Pscy Final Chapters 5-7, 1-3, & 10
How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?
This movement sought to turn psychology's attention away from drives and conflicts and toward our growth potential, with a focus on the way healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization, which was in contrast to Freudian theory and strict behaviorism.
What does it mean to be empathic? How about self-actualized? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?
To be empathic is to share and mirror another person's feelings. Carl Rogers believed that people nurture growth in others by being empathic. Abraham Maslow proposed that self-actualization the motivation to fulfill one's potential, is one of the ultimate psychological needs (the other is self-transcendence)
____ refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another
Transduction
Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the retrieval problem?
You can't remember the author's name or the title of the book, so you can't look it up.
Which of the following will you most likely store as an implicit memory?
Your conditioned fear of guns
sympathetic; increase; muscles; fight-or-flight
a fight-or-flight response.
To cope with stress, we tend to use _______-focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we feel in control of our world. When we believe we cannot change a situation, we may try to relieve stress with _______-focused (emotion/problem) strategies.
problem; emotion
Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as _____ is to ____
processing sensations; interpreting sensations
NK cells are cells that
pursue and destroy diseased cells in the body.
When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may
react violently
Perceptual illusions are to _____ as false memories are to __
real perceptions; real memories
Fill-in-the blank questions test our ____
recall
Which of the following measures of retention is the LEAST sensitive in triggering retrieval?
recall
Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as
recall is to recognition
Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as _____.
reciprocal determinism
Felix's optimism leads him to both try new tasks, but also results from his successful accomplishments. This best illustrates ______.
reciprocal determinism
Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates:
reciprocal determinism
Multiple-choice questions test our
recognition
Compared to college students in the 1960s, today's college students:
report being wealthy as more important than having a meaningful life
After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Samantha was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Samantha mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Samantha's experience best illustrates the ____
misinformation effect
An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:
misinformation effect
Whenever Rachel gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Rachel's experience best illustrates _
mood-congruent memory
Jolene opens her eyes in the morning to see roses by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into _____ messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called transduction.
neural
The Big Five personality factor _____ involves the following endpoints: imaginative versus practical and independent versus conforming
openness
Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.
overconfident
We are likely to _____ the duration of our emotions and ____ our resilience
overestimate, underestimate
According to the social-cognitive perspective, what is the best way to predict a person's future behavior?
past behavior patterns in similar situations
After hearing that Thomas had served a prison sentence, Sandra began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of _____
perceptual set
People perceive an adult-child pair as looking more alike when told they are parent and child. This best illustrates the impact of
perceptual set
Both _____ and _____ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception
perceptual set; context
When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to __
perceptual sets
Hakeem is a fourth year medical student. He has the tendency to downplay every successful exam. Every little set back is evidence to him that he will never graduate even though he has had several successful evaluations. Hakeem has a(n) _____ explanatory style.
pessimistic
When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident about how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that:
porayed the event as more serious than it had actually been
Humanistic theories led the ground work for today's scientific:
positive psychology
Which of the following is NOT a reason religiously active people tend to have a longer life-expectancy?
prayer stimulates lymphocytes
Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates _
repression
Joe has been in treatment for lung cancer for the past 11 months, but has described himself as thankful and happy for every day that he has. The personal strength that has helped him to cope can be described as:
resilience
In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, Layola needs to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. In order to do so, she cites one of the criticisms of the trait perspective, namely that people do not act with _____ consistency and behavior varies from one situation to the next
predictable
"Mindful people" show more activation in the _____ cortex
prefrontal
Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?
The cerebellum and basal ganglia are important for implicit memory processing. The frontal lobes and hippocampus are key to explicit memory formation
Melissa adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory Melissa is having difficulty with ______.
retrieval
Carmen is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Carmen is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Carmen is using _____ to remember the woman's name.
retrieval cues
The happier Michaela feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be __
retrieval cues
After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty best illustrates _____.
retroactive interference
Luca has been studying all week for his biology final. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _____ before sleep will be well remembered.
