PSC 344 Final
Litani Operation
1978 South Lebanon Conflict. Invasion of Lebanon carried out by the IDF in 1978 in response to the Coastal Road massacre. The conflict resulted in the deaths of 1,100-2,000 Lebanese and Palestinians, 20 Israelis, the internal displacement of 100,000 to 250,000 people in Lebanon, and the PLO forces retreating north of the Litani River. It led to the creation of the UNIFIL peacekeeping force and an almost complete Israeli withdrawal.
Iran-Iraq war
1980 to 1988. Began when Iraq invaded Iran because Iraq wanted to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. An estimated 500,000 Iraqi and Iranian soldiers died, in addition to a similar number of civilians. The end of the war resulted in neither reparations nor border changes.
"Citizens' Army"
3 tier system of conscripts, reservists and the standing army. Came about because of the Israel's Doctrine of National Security.
Phalange
A Christian Democratic political party in Lebanon. In spite of it being officially secular, it is supported mainly by Maronite Catholics. The party played a major role in the Lebanese Civil War (1975-90).
Henry Kissinger
A Jewish refugee who fled Nazi Germany in 1938. Was Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under Nixon and Ford.
Intifada*
A Palestinian uprising against the Israel occupation of the West Bank and Gaza lasting from 1987-1993 ending with the signing of the Oslo Accords. It began after an IDF truck collided with a Palestinian civilian car. A Palestinian protest movement formed and consisted of boycotts of Israeli Civil Institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank and a refusal to pay Israeli taxes and work on Israeli settlements. In the wake of the incident, a protest movement arose, involving a two-fold strategy of resistance and civil disobedience, consisting of general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses, graffiti, barricading,[13][14] and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the IDF and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Intifada was recognized as an occasion where the Palestinians acted cohesively and independently of their leadership or assistance of neighbouring Arab states, The Intifada broke the image of Jerusalem as a united Israeli city. The Oslo I Accord or Oslo I, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements[1] or short Declaration of Principles (DOP), was an attempt in 1993 to set up a framework that would lead to the resolution of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was the first face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The birth of Hamas.
Bar-Lev Line
A chain of fortifications built by Israel along the eastern coast of the Suez Canal after the Sinai Peninsula was captured from Egypt during the 6 Day War. Was a symbol of Israeli military perfection. It was overrun in 1973 by the Egyptian military
'Creeping Annexation'
A proposed law to annex dozens of settlements to Jerusalem is just one step toward normalizing a reality that has been in the making for decades. Describes Dayan's belief that Israel should acquire the West bank by advocating the Arab integration into Israel economics and infrastructures of the territories.
Osirak
A reactor that was supposedly intended for peaceful scientific research, the Israelis were suspicious and that it was designed for nuclear weapons. Led to Operation Opera, a surprise Israeli air strike carried out on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an Iraqi nuclear reactor under construction 17 kilometers (10.5 miles) southeast of Baghdad
'Year of Decision'*
A series of tension-reducing measures, easing both sides off the canal. Anwar Sadat declared he would not allow 1971 to continue on without a decision for war against Israel unless an agreement was made. Sadat declared that Egypt was prepared to "sacrifice a million Egyptian soldiers" to recover its lost territory. From the end of 1972, Egypt began a concentrated effort to build up its forces. Maintaining status quo was unnacceptable to Egyptian leaders. Planning had begun in 1971 and was conducted in absolute secrecy—even the upper-echelon commanders were not told of the war plans until less than a week prior to the attack, and the soldiers were not told until a few hours beforehand. The plan to attack Israel in concert with Syria was code-named Operation Badr (Arabic for "full moon"), after the Battle of Badr, in which Muslims under Muhammad defeated the Quraish tribe of Mecca. People think that the countdown to the 1973 war starts here.
UAR (United Arab Republic)
A short-lived political union consisting of Syria and Egypt. In 1971 the UAR was renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt. The president was Gamal Abdel Nasser.
