PSY 1100 ch.6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT
a difficult temperament.
Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.
before
Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with
higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.
The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.
acceptance; demand
According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ______ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, socially responsible, and achievement oriented.
authoritative
According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?
Authoritative
______ is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
Autonomous morality
According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child
develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females.
Girls are more likely to play in ______ than boys.
dyads and triads
Many researchers consider the growth of blank regulation in children as fundamental to becoming socially competent.
emotion
Young children learn in early childhood that certain situations are likely to evoke particular blank
emotions
Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.
encourage
Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the blank morality stage. (Watch your spelling!)
heteronomous
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomous
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.
just as likely to be
Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.
nature
The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child blank
neglect
According to Baumrind, the blank style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.
neglectful
True or false: When children interact aggressively with peers, they are at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school.
true
True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
ture
On average, how many hours of television do 2- to 4-year-olds watch per day?
2-4
According to research findings examining moral reasoning in various situations, what kind of children are virtually nonexistent? (Select all that apply.)
1) Children who cheat in every situation 2) Totally honest children
What are the behaviors that boys are likely to engage in when interacting in same-sex groups?
1) Conflict 2)Rough and tumble play 3) Competition
Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)
1) Cooperativeness with adults 2)Good stress-coping skills 3) Cheerfulness and self-control 4)Friendliness with peers 5) Self-reliance and achievement orientation
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
1) Division of labor 2) Social hierarchy
According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen, which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages?
1) If conflict between the couple would increase post-divorce 2) If conflict among family members would increase post-divorce 3) If parenting would become more inept post-divorce
Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?
1) To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family 2) To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities
Why is corporal punishment NOT recommended for children?
1) because corporal punishment does not offer children a constructive model for handling stressful situations 2) because corporal punishment may cause children to fear the parent 3)because corporal punishment may lead to harsh spanking, which is physical abuse
Children who are aggressive with peers are at risk for what problems?
1)Delinquency 2) Dropping out of school
Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?
1)Demand 2)Acceptance 3)Responsiveness 4) Control
Spanking can cause ______.
1)a child to imitate the parent 2) a child to fear the parent 3)a child to avoid the parent
By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?
3
How do researchers characterize "the only child," an individual who has no siblings?
Achievement-oriented
Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize higher-SES parents?
Acting more directive and less conversational with children
According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?
Authoritarian
Which of the following is NOT a trend in play in recent decades?
Children's playtime has increased at school.
What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?
Corporal punishment
What is the major risk when withdrawn children are rejected and/or victimized?
Depression
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of child maltreatment in childhood and adolescence?
Easier adaptation to school
What are the important characteristics of sibling relationships?
Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation
Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as blank
Empathy
______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
Empathy
True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.
False
True or false: In terms of honesty, what children do in one situation is strongly related to what they do in other situations.
False
Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?
Fear
What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?
Gender identity
Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?
Gender roles
Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?
Gender schema theory
Blank blank refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Gender typing
______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Gender typing
Which description of "the only child" (an individual who has no siblings) is usually the most accurate, according to research?
Has a desirable personality
Which of the following does not pose an increased risk for depression during childhood?
Impulsiveness
According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?
Indulgent
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
Initiative versus guilt
Which statement best describes the impact that television has on children?
It can have a negative and positive impact on children's behavior.
Which of the following was NOT effective in reducing child maltreatment?
Mailing questionnaires that asked about household conditions
Blank development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
Moral
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
Moral
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
Neglectful
Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development.
North American
What is defined as the ability to understand or be empathetic to another person?
Perspective taking
Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize lower-SES parents?
Relying less on physical punishment
What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
Self-conscious
Which of the following is not a characteristic of sibling relationships?
Stability
When immigrants select elements of US culture to help survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a blank orientation.
bicultural
What is a major milestone of early childhood?
The ability to control one's emotions
Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.
authoritarian
The blank parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
authoritarian
The blank parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.
authoritative
Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin.
bicultural
Parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving maternal-infant blank helped to reduce child maltreatment.
bond
According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.
contrasting
What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?
creative
According to research, the amount of time that young children have for free play has ______ in recent decades.
declined considerably
True or false: A recent recommendation stated that 2- to 4-year-olds should be limited to no more than 3 hours of screen time a day.
false
According to Baumrind, the blank parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.
indulgent
According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called blank versus blank
initiative , guilt
Blank development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
moral
From the age of 5 on, boys are ______ to engage in organized group games.
more likely than girls
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.
no more likely
The term blank blank is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective taking
A gender difference that appears early in development and across cultures is that boys are more ______ compared to girls.
physically aggressive
If the stresses and disruptions in the family are ______ by the move to a divorced, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous.
reduced
Emotion blank plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.
regulation
A gender blank is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
role
Maltreated young children living in foster care show abnormal levels of blank hormones.
stress