1
The process for when memories that are temporarily stored in the hippocampus migrate for storage elsewhere in the brain is called
memory consolidation
Contrary to all of the Hollywood stars who claim to have been molested as toddlers and infants, memories of things happening before age _____ are unreliable
3
Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, or taste) _____ percent of the time
50
The process for when memories that are temporarily stored in the hippocampus migrate for storage elsewhere in the brain is called:
memory consolidation
Kaleb decided to go to his 25-year high school reunion. He looked in his yearbook to see whose picture he might recognize. According to research, he should expect to recognize _____ percent of his classmates' pictures
90
The hippocampus and brain cortex display simultaneous activity rhythms during sleep. This supports the process of:
memory consolidation.
__________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior. (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.
Defensive; Secure
____ is a technique that a therapist might use to uncover repressed memories
Dream analysis
What are two basic functions of working memory?
(1) Active processing of incoming visual and auditory information, and (2) focusing our spotlight of attention.
Raoul decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Raoul doesn't realize is that, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of:
memory construction
The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by __
stess hormones
Explain the unconditioned response/stimulus and conditioned response/stimulus in Pavlov's experiment
Drooling is the unconditioned response, the food is the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is salivating in response to the tone. The conditioned stimulus is the tone
Stages of the information-processing model
Encoding, storage, retrieval
This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory, and is known as:
long-term potentiation (LTP)
What are three ways we forget, and how does each of these happen?
(1) Encoding failure: Unattended information never entered our memory system. (2) Storage decay: Information fades from our memory. (3) Retrieval failure: We cannot access stored information accurately, sometimes due to interference or motivated forgetting.
What two new concepts update the classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model?
(1) We form some memories through automatic processing, without our awareness. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model focused only on conscious memories. (2) The newer concept of a working memory emphasizes the active processing that we now know takes place in Atkinson-Shiffrin's short-term memory stage.
*Which two primary dimensions did Hans and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?
*****introversion-extraversion and emotional stability-instability
Using sound as your example, show how these concepts differ: absolute thresholds, subliminal stimulation, and difference thresholds.
Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sound (such as an approaching bike on the sidewalk behind us) 50 percent of the time. Subliminal stimulation happens when, without our awareness, our sensory system processes the sound of the approaching bike (when it is below our absolute threshold). A difference threshold is the minimum difference needed to distinguish between two sounds (such as between the familiar hum of a friend's bike and the unfamiliar sound of a different bike).
Stages of classical conditioning
Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
hold her hand and talk to her about funny events in her life
Aerobic exercise, relaxation procedures, mindfulness meditation, and religious engagement
Which of the following factors do NOT predict self-reported happiness? Which factors are better predictors?
Age and gender (a. and d.) do NOT effectively predict happiness levels. Better predictors are personality traits, close relationships, "flow" in work and leisure, and religious faith (b., c., e., and f.).
Phases of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Which strategies are better for long-term retention: cramming and rereading material, or spreading out learning over time and repeatedly testing yourself?
Although cramming may lead to short-term gains in knowledge, distributed practice and repeated self-testing will result in the greatest long-term retention.
The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by
Atkinson and Shiffrin
You hear a familiar word in your native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of _____ processing
Automatic processing
What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing, and what are some examples of each?
Automatic processing occurs unconsciously (automatically) for such things as the sequence and frequency of a day's events, and reading and understanding words in our own language. Effortful processing requires us to focus attention and make an effort, as when we work hard to learn new material in class, or new lines for a play.
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest which of the following?
Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard.
In the context of sensation and perception, what does it mean to say that "believing is seeing"?
Because of perceptual set, our experiences, assumptions, and expectations shape our views of reality.
Hierarchy of needs
Bodily Needs personal safety Love Self esteem/self worth
Savon is driving his 12-year-old truck. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. Savon immediately starts thinking that the sound is familiar to the sound his truck made the last time he had it repaired, which involves top-down processing
Bottom up
Imagine trying to assemble a complex monster truck model one piece at a time without knowing what type of truck you are constructing. To accomplish this task, you would work with the individual pieces to build the image using
Bottom-up processing
Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of ___
Classical conditioning
Carl takes his 1-year-old son, Reynold, out for a walk. Reynold reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Reynold's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Reynold cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response in this example?