Gulf War (1991)
Also known as Operation Iraqi Freedom, Kuwait War. War was waged by USA and coalition forces from 35 nations in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. This was a decisive victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory.
Land Day
Annual day of commemoration for Arab citizens of Israel and Palestinians of the events that date in 1976 in Israel. In 1976, in response to the Israeli government's announcement of a plan to expropriate thousands of dunams of land for state purposes, a general strike and marches were organized in Arab towns from the Galilee to the Negev. In the ensuing confrontations with the Israeli army and police, six unarmed[3] Arab citizens were killed, about one hundred were wounded, and hundreds of others arrested
"Framework for Peace"*
Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem Begin (Israel) met with Jimmy Carter (USA) at Camp David for almost two weeks and have agreed upon creating peace in the Middle East. (aka Camp David Accords). The main points of this meeting were the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from the Sinai, Egyptian sovereignty up to the border of Egypt and mandated Palestine and guaranteed peaceful passage between Egypt and Jordan. Final deal that emerged at Camp David. The first framework (A Framework for Peace in the Middle East), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations. The second of these frameworks (A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel) led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize.
Khartoum Summit
Arab League Summit. Came after Arab defeat to Israel in the Six Day War. The 3 No's. No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiation with Israel.
Golan Heights
Area of land in south-western Syria. Israel seized the Golan Heights from Syria in the end of the Six Day War in 1967. Chess piece in possible resolution.
Interim Agreements
Between United States and USSR on measures with respect to the limitation of offensive arms. (1972). The agreement essentially freezes at existing levels the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers, operational or under construction, on each side
David 'Dado' Elazar
Chief of staff of the IDF. Forced to resign in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War.
Maronites
Christian sect of Syrian origin that is in communion with the Catholic Church
Ariel Sharon
Commander in the Israeli army during 1948. As Minister of Defense, he directed the 1982 Lebanon War. Served as the 11th Prime Minister of Israel from March 2001 until April 2006.
Sinai I/Sinai II Agreements
Diplomatic agreement signed by Egypt and Israel in 1975. The conflicts will not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means. The agreement stated that the conflicts between the countries "shall not be resolved by military force but by peaceful means." It also called "for a further withdrawal in the Sinai and a new UN buffer zone
King Hussein of Jordan
Direct descendant of Muhammad and belonged to the Hashemite family which has ruled Jordan since 1921. Will always be remembered for his peace, stability and moderation in the Middle East. Hussein, a constitutional monarch, started his rule with what was termed a "liberal experiment", allowing, in 1956, the formation of the only democratically elected government in Jordan's history.
The "Missing Peace" this is the book but I could not find anything else on the topic.*
Egypt and Israel's peace dealings. Israel and Egypt had secret land concessions in the works in 54'-55'. All negation a were indirect. This was affirmed on Israel's side in the 80's when they opened their archives. It was not affirmed on the Arab side..
Israeli elections of 1977
Elections of the ninth Knesset. For the first time in Israeli political history, the right-wing, led by Likud, won a plurality in the Knesset, ending almost 30 years of rule by the left-wing Alignment and its predecessor, Mapai. The dramatic shift in Israeli politics caused by the outcome led to it becoming known as "the revolution"
'All Palestine Gov't.'
Established by the Arab League in September 1948 during the Arab-Israeli War. The purpose was to govern the Egyptian controlled enclave in Gaza. The All-Palestine Government is regarded by some as the first attempt to establish an independent Palestinian state.
RCC (Revolutionary Command Council)
Established to supervise Egypt after 1952 Revolution. Dominated by Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser. Forward looking progressive regime that cared for the people's welfare over foreign adventures.
Saad Haddad
Founder and head of the South Lebanon Army during the Lebanese Civil War. For years Haddad was closely collaborating and receiving arms and political support from Israel against Lebanese government forces, Hezbollah, and the Syrian Army.
