PS Chapter 15

casual reasoning

linking two events or actions to claim that one resulted in the other

ad hominem

listeners reject based on perception of speaker's character rather than evidence

hasty generalization

makes a claim only offering one or two examples ex. 4 out of 5 dentists recommend this toothpaste

straw man fallacy

misrepresents a speaker's argument so that just part of original claim remains

ad populum

plays on popular attitudes without offering any supporting materials ex. diet fads

deductive reasoning

speaker argues from a general principle to a specific instance or case

false dilemma fallacy

speaker reduces available choices to only two even though other alternatives exist

ad ignorantiam fallacy

speaker suggests that because a claim hasn't been shown to be false, it must be true

begging the question

speaker uses a premise to imply the truth of the conclusion ex no answer just keep restating the question

appeals to tradition

status quo is better than any new ideas ex. all male colleges used this keep women out

guilt by association

suggests something is wrong with speaker's character because of others that support him/him

inductive reasoning

supporting a claim with specific cases or instances

comparative evidence fallacy

use stats or numbers in ways to mislead audience

loaded word fallacy

uses emotionally charged words to distract from speaker's argument and evaluate on emotion rather than evidence

red herring

uses irrelevant and some times insufficient evidence to support claim

syllogism

a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion

enthymemes

an argument in which a premise or conclusion is unstated

Fallacy

an error in making an agrument

Mythos

appeals to cultural beliefs

pathos

appeals to emotions

Ethos

appeals to speakers credibility

slippery slope

argument in which speaker asserts one event with lead to another without showing any logical connection between two events

analogical reasoning

compare similar objects, processes, concepts, or events and suggest that what holds true for one also holds true for the other

division fallacy

error in deductive reasoning in which what is true of whole is also true of parts

post hoc

false cause- because one event follows another caused it

weak analogy

when two things have important dissimilarities that make comparison inaccurate