PSY 1100 ch.6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT

a difficult temperament.

Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.

before

Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with

higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ______ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, socially responsible, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?

Authoritative

______ is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

Autonomous morality

According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child

develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females.

Girls are more likely to play in ______ than boys.

dyads and triads

Many researchers consider the growth of blank regulation in children as fundamental to becoming socially competent.

emotion

Young children learn in early childhood that certain situations are likely to evoke particular blank

emotions

Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.

encourage

Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the blank morality stage. (Watch your spelling!)

heteronomous

Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.

heteronomous

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.

just as likely to be

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.

nature

The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child blank

neglect

According to Baumrind, the blank style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.

neglectful

True or false: When children interact aggressively with peers, they are at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school.

true

True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

ture

On average, how many hours of television do 2- to 4-year-olds watch per day?

2-4

According to research findings examining moral reasoning in various situations, what kind of children are virtually nonexistent? (Select all that apply.)

1) Children who cheat in every situation 2) Totally honest children

What are the behaviors that boys are likely to engage in when interacting in same-sex groups?

1) Conflict 2)Rough and tumble play 3) Competition

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

1) Cooperativeness with adults 2)Good stress-coping skills 3) Cheerfulness and self-control 4)Friendliness with peers 5) Self-reliance and achievement orientation

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?

1) Division of labor 2) Social hierarchy

According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen, which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages?

1) If conflict between the couple would increase post-divorce 2) If conflict among family members would increase post-divorce 3) If parenting would become more inept post-divorce

Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?

1) To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family 2) To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities

Why is corporal punishment NOT recommended for children?

1) because corporal punishment does not offer children a constructive model for handling stressful situations 2) because corporal punishment may cause children to fear the parent 3)because corporal punishment may lead to harsh spanking, which is physical abuse

Children who are aggressive with peers are at risk for what problems?

1)Delinquency 2) Dropping out of school

Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?

1)Demand 2)Acceptance 3)Responsiveness 4) Control

Spanking can cause ______.

1)a child to imitate the parent 2) a child to fear the parent 3)a child to avoid the parent

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?

3

How do researchers characterize "the only child," an individual who has no siblings?

Achievement-oriented

Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize higher-SES parents?

Acting more directive and less conversational with children

According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?

Authoritarian

Which of the following is NOT a trend in play in recent decades?

Children's playtime has increased at school.

What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?

Corporal punishment

What is the major risk when withdrawn children are rejected and/or victimized?

Depression

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of child maltreatment in childhood and adolescence?

Easier adaptation to school

What are the important characteristics of sibling relationships?

Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation

Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as blank

Empathy

______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

Empathy

True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

False

True or false: In terms of honesty, what children do in one situation is strongly related to what they do in other situations.

False

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?

Fear

What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?

Gender identity

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?

Gender roles

Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?

Gender schema theory

Blank blank refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Gender typing

______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Gender typing

Which description of "the only child" (an individual who has no siblings) is usually the most accurate, according to research?

Has a desirable personality

Which of the following does not pose an increased risk for depression during childhood?

Impulsiveness

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

Indulgent

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?

Initiative versus guilt

Which statement best describes the impact that television has on children?

It can have a negative and positive impact on children's behavior.

Which of the following was NOT effective in reducing child maltreatment?

Mailing questionnaires that asked about household conditions

Blank development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

Moral

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

Moral

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

Neglectful

Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development.

North American

What is defined as the ability to understand or be empathetic to another person?

Perspective taking

Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize lower-SES parents?

Relying less on physical punishment

What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

Self-conscious

Which of the following is not a characteristic of sibling relationships?

Stability

When immigrants select elements of US culture to help survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a blank orientation.

bicultural

What is a major milestone of early childhood?

The ability to control one's emotions

Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.

authoritarian

The blank parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritarian

The blank parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoritative

Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin.

bicultural

Parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal-infant blank helped to reduce child maltreatment.

bond

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.

contrasting

What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?

creative

According to research, the amount of time that young children have for free play has ______ in recent decades.

declined considerably

True or false: A recent recommendation stated that 2- to 4-year-olds should be limited to no more than 3 hours of screen time a day.

false

According to Baumrind, the blank parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called blank versus blank

initiative , guilt

Blank development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

moral

From the age of 5 on, boys are ______ to engage in organized group games.

more likely than girls

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.

no more likely

The term blank blank is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

perspective taking

A gender difference that appears early in development and across cultures is that boys are more ______ compared to girls.

physically aggressive

If the stresses and disruptions in the family are ______ by the move to a divorced, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous.

reduced

Emotion blank plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.

regulation

A gender blank is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

role

Maltreated young children living in foster care show abnormal levels of blank hormones.

stress