Ahmad Yassin
Founder of Hamas, an Islamist Palestinian paramilitary organization. Gained popularity by establishing hospitals, education systems, libraries and other services.
Guy Mollet
French politician and was the French Prime Minister from 1956 to 1957. Became unpopular for his international policy especially during the Suez Crisis and Algerian War.
Anwar Sadat*
In his eleven years as president, he changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of the political and economic tenets of Nasserism. The third President of Egypt, served from 1970-1981. He reinstituted a multi-party system. He leads the Yom Kippur war in 1973 and regained the Sinai Peninsula which Israel had occupied since 1967. This made him a hero in Egypt and throughout the Arab World. He then went on to engage in the Egypt-Israel peace treaty which caused the Muslim Brotherhood to feel as if Sadat had abandoned the Palestinian state. With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states. This peace treaty was a primary factor that lead to his assassination.
Kahan Commission
Investigation of the Sabra and Shatila massacre. Israel was held to be indirectly responsible. The Defence minister Ariel Sharon was found to bear personal responsibility. Sharon resigned as Defence Minister.
War of Attrition*
Involved fighting between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, PLO and their allies from 1967 to 1970. It was part of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The result of the war on the Egyptian front is that both sides claim victory and continued Israeli control of Sinai. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser believed that only military initiative would compel Israel or the international community to facilitate a full Israeli withdrawal from Sinai, and hostilities soon resumed along the Suez Canal. On March 8, 1969, Nasser proclaimed the official launch of the War of Attrition, characterized by large-scale shelling along the Suez Canal, extensive aerial warfare and commando raids. Hostilities continued until August 1970 and ended with a ceasefire, the frontiers remaining the same as when the war began, with no real commitment to serious peace negotiations.
'Fatah land'
Is a Palestinian nationalist political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Strong involvement in revolutionary struggle.
Fedayeen
Is a term used to refer to various military groups willing to sacrifice themselves. are militants or guerrillas of a nationalist orientation from among the Palestinian people.[1][2] Most Palestinians consider the fedayeen to be "freedom fighters",[3] while most Israelis consider them to be terrorists. Armenian, type of voluntary militant group. Not normally connected to organized gov't or military and often operate in areas with little or no gov't control.
The 'Hair Trigger'*
Israel's National Security Doctrine. As the Cold War Unfolds, and in the wake of the debacle of 1956, Israel finds itself facing a wall of animosity from the Arab world. A wave of pan-Arab nationalism places Israel before the prospect of a unified regional Arab alliance against it; while a burgeoning Soviet alliance sets off a regional conventional arms race. Israeli security doctrine must evolve in creative and complex ways to meet these obligations.
Golda Meir
Israeli teacher and the fourth PM of Israel in 1969. The world's fourth and Israel's first woman to hold such an office.
Yitzhak Rabin
Joined IDF and saw out the Six Day War. Apart of the Oslo Accords. In 1994, Rabin won the Nobel Peace Prize together with long-time political rival Shimon Peres and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974-77 and 1992 until his assassination in 1995.
Operation 'Peace for Galilee'*
June 6, 1982, the IDF launched Operation Peace for Galilee. Operation Peace for Galilee is the official Israeli name for The Lebanon War. Began on 6 June 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern Lebanon, after repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border. After attacking the PLO - as well as Syrian, leftist, and Muslim Lebanese forces - the Israeli military, in cooperation with the Maronite allies and the self-proclaimed Free Lebanon State, occupied southern Lebanon, eventually surrounding the PLO and elements of the Syrian Army. By expelling the PLO, removing Syrian influence over Lebanon, and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led by President Bachir Gemayel, Israel hoped to sign a treaty which Menachem Begin promised would give Israel "forty years of peace" Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israel's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. After Israeli forces withdrew from most of Lebanon, the War of the Camps broke out between Lebanese factions, the remains of the PLO and Syria, in which Syria fought its former Palestinian allies. At the same time, Shi'a militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-intensity guerrilla war over the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, leading to 15 years of low-scale armed conflict. The Lebanese Civil War would continue until 1990, at which point Syria had established complete dominance over Lebanon. The orders given to the forces invading Lebanon were to destroy all of the PLO's commanding posts and to avoid confrontation with Syrian forces.
