almost mechanical.

Terms of Augsburg

This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. The German states were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. Lutheran states would have the same legal rights as catholic states. Subjects did not choose their religion, German rulers determined that for them.

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation. He thought that he could change Luther's ideas. He then became outraged

Catholic Reformation (know three key elements)

Three elements supported this Catholic Reformation, which is also called the Counter-Reformation. The first was the establishment of a new religious order, the Jesuits. The second was the reform of the papacy. The third element was the council of Trent

Voluntary community of adult believers

To Anabaptists the true Christian Church was a country community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and then had been baptized. This belief in adult baptism separated the Anabaptists from Catholics and other Protestants who baptized infants

Role of German Princes in new establishment

Took control of the Catholic Churches in their territories, foreign state churches supervised by the government. The political leaders, not the Roman pope, held the last word

Excommunication

Unable to accept Luther's ideas, the pope excommunicated him, excluding him from Church membership.

Succession to throne after Henry

When the king died he was succeeded by Edward VI, his nine-year-old son by his third wife. During the brief reign of King Edward VI, church officials who favored Protestant doctrines moved the Church of England or the Anglican Church in a protestant direction. New acts of parliament gave clergy the right to marry and created a Protestant Church. The rapid changes in doctrine and policy during Edward's reign aroused opposition. When Henry VII's daughter Mary I came to throne, England was ready for a reaction. Mary was a Catholic who wanted to restore England to Roman Catholicism, but her efforts had the opposite effect. Among other actions, she ordered the burins of almost 300 Protestants as heretics, earning her nickname "Bloody Mary" As a result of her policies England was even more committed to Protestantism by the end of Mary's reign

1531 War between Protestants and Catholics

Zurich's army was routed and zwingli was found would on the battlefield. His enemies killed him, cut up his body, burned the pieces, and scattered the ashes. The leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland passed to John Calvin