Crying
Some research finds that people with companionable pets are less likely than those without pets to visit their doctors after stressful events (Siegel, 1990). How can the health benefits from social support shed light on this finding?
Feeling social support—even from a pet—might calm people and lead to lower levels of stress hormones and blood pressure
type A personality
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people; more prone to heart attacks
type B personality
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easy going, relaxed people
You are riding your bicycle and after the 40th mile you have one last hill to climb. You are likely to perceive the hill as
Higher than the other hills you climbed
A month ago, Jason lost his job due to circumstances beyond his control and he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the U.S. because she cannot get her "green card," and that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold so he must find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, which of the following do you think is happening to Jason?
His immune response is dropping
In horror movies, sexually arousing images of women are sometimes paired with violence against women. Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing?
If viewing an attractive nude or seminude woman (a US) elicits sexual arousal (a UR), then pairing the US with a new stimulus (violence) could turn the violence into a conditioned stimulus (CS) that also becomes sexually arousing, a conditioned response (CR).
How do individualist and collectivist cultures differ?
Individualists give priority to personal goals over group goals and tend to define their identity in terms of their own personal attributes. Collectivists give priority to group goals over individual goals and tend to define their identity in terms of group identifications.
Does perceptual set involve bottom-up or top-down processing? Why?
It involves top-down processing, drawing on our experiences, assumptions, and expectations.
If you want to be sure to remember what you're learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory? Why?
It would be better to test your memory with recall (such as with short-answer or fill-in-the-blank self-test questions) rather than recognition (such as with multiple-choice questions). Recalling information is harder than recognizing it. So if you can recall it, that means your retention of the material is better than if you could only recognize it
Jennifer was driving her car to school when it broke down. Which of the following statements is true?
Jennifer's feelings of frustration are a stress reaction.
Jessica was walking home from work when she found a 20 dollar bill on the ground. There was no one around, so she picked up the money. As she rounded the corner, she saw a woman with an armful of groceries entering a building. Which of the following scenarios is most likely?
Jessica rushes to hold the door for the woman
Dr. Jones is a brain researcher who studies the relationship between personality and brain development. He is asked to evaluate the brain of an individual who scored high on conscientiousness. Compared to the brains of those who score low on this trait, Dr. Jones would expect the individual's frontal lobe to be _____ and his occipital lobe to be _____
Larger, the same
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?
NS: the tone before the air puff US: the air puff UR: blinking CS: the tone CR: blinking in response to the tone
A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of _____.
stress appraisal
Your friend has experienced brain damage in an accident. He can remember how to tie his shoes but has a hard time remembering anything told to him during a conversation. What's going on here
Our explicit conscious memories differ from our implicit memories of skills and classically conditioned responses. The brain areas that process implicit memories apparently escaped damage during the accident.
How well do personality test scores predict our behavior? Explain.
Our scores on personality tests predict our average behavior across many situations much better than they predict our specific behavior in any given situation.
__ refers to the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Perception
Once Carlos learned of Marlice's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of ___
Perceptual set
a fight-or-flight response.
Phase 3, in a state of exhaustion
What is priming?
Priming is the activation (often without our awareness) of associations
_____ is to addressing work problems with a colleague as _____ is to talking to your hair stylist about all of the problems at work
Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
________ focuses on mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.
Psychoneuroimmunology
What—given the commonness of source amnesia—might life be like if we remembered all our daily experiences and all our dreams?
Real experiences would be confused with those we dreamed. When meeting someone, we might therefore be unsure whether we were reacting to something they previously did or to something we dreamed they did.
All of Alan's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for _____.
Self-esteem
All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for:
Self-esteem
What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the bottom-up process by which the physical sensory system receives and represents stimuli. Perception is the top-down mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory input.
Why is it that after wearing shoes for a while, you cease to notice them (until questions like this draw your attention back to them)?
Sensory adaptation allows us to focus on changing stimuli.
Memory
Sensory memory > working/short-term memory > long-term storage > retrieval
Stress tends to reduce our immune system's ability to function properly, so that those who regularly experience higher stress also have a higher risk of physical illness.