"The Three Nos"
Khartoum Resolution, issued at Arab league Summit. No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel and no negotiations with it.
King Hassan
King of Morocco 1961-1999. Known as one of the strongest and most severe rulers of Morocco. The constitution gave the King large powers he eventually used to strengthen his rule, which provoked strong political protest from the UNFP and the Istiqlal parties that formed the backbone of the opposition.
SLA (Southern Lebanese Army)
Lebanese militia, dominated by Christians, during the Lebanese Civil War and its aftermath, until disbanded in the year 2000. It was supported by Israel, and became its primary ally in Lebanon during the 1985-2000 South Lebanon conflict to fight against Hezbollah.
Pierre Gemayel
Lebanese political leader. He is remembered as the founder of the Kataeb Party (also known as the Phalangist Party). He opposed the French Mandate over Lebanon in the late 1930s and early 1940s, and advocated an independent state, free from foreign control.
Kafr Kassem
Located near Tel Aviv, near green line separating Israel and the West Bank. It was carried out by the Israel Border Police (Magav), who killed Arab civilians returning from work during a curfew, imposed earlier in the day, on the eve of the Sinai war, of which they were unaware.
West Bank
Majority of land under Israeli control between Israel, Dead Sea, and Jordan. A major piece in the possible resolution for the conflict.
The 'Longest Month'*
May '67. IDF Chief of Staff has a nervous collapse. Israel discuss nuclear option. Israel can't break the Egyptian blockade. Mobilization saps Israel's economy. Rabbinate in Israel consecrates empty parking lots and parks for burial grounds. Jordan signs defense agreement with Egypt. Eshkol stutters on the Radio.
U Thant
Meaning Mr. Thant. Was a Burmese diplomat and served in the UN and was the first non-European. The third Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971,
Hezbollah
Means party of God. Shi'a Islamic political party and militant group based in Lebanon. Considered a major terrorist organization. Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran primarily to harass the Israeli occupation.
Knesset
National legislature of Israel Based on the traditional Jewish Assembly from biblical times. Passes all laws, elects President and Prime Minister.
'Track two' diplomacy
Non-governmental and unofficial contacts and activities between private citizens or groups of individuals. it is there to assist official actors to manage and resolve conflicts by exploring possible solutions derived from the public view and without the requirements of formal negotiation or bargaining for advantage
Armed struggle/popular struggle (Palestinian Resistance doctrine)
Nonviolent popular resistance is more threatening to the state of Israel than armed resistance. Hamas and Palestinian Sunni Islamic Organization. Based on Islamic fundamentalism.
Declaration of Principles
Officially known as the Oslo Accord I, an attempt to set up framework that would lead to the resolution of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Was an attempt in 1993 to set up a framework that would lead to the resolution of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was the first face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)*
PLO is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle, with the majority of violence aimed at Israeli civilians. It is recognized as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. Strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel. The PLO was considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until the Madrid Conference in 1991. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, accepted UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338, and rejected "violence and terrorism". In response, Israel officially recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people. However, the PLO has employed violence in the years since 1993, particularly during the 2000-2005 Second Intifada.
George Habash
Palestinian Christian politician. Founded the left-wing secular nationalist popular front for the liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
Fatah
Palestinian nationalist political party and the largest faction of the confederated PLO. A strong involvement in revolutionary struggle Fatah is generally considered to have had a strong involvement in revolutionary struggle in the past and has maintained a number of militant groups.
Border wars/infiltration
Palestinians want to come home in the 1950's and take back their land and belongings. development of Israeli-Arab relations during the formative years 1949 to 1956, focusing on Arab infiltration into Israel and Israeli retaliation. Palestinian refugee raiding and cross-border attacks by Egyptian-controlled irregulars and commandos were a core phenomenon during this period and one of the chief causes of Israel's invasion of Sinai and the Gaza strip in 1956.
