PS Chapter 15
casual reasoning
linking two events or actions to claim that one resulted in the other
ad hominem
listeners reject based on perception of speaker's character rather than evidence
hasty generalization
makes a claim only offering one or two examples ex. 4 out of 5 dentists recommend this toothpaste
straw man fallacy
misrepresents a speaker's argument so that just part of original claim remains
ad populum
plays on popular attitudes without offering any supporting materials ex. diet fads
deductive reasoning
speaker argues from a general principle to a specific instance or case
false dilemma fallacy
speaker reduces available choices to only two even though other alternatives exist
ad ignorantiam fallacy
speaker suggests that because a claim hasn't been shown to be false, it must be true
begging the question
speaker uses a premise to imply the truth of the conclusion ex no answer just keep restating the question
appeals to tradition
status quo is better than any new ideas ex. all male colleges used this keep women out
guilt by association
suggests something is wrong with speaker's character because of others that support him/him
inductive reasoning
supporting a claim with specific cases or instances
comparative evidence fallacy
use stats or numbers in ways to mislead audience
loaded word fallacy
uses emotionally charged words to distract from speaker's argument and evaluate on emotion rather than evidence
red herring
uses irrelevant and some times insufficient evidence to support claim
syllogism
a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
enthymemes
an argument in which a premise or conclusion is unstated
Fallacy
an error in making an agrument
Mythos
appeals to cultural beliefs
pathos
appeals to emotions
Ethos
appeals to speakers credibility
slippery slope
argument in which speaker asserts one event with lead to another without showing any logical connection between two events
analogical reasoning
compare similar objects, processes, concepts, or events and suggest that what holds true for one also holds true for the other
division fallacy
error in deductive reasoning in which what is true of whole is also true of parts
post hoc
false cause- because one event follows another caused it
weak analogy
when two things have important dissimilarities that make comparison inaccurate