She would heal more slowly than in the summer
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two _____ must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount is called Weber's law
Stimuli
A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over 3 hours. Though generally not claustrophobic, after 2 hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is most likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?
Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity
What general effect does stress have on our overall health?
Stress tends to reduce our immune system's ability to function properly, so that those who regularly experience higher stress also have a higher risk of physical illness.
Jane and Sue leave a building and see a dog running toward them. Jane assumes that the dog wants to play. Sue assumes the dog is going to attack. Which of the following is MOST likely?
Sue's stress reaction will be more negative than Jane's
If the aroma of cake baking makes your mouth water, what is the US? The CS? The CR?
The cake (and its taste) are the US. The associated aroma is the CS. Salivation to the aroma is the CR.
Doctors often _____ the immune system to protect transplanted organs
suppress
After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, many people from around the country went to New York City to lend aid. This response to stress is an example of:
a tend-and-befriend response
The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called ________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called __
acquisition; extinction
Alvin's doctor suggests that he begin a(n) _____ program in addition to the psychotherapy for his depression. As a result, Alvin will likely lose weight and feel less fatigued.
aerobic exercise
The phase of the general adaptation syndrome which is most similar to the fight-or-flight response is
alarm reaction
"Mindful people" show less activation in the ___
amygdala
We long remember exciting or shocking events due to activation of the limbic system's ____
amygdala
Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is familiar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing.
bottom-up; top-down
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.
cerebellum
Damage to the _____ would most likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions
cerebellum
_____ is the process of organizing items to be remembered into familiar, manageable units-this often occurs automatically
chunking
Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
The Big Five personality factors include:
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness , and extraversion.
Meaningful _____ helps in remembering information from novel, abstract paragraphs
context
A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates a _____ effecy
context effect
Jacob just discovered that his roommate's girlfriend broke up with him. Later on Jacob sees his roommate studying in the library and assumes that he looks depressed. This assumption is an example of being influenced by a _____.
context effect
Social-cognitive theorists have been criticized for:
depreciating a person's inner traits
Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it, which satisfied Susan. This is probably the result of the _____ threshold
difference
The MMPI was originally developed to identify ____
emotional disorders
In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates:
encoding failure
Juanita was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Juanita's poor memory is best explained in terms of ____
encoding failure
Practicing mindfulness helps us make positive changes by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
enhancing the part of the brain that is associated with sleep.
Harriet has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new implicit memories by being repeatedly shown words.
explicit
Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck found that most preschoolers and many older children could be induced to report __
false memories
When an extremely tired person is walking toward his parked car after a long day at work, he is more likely to perceive it as being:
farther away from him
Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This best illustrates _____ memory
flashbulb
the network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the:
frontal lobes and hippocampus
Mr. Jones attended a training which suggested that kids with high self-esteem tended to be less shy, feel less pressured to conform, and persevere when tasks are difficult, so he decided to give his struggling students random rewards and weekly self-esteem boosting messages. Research suggests that the result would have:
lower grades and increased passivity.
Three-year-old Marvin is waiting with his older brother in his pediatrician's examination room. As soon as the nurse, wearing a white uniform, enters the room his older brother screams and cries loudly, which scares Marvin and he begins to scream and cry. The next week when Marvin is going for his first dentist appointment, the dental assistant enters wearing her white uniform and Marvin screams and cries loudly. Marvin's crying in response to the white uniform in the dentist office, just as he did in the pediatrician's office, is an example of:
generalization
Individuals who perceive their world as a safe place and are better able to cooperate and make decisions are MORE likely to describe themselves as:
happy
What are the Big Five personality factors, and why are they scientifically useful?
he Big Five personality factors are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), openness, and extraversion (CANOE). These factors may be objectively measured, and research suggests that these factors are relatively stable across the life span and apply to all cultures in which they have been studied.