Allon Plan
Plan to partition the West Bank between Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, shortly after the 6 Day War The broad aim of the plan was to annex most of the Jordan Valley from the river to the eastern slopes of the West Bank hill ridge, East Jerusalem, and the Etzion bloc, to Israel.
Hafez el-Assad
President of Syria from 1971-2000 and leader of the Ba'ath party. Assad de-radicalised the Ba'ath government when he took power by giving more space to private property and by strengthening the country's foreign relations with countries which his predecessor had deemed reactionary. He sided with the Soviet Union during the Cold War in turn for support against Israel, and, while he had forsaken the pan-Arab concept of unifying the Arab world into one Arab nation, he sought to make Syria the defender of Arab interests against Israel.
Open Bridges' policy
Refers to bridges across the Jordan River between Jordan and the West Bank. allowed the "free movement of people and goods back and forth across the Jordan River in order to avoid the disruption of previous trade relations and family and personal contacts."
Gaza Strip
Self-governing Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Med Sea that borders Egypt and Israel. Gaza is claimed by the state of Palestine. 1967. It is governed by Hamas. Part of the Palestinian National Authority.
Reserves (in Israel Defense Forces)
Service is mandatory in Israel. Consists of soldiers who once served. Israeli residents who have completed military service are assigned to the Israel Defense Forces' military reserve force to provide reinforcements during emergencies
Oslo accords
Set of agreements between the Government of Israel and the PLO to bring the conflict to an end. The Oslo Accords marked the start of the Oslo process, a peace process aimed at achieving a peace treaty based on United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, and at fulfilling the "right of the Palestinian people to self-determination." The Oslo process started after secret negotiations in Oslo, resulting in the recognition by the PLO of the State of Israel and the recognition by Israel of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people and as a partner in negotiations.
Moshe Dayan
Soldier and statesman who led Israel to dramatic victories over its Arab neighbors As commander of the Jerusalem front in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953-58) during the 1956 Suez Crisis, but mainly as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War in 1967, he became to the world a fighting symbol of the new state of Israel and became a symbol of security to his countrymen. 4th Chief of Staff of IDF. Defense Minister and later Foreign Minister.
Hamas
Sunni-Islamist fundamentalist organization. Also referred to as a terrorist organization, mostly by Israel. Headquartered in Gaza Strip. Militant Palestinian Islamic movement. The group is dedicated to the destruction of Israel and the creation of a Palestinian Islamic State. It was founded in 1987 by Sheikh Amad Ysn, and its leadership comes from the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.
Nakba
The 1948 Palestinian exodus, also known as the Nakba occurred when more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Palestine war. Between 400 and 600 Palestinian villages were sacked during the war, while urban Palestine was almost entirely extinguished. The term "nakba" also refers to the period of war itself and events affecting Palestinians from December 1947 to January 1949. around 80 percent of the Arab inhabitants of what became Israel (50 percent of the Arab total of Mandatory Palestine) left or were expelled from their homes. Factors involved in the exodus include Jewish military advances, destruction of Arab villages, psychological warfare, and fears of another massacre by Zionist militias after the Deir Yassin massacre Later, a series of laws passed by the first Israeli government prevented them from returning to their homes or claiming their property. They and many of their descendants remain refugees.
Camp David Summit/Agreement
The 2000 Camp David Summit was a summit meeting at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat. The summit took place between 11 and 25 July 2000 and was an effort to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The summit ended without an agreement.
Security Zone (in Lebanon)
The Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon took place after Israel invaded Lebanon during the 1982 Lebanon War and subsequently retained its forces to support the Christian South Lebanon Army in Southern Lebanon. During the stay in the security belt, the IDF held many positions and supported the SLA. The SLA took over daily life in the security zone, initially as the official force of the Free Lebanon State and later as an allied militia.
