PSY 101: Exam 4 (mini quiz questions)

which of the following is an example of a way a person who is unsuccessfully quitting smoking can reduce can their cognitive dissonance

- "smoking keeps my weight down, so its better-more healthy-for me to smoke" - smoking while I drink alcohol is okay I'm allowed to cheat once in a while - not all smokers get lung cancer, so it's okay that I smoke

schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by

- disorganized thinking - disturbed perceptions - inappropriate emotions and actions

when we make self-serving attributions, we tend to attribute our successes to ____ factors and ours failures to ______ factors

- internal; external - dispositional; situational

carl Rogers said, "the only question which matters is 'am I living in a way that is deeply satisfying to me" - critics of rogers are most likely to object to this statement because

- it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to self-indulgence and selfishness - it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to an erosion of moral restraints - it fails to recognize that people who focus beyond themselves are more likely to experience life satisfaction

Nina washes her hands about 50 times a day because she is afraid of the germs that seem to be everywhere, and experiences anxiety because of the excessive hand washing. Amanda washes her hands about 50 times a day because she is a nurse practitioner and she knows that it is an important part of her job - why is Nina's hand washing considered part of a psychological disorder, while Amanda's not

- the behavior is dysfunctional for nina - the behavior is deviant for someone whose work does not demand it - the behavior causes Nina distress

what is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the Neo-freudians

Neo-freudians reduced the emphasis on sex

according to the social-psychological definition of "aggression", which of the behaviors below is the best example of aggression

a child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father (who doesn't want to be hit)

we are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel

a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove

we are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel

a great sense of responsibility of engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove

humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of

a positive self-concept

this Neo-freuian proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority

adler

in keeping with the mere exposure effect, student A is more likely to like student B if student B

attends more classes with student A

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish this ____ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor

attitude

around the world, people may experience the same fundamental type of psychological distress (anxiety) quite differently, depending on their personal expectations and their cultural definition of abnormality - this best illustrates the need for

biopsychosocial approach

in which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement

bipolar disorder

defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with

collectivism

those who suggest that phobias are learned would be most likely to emphasize the role of ______ in the onset of anxiety disorders

conditioning

cognitive dissonance is when your behavior is ______ to your attitudes

contrary

some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture however, ____ occurs worldwide

depression

David rosenhan and colleagues conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels. they went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying "empty", "hollow", and "thud" - this was the only complaint they reported and displayed no other symptoms - they were all

diagnosed as mentally ill and the causes for their disorders were "discovered"

Jessica isn't invited to a super bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she's a woman - Jessica is experiencing _____ from her coworkers

discrimination

the _____ of freud's interacting system employs defense mechanisms because the _____ punishes it with feelings of guilt, anxiety, and inferiority

ego; superego

Eli has always been an extravert. there is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low - for example, extraverts

exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition

the fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to _______

explain others' actions in terms of traits

vale is outgoing, fun-loving, and affectionate - she would likely score very high on a personality test that measures

extraversion

true/false: white lies are always prosocial

false

what is an argument against freud's theories

freud's theories offered after-the-fact explanations of any characteristic, but never made predictions

diane is constantly concerned about things at work even when she is at home she is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights - Diane suffers from

generalized anxiety disorder

what is the one reason the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder may be increasing

greater awareness and acceptance

the fundamental attribution error occurs more often in ____ cultures

individualist

the fundamental attribution error occurs more often in ______ cultures

individualist

what do deindividuation and social loafing have in common

individuals actions are not identifiable

you're in a confusing and unusual situation you look around at what everyone else is doing and start copying what they are doing - this demonstrates _____ social influence

informational

it is likely that participants is Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to a confederate learner *because when confronted with a confusing, unfamiliar, and upsetting situation, they would turn to the experimenter for cues as to how to proceed* - this speculation is essence identifies _____ as a source of participants destructive obedience

informational social influence

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes - Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ______

internal locus of control

Kayden had to take a Rorschach inkblot test for his new job he is worried because he has heard that the test is not a very good test - critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach

is not very reliable and that it has limited validity

in a study conducted by Sherif, participants watched a dot of light in a dark room, and in time it appeared to move, even though it really was stationary. this phenomenon is _____, also the results of this study using paired respondents is best explained by ____ social influence

known as the auto kinetic effect; informational

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident - the therapist's suggestion suggestion reflects a ____ perspective

learning

an overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

manic episode

in all likelihood, participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments (conducted in the 1960s and 1970s) were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to confederate learner *because they were concerned that the experimenter would be disappointed or perhaps even angry with them* such concerns reflect the power of _____ to induce obedience to authority

normative social influence

repeatedly thinking you are going to contract a disease is to _____ as repeatedly washing your hands is to _____

obsession; compulsion

people who suffer from ______ are so preoccupied by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions that they have difficulty functioning in their everyday lives

obsessive-compulsive disorder

lately, 5-year-old Liam has been acting strangely he clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings towards his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love - freud would suggest that Liam is experiencing

oedipus complex

what statement summarize the main idea of reciprocal determinism

our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

in psychology class debate on the trait perspective you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects - what is a criticism of the trait perspective

peoples behavior varies from one situation to the next

_____ is a disorder marked by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, and jump anxiety that lingers four or more weeks after a traumatic experience

post-traumatic disorder

_______ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership

prejudice

________ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership

prejudice

psychologists have typically used ____ tests to measure unconscious influences on personality and ______ tests to measure observable personality traits

projective; objective

Bruce has been smoking since he was 15-years-old his doctor tells him that he needs to quit for his health bruce tells the doctor, "look smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, you have to die of something" - this best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as

rationalization

Bryce often acts overly confident and daring few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt - Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as

reaction formation

when there is a low amount of _____ aggression is typically higher

serotonin

when there is a low amount of _____, aggression is typically higher

serotonin

Hans views being organized and hardworking a positive trait, so when personality tests he often describes himself as more organized than he actually is in order to maintain a positive self image - what term best describes this tendency

social desirability bias

at their health club, bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment - this best illustrates

social facilitation

while visiting a concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "what terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment" - the reaction is best explain in term of

the belief in a just world phenomenon

in a psychology class debate on the humanistic perspective you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects - what is a criticism of the humanistic perspective

the descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Maslow's personal values

dissociative idneitiy disorder believers point to which of the following as evidence that it is a genuine disorder

the findings that there are distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities that the person may dismay

you are trying to convince your parents to send you to Europe first, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to the city you would fly out of), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip - technique is known as

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

who has the most accurate statement about child vaccinations and autism spectrum disorder

the quantity of immunogenicity (substance the fight infections) from vaccines received during the first two years of life are not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder

what is a main difference between the medical model of disability and the social model of disability

the social model of disability attends to the idea that neurotypical, able-bodied standards and inaccessible environments disable people

Jaydon does not realize that his alcohol abuse and family neglect is leading to the destruction of both his family and his career - a psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon is showing signs of a

weak ego

although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions - Alex most clearly demonstrates a

week superego

depression is a serious common psychological problem that affects many people - although questions remain concerning the causes of depression, we do know that

women are nearly twice as likely to suffer from major depression than are men