PSB quiz 9

a primary cause of eating disorders

a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive

long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue

adipose

angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______

adrenals; aldosterone

hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______

aldosterone; kidneys

hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict

angiotensin II

hormone thats generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia

angiotensin II

neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on _______ and _______

appetite; metabolism

_______ procedures bypass part of the intestinal tract or stomach in order to reduce the absorptive capacity of the digestive system

bariatric

a drop in extracellular volume is detected by

baroreceptors

10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for _______ processes

behavioral

incorrectly paired

bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss

_______ involves periodic binge eating followed by _______ or taking laxatives to avoid weight gain

bulimia; vomiting

Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release

cephalic

stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the _______ phase

cephalic

the peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve

cholecystokinin (CCK)

2 physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary

constriction; vasopressin

body fluid compartments change with_______ upon severe water loss

decreased blood pressure & plasma volume

sweet urine is symptomatic of

diabetes mellitus

NOT an effective weight loss strategy

drugs that block the visual appeal of food

method thats NOT a strategy for treating obesity

drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach

injecting PYY3-36 into rats causes them to

eat less

animals whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes

endotherms

amino acids that are NOT manufactured by our bodies are

essential

in mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______

extracellular; is similar across species

endotherms show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of

fever

ppl suffering from bulimia nervosa

get caught in binge-purge eating cycles

hormones that have opposing effects on NPY neurons

ghrelin and PYY3-36

_______ and ______ have opposing effects on "hunger" neurons

ghrelin; PYY3-36

pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose

glucagon

body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called

glycogen

why we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety

high doses of insulin initiate eating

active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment

homeostasis

research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the

hypothalamus

a selective advantage of endothermy

increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity

In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does NOT occur

initial increase in food intake

pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen

insulin

physiological saline

isotonic

solution with the same concentration as physiological saline

isotonic

false ab leptin

it is believed to exert short-term control over appetite.

under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called

ketones

structure that produces angiotensin II

kidneys

behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the

lateral hypothalamus

hormone that monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat

leptin

suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would NOT be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive?

lowering your breathing rate

NOT a physiological response of the mammalian thermoregulatory system

lying in shade

response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst

osmotic

two main kinds of thirst

osmotic; hypovolemic

ppl with a BMI of 25-30 are

overweight

true ab anorexia nervosa

ppl with anorexia think about food a great deal

lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms

preoptic area

general feature of homeostatic mechanisms

redundancy

thermoregulation is negative feedback bc

restoring the desired temperature turns off the response

brain responds to hypovolemia by triggering both thirst and hunger for

salt

event that triggers osmotic thirst

salty meal

in rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following EXEPT

self-maintenance of normal weight

effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus

stimulates eating

research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus

suppresses hunger

what a cell does when it comes into contact with pure water

swells

osmotic pressure

the tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

when an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal

thirst

ectothermic behavior example

turtle basking on a sunny log

why glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety

untreated diabetics are hungry

receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the

vascular system

antidiuretic hormone molecule

vasopressin

type ______ diabetes is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life

1

percent of food energy thats spent on basal metabolism

80‒90%

leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons

NPY

circumventricular organ that contains osmosensory neurons

Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis (OVLT)

high circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons

POMC; NPY