Big Pines/Little Pines
The Israeli public and media led the Knesset and cabinet to argue the wisdom of tactical war (little pines) to defend the Galilee from cannon and Katyusha fire versus a strategic war (big pines)
Sabra and Shatila*
The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the killing of between 762 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites, by a militia close to the Kataeb Party, also called Phalange, a predominantly Christian Lebanese right-wing party in the Sabra neighborhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon. The IDF received reports of some of the Phalanges atrocities in Sabra and Shatila but failed to stop them. From approximately 18:00 on 16 September to 08:00 on 18 September 1982, a widespread massacre was carried out by the militia under the eyes of their Israeli allies. The Phalanges, allies to the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF), were ordered by the IDF to clear out Sabra and Shatila from Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) fighters, as part of the IDF maneuvering into West Beirut. The massacre was presented as retaliation for the assassination of newly elected Lebanese president Bachir Gemayel, the leader of the Lebanese Kataeb Party. In 1983, the Israeli Kahan Commission, appointed to investigate the incident, found that Israeli military personnel, aware that a massacre was in progress, had failed to take serious steps to stop it. The commission deemed Israel indirectly responsible, and Ariel Sharon, then Defense Minister, bore personal responsibility "for ignoring the danger of bloodshed and revenge", forcing him to resign.
'Green Line'
The demarcation line set out in the 1949 Armistice Agreements between the armies of Israel and those of its neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Served as the de facto borders of the State of Israel from 1949 until the Six Day War in 1967.
Abu Nidal
The founder of Fatah, the revolutionary council and was also known as the most ruthless of the Palestinian groups. Abu Nidal ("father of struggle") formed the ANO in October 1974 after a split from Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Shimon Peres
The ninth President of Israel and won a peace prize for negotiating the Oslo Accords.
Gamal Abd-el Nasser*
The second President of Egypt, served from 1956-1970. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced land reforms. Nasser became extremely popular after his nationalization of the Suez Canal and his political victory. Nasser's popularity in Egypt and the Arab world skyrocketed after his nationalization of the Suez Canal and his political victory in the subsequent Suez Crisis. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria from 1958 to 1961. Launched large industrial projects. He began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. After Egypt's defeat in the Six Day War it caused for Nasser to resign. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself Prime Minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. He launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. After his death he remained an iconic figure in the Arab world mainly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity.
Menachem Begin*
The sixth PM of Israel from 1977-1983. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency. Begin's most significant achievement as Prime Minister was the signing of a peace treaty with Egypt in 1979, for which he and Anwar Sadat shared the Nobel Prize for Peace. In the wake of the Camp David Accords, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which was captured from Egypt in the Six-Day War. Later, Begin's government promoted the construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. He authorized the invasion of Lebanon igniting the 1982 Lebanon war. As IDF forces remained mired in Lebanon and the economy suffered from hyperinflation, the public pressure on Begin mounted. Depressed by the death of his wife Aliza in November 1982, he gradually withdrew from public life, until his resignation in October 1983.
Levi Eshkol*
The third PM of Israel from 1963-1969. A founder of the Israeli Labor Party, he served in numerous senior roles, including Minister of Defense (1963-67) and Minister of Finance (1952-63). First Israeli leader to be formally invited to the White House. His relations with American President Lyndon B. Johnson greatly affected Israel-United States relations and later on the Six Day War. He led the Israeli government during and after the Six Day War and was the first Israeli Prime Minister to die in office. He was among the founders of the major institutions of the Yishuv, most importantly the Haganah. He worked to improve Israel's foreign relations in Germany as well as tried to make diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union which allowed for some Soviet Jews to come to Israel.
UNSCR 338
The three-line United Nations Security Council Resolution 338, adopted on October 22, 1973, called for a ceasefire in the Yom Kippur War in accordance with a joint proposal by the United States and the Soviet Union. The resolution stipulated a cease fire to take effect within 12 hours of the adoption of the resolution.
UNSCR 242
UN Security Council Resolution. Resolution that the ME needed a just and lasting peace. Adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council in the after math of the 6 Day War. Refers to inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war and the need to work for a just and lasting peace in the Middle East in which every state in the area can live in security.
UNLU
Unified national leadership of the uprising was a local Palestinian leadership during the First Intifada.
UNEF
United Nations Emergency Force. Created to secure an end to the Suez Crisis in 1956 with resolution 1001.
UNIFIL
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon was created to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon. Restore international peace and security, and help the Government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area
UNSCOP
United Nations Special Committee on Palestine in 1947 in response to a UK government request concerning the future government of Palestine. supported the termination of the British mandate in Palestine.
Battle of Karameh (1968)
Was a 15-hour military engagement between the IDF and combined forces of the PLO and the Jordanian Armed Forces. Resulted in failure to capture Yasser Arafat. Unified the Palestinians and Jordanians. Eventually led to Black September.
Bashir (Bachir) Gemayel
Was a Lebanese leader and senior member of the Phalange party during the Lebanon Civil War. He was a senior member of the Phalange party and the supreme commander of the Lebanese Forces militia during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-90). He was elected president on 23 August 1982 while the country was torn by civil war and occupied by both Israel and Syria. He was assassinated on 14 September 1982, along with 26 others, when a bomb exploded in the Beirut Phalange headquarters
Fawzi al-Qawwuqji (also, Kawukji)
Was a leading Arab nationalist military figure in the interwar period based in Germany who tried to change the ME. Field commander of Arab Liberation Army during 48' Palestine War.
Agranat Commission
Was a national commission of inquiry set up to investigate failings in the IDF before the Yom Kippur War. (when Israel was found unprepared for the Egyptian attack against the Bar Lev Line and a simultaneous attack by Syria in the Golan—the first phase in a war in which 2,812 Israeli soldiers were killed.)
Gush Emunim
Was an Israeli Orthodox Jewish, messianic, right-wing activist movement committed to establishing Jewish settlements in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights Encouraging Jewish settlement of the land based on the belief that, according to the Torah, God gave it to the Jewish people.
Black Panthers (Israel)
Were an Israeli protest movement of second generation Jewish immigrants from MENA countries. It was one of the first organizations in Israel with the mission of working for social justice for Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, drawing inspiration and borrowing the name from the African American Black Panthers.
Czech arms deal ('56)
agreement between USSR and Egypt to supply Egypt with more than 250 million worth of modern soviet weaponry through Czech.
Black September*
was the conflict fought in Jordan between the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF), under the leadership of King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, primarily between 16 and 27 September 1970, with certain actions continuing until 17 July 1971. After Jordan lost control of the West Bank to Israel in 1967, Palestinian fighters known as fedayeen moved their bases to Jordan and stepped up their attacks on Israel and Israeli-occupied territories. One Israeli retaliation on a PLO camp based in Karameh, a Jordanian town along the border with the West Bank, developed into a full-scale battle. The perceived joint Jordanian-Palestinian victory in the 1968 Battle of Karameh led to an upsurge in Arab support for the Palestinian fighters in Jordan. The PLO's strength in Jordan grew, and by the beginning of 1970, groups within the PLO had started to openly call for the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy. Acting as a state within a state, the fedayeen disregarded local laws and regulations, and even attempted to assassinate King Hussein twice—leading to violent confrontations between them and the Jordanian army in June 1970. The fedayeen were driven out of the cities, one by one, until 2,000 fedayeen surrendered after being surrounded in a forest near Ajloun on 17 July, marking the end of the conflict. Jordan allowed the fedayeen to leave for Lebanon via Syria, and they later became a combatant in the 1975 Lebanese Civil War. The Black September Organization was founded during the conflict to carry out reprisals. The organization's first operation was the assassination of Jordanian Prime Minister Wasfi Al-Tal in 1971. It then shifted to attacking Israeli targets, including the highly publicized 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes.