In a study, researchers temporarily deflated the self-image of participants by telling them they did poorly on a test. The participants were then more likely to express _____ racial prejudice.
heightened
Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the ___
hippocampus
Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage
hippocampus
Carlos' wife is going to the hospital for a painful spinal tap procedure and he is permitted to be with her during the procedure. What advice would you give Carlos that would reduce the stress for his wife?
hold her hand and talk to her about funny events in her life
Macrophages are cells that
identify, pursue, and attack harmful invaders in the body.
Sadie has Alzheimer's disease and her explicit memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words.
implicit
Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This best illustrates their retention of ___
implicit memories
Susan was diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer and was referred by her doctor to a mindfulness meditation group. Her doctor explained that meditation may help her by:
improving immune functioning and coping
Aerobic exercise _____the body's production of serotonin
increases
After the world championships, the winner of the diving competition, discussed how hard she had worked and the dedication and sacrifices she made to reach her goal to be a gold medal winner. From this interview, you can ascertain that she is from a(n) _____ culture.
individualist
Morgan claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Her memory is not likely to be reliable because of __
infantile amnesia
This inability to remember events when one is 3-years old and younger is called _
infantile amnesia
Type A personality is to Type B personality as _____ is to calm
irritable
Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way that is deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rogers are likely to object to this statement because
it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to self-indulgence and selfishness, it fails to recognize that people who focus beyond themselves are more likely to experience life satisfaction, & it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to an erosion of moral restraints
Jennifer has been experiencing depression. Which of the following recommendations from her doctor is likely to be most successful?
join an exercise group
Hector is the shortstop on his college team. He has a 20 game hitting streak going and his batting average this season is the highest it has been in his years playing baseball. According to research with baseball players, Hector is likely to say that he perceives the ball as _____ than he had in the past
larger
Grandma Jones was recently admitted to a nursing home. She was quite ill and on a restricted diet, so the staff made all the decisions for her. They chose her meals, her clothes, and when she was able to get out of bed. As Grandma Jones' health improved, her grandchildren noticed that she seemed to have difficulty asserting herself with the staff. This can be explained by:
learned helplessness
Our capacity for storing long-term memories is ___
limitless
The neural basis for learning and memory, found at the synapses in the brain's memory connections, results from brief, rapid stimulation. It is called _______ _______.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
Recalling a visual scene of last month's party and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the __
right frontal lobe
Jeremiah is an 8-year-old boy who has been placed in four foster homes in the past 6 months. Which needs in the hierarchy are likely to be most pressing?
safety and security
Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way that is deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rogers are likely to object to this statement because it encourages too much _____, which can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and the erosion of moral restraints
self-concept
The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failures is called __________ - __________ __________. The tendency to overestimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the __________ __________.
self-serving bias; spotlight effect
Humanistic theories have been criticized for encouraging attitudes of self-indulgence, _____, and lack of moral restraint.
selfishness
Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to ____
sensation; perception
If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates:
sensory adaptation
The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of ___
sensory adaptation
At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin's three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
sensory memory
Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the __
serial position effect
When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the ______ _______ effect
serial position effect
Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy which will affect his _____ memory
short-term
To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the number you just looked up. This best illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory.
short-term
The _____ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.
social-cognitive
It is not uncommon for us to recognize a person, but to have no idea where we met him or her. Or, we may HEAR something but later recall instead that we SAW it. This type of misattribution is known as:
source amnesia
Victor has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as _____.
source amnesia
Carissa is in the middle of finals week and finds that her anxiety and stress levels are making it difficult to concentrate on her studying. She should:
spend time petting her dog
Personality _____ over time; behaviors ____ over time
stabilizes; vary
Stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our _______ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration _______ (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal _______. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the ________-_______-________ response
sympathetic; increase; muscles; fight-or-flight
After a tornado ripped through a neighboring town, Jessie felt compelled to join relief efforts to help those affected by the damage. This response to stress is called ____
tend and befriend
Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called:
the Big Five.
Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
the amygdala
When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:
the misinformation effect
Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by:
the need for self-actualization
Samantha opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called
transduction
Kate comes home with three 'A's and two 'B's to which her mother replies, "Is that the best you could do?" and walks away. Rogers refers to this attitude as the opposite of:
unconditional positive regard