PSY 2 Final

Critical thinkers analyze their assumptions. Which of the following critical thinking errors illustrates that the speaker has not analyzed his assumptions?

"Men are less emotional than women—it is part of a man's basic nature to be logical rather than emotional."

Thornton drops his glasses on the sidewalk and they shatter. Which of the following would be a response that shows reappraisal?

"That's a shame, but I've wanted new glasses anyway."

Ekman and his associates developed a special coding system to analyze and identify each of the nearly __________ muscles of the face, as well as the combinations of muscles associated with various emotions.

80

Which of the following scenarios describes traditional psychoanalysis?

A person comes in complaining of a symptom, but the therapist does not get around to talking about the symptom for months or even years.

Which of the following is a leading objective test for major depression?

Beck Depression Inventory

Gwen and her brother Henry produce roughly the same levels of male hormones and female hormones. Given this information, it is likely that:

Gwen and Henry have not yet reached puberty

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing people undergoing dental procedures, surgery, and childbirth.

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is correct?

Hypnosis has been used successfully in anesthetizing women during childbirth

_______________ is a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes.

Feminist

According to Masten, which of the following holds true for resilience?

Most children outgrow early deprivation.

One of the culture-bound syndromes is described as extreme excitement with verbal and physical violence for up to 30 minutes and then convulsions and a short coma. Which of the following is the name of this problem?

Pibloktoq

_______________ is a method that attempts to explore unconscious motives and conflicts through a process of free association, in which the patient talks about his or her thoughts, dreams, and memories.

Psychoanalysis

When a patient comes in complaining of a headache, the therapist views the headache as the tip of a mental iceberg. Which type of therapy would this represent?

Psychoanalytic

_______________ theory of dreaming has no convincing empirical support

Psychoanalytic

______________ involved the analysis of the basic elements or building blocks of the mind.

Structuralism

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

The Type A personality's high reactiveness to stress is the key risk factor in heart disease

_______________ is a method of stimulating brain cells used by researchers to temporarily inactivate neural circuits.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?

amphetamines

The ________ is involved in impulses to approach or withdraw from a person or situation.

amygdala

Three-year-old Xavier sees his dad dressed up as a gorilla and Xavier screams in fear. What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction?

amygdala

_______________ occurs when a client responds to her therapist with unconscious emotions or reactions, such as conflicts about her parents.

Transference

Melatonin is _______________.

a hormone that is secreted largely during hours of darkness

When people are said to be insane, this means that:

a legal determination has been made that they are incompetent to stand trial and unaware of the consequences of their actions.

Endorphins act primarily by:

altering the effects of neurotransmitters

All of the following factors promote the development of an insecure attachment EXCEPT:

being a twin

Regan is Irish-American and her therapist is familiar with Irish cultural patterns. When Regan expresses an intense feeling of inner guilt, her therapist responds:

by helping her tolerate this inner guilt rather than trying to get rid of it.

An increased likelihood of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight results from

cigarette smoking

The dream theory that currently has the most support is the _______________

cognitive approach to dreaming

Which of the following is one of the eight essential critical-thinking guidelines?

examine evidence

A person is in the _______________ when vulnerability to physical problems increases, and illness, such as chronic hypertension, develops.

exhaustion phase

Murray is a bright student, but he procrastinates. He puts off writing term papers and gets incompletes which eventually become F's. Murray's _______________ therapist helps him realize that he has the power to choose his own destiny and must assume responsibility for his life predicaments. The therapist helps him think about his procrastination and his life goals.

existential

_______________ therapists may create a genogram to look for patterns of behavior across generations.

family

Two teen-aged boys get into a fistfight at school. When several girls start paying attention to the boys, their fight seems to intensify. A psychologist trained in the functionalist perspective would lay emphasis on:

finding why the fight intensified when the boys gained attention from girls.

Another name for exposure treatment is

flooding

Behavioral therapists would agree that ________________may be useful in treating a psychological disorder.

flooding

In addition to confession, another important way of letting go of negative emotions is:

forgiveness

According to Piaget, the last stage of a child's cognitive development is the ________ stage.

formal operations

Joey experiences a continuous state of uncontrollable worry and tension. Most of the time, he feels jittery and breathless, even though he doesn't drink coffee. According to the DSM, this disorder is called:

generalized anxiety disorder.

Murray is a bright student, but he procrastinates. He puts off writing term papers and gets incompletes which eventually become F's. Murray's therapist has Murray write down his thoughts about work, read the thoughts as if someone else had said them, and then write a rational response to each one. The treatment method used to help Murray deal with his problem is:

cognitive therapy

Julius Segal, a psychologist who worked with Holocaust survivors, wrote that a key element in their recovery was:

compassion, that is, healing by helping others

Jeff is writing a term paper on the role of melatonin. He decides to emphasize the important role that this hormone plays in regard to:

daily biological rhythms and sleep

In their research studies, contemporary psychologists rely heavily upon:

empirical evidence.

Chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and in action to opiates are:

endorphins

The HPA axis is a system activated to:

energize the body to respond to stressors

According to the textbook's discussion on anxiety:

in many situations it is sensible to feel anxiety, and in fact, these emotions are adaptive

The _______________ perspective of psychology focuses on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors.

learning

Violent role models can influence some children to behave aggressively. Which of the following psychological perspectives is this an example of?

learning perspective

People with high alcohol sensitivity are:

likely to drink in excess.

People suffering from bipolar disorder often are helped by taking _______________, which may produce its effects by protecting brain cells from being overstimulated by another neurotransmitter, glutamate.

lithium carbonate

The nature of the effect of a neurotransmitter depends on the:

location of the neurotransmitter

There are some problems that cannot be solved, but we can change the way we think about the problem. What coping method is being used when a person says, "I'm devastated that our home was flooded but at least it is still standing. Some of the houses closer to the river are completely gone"?

making social comparisons

Our concepts of the human life span have changed over time; the present view includes

many people are experiencing life events out of order, if they are engaging in these events at all.

Receptor sites on the membrane of a neuron's dendrites receive:

neurotransmitter

________ emotions are reflected in the emotion words that young children learn first: happy, sad,

prototypical

The primary purpose of the DSM is to:

provide descriptive criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.

A _______________ drug causes disruption of normal thought processes such as the perception of time and space.

psychedelic

During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Hundt evaluates the dream theories. He points out that the interpretations are often far-fetched in the _______________ theory.

psychoanalytic

The proponents of _______________ therapies also refer to their methods as "depth" therapies

psychodynamic

Projective tests are based on:

psychodynamic assumptions.

"It's too bad my car was damaged by the tree that fell on it during the hurricane, but now I can get that new car I've wanted since long." This is an example of:

reappraising the situation.

Empirical findings are those that:

rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement.

A person is in the _______________ when the body becomes more vulnerable to other stressors. For example, when the body is mobilized to fight off the flu, it is easier to be annoyed by minor frustrations

resistance phase

The process by which a neuron gets its message across the synaptic cleft to another cell is best likened to:

sailors carrying a message from one island to another

Which of the following emotions is a prototypical emotion?

scared

The autonomic nervous system is:

self-governing

After greeting her relatives at the airport, Joey's mother leaves him with his grandmother and gets the luggage. Eight-month-old Joey becomes fearful of the stranger holding him and begins to wail. This distress would be an example of:

separation anxiety

Ekman and his colleagues gathered evidence supporting the universality of _________facial expressions of emotion.

seven

Electroconvulsive therapy has been used successfully to treat _______________ that has not responded to other treatments, but the effects are short lived.

severe depression

Rachel is completely exhausted after a long day's work. She comes home and makes herself a drink and finds it soothing after a tiring day. Rachel would not get addicted to drinks because:

she is drinking to relax herself after a rough day at work

Neuroscientists have found that _______________ can inhibit the process of neurogenesis.

stress

Research on anxiety disorders has indicated that:

stress symptoms are normal in the immediate aftermath of any crisis or trauma

A person is asked to listen to the clicking of a metronome and then to report exactly what she heard. Which of the following schools of psychology is this research most likely a part of?

structuralism

Which school of thought in psychology used the method of trained introspection in research studies?

structuralism

The most important androgen is:

testosterone

Which modern psychological perspective focuses on bodily events and their effects on behavior, feelings, and thoughts?

the biological perspective

Which modern psychological perspective is evolutionary psychology a part of?

the biological perspective

Developmental psychologists, neuroscientists, social psychologists, and others claim that:

the brain is not fully mature until the early to mid-twenties, so adolescents should not be held fully responsible for their behavior.

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because _______________.

the brain is very active, yet the body is entirely inactive

Which approach to dreaming suggests that our dreams are simply a modification of the thinking that goes on when we are awake?

the cognitive approach

The activation-synthesis theory proposes that _______________.

the cortex tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives

Which of the following is an important perspective in psychology of the past?

the structuralist perspective

Humanist therapists would agree that _______________ is useful in treating psychological disorders.

unconditional positive regard

The common effects of caffeine are _______________.

wakefulness, alertness, and a shortened reaction time

Which of the following is a primary emotion?

anger

The first week of college is difficult for Drew because his best friend is attending college in another state. His roommate says, "Don't worry, Drew, absence makes the heart grow fonder." Drew bases his response on a chapter he just read in his psychology textbook, saying:

"Common sense sayings often contradict one another. Do you remember the saying, "out of sight, out of mind"?

Which of the following attitudes would be most likely to result in lowered stress?

"I can't change the past, but I can try to change what happens next."

An adult brain contains about _______________ cells.

171 billion

On an average, REM sleep periods last about _______________.

20 minutes

Most children develop a secure gender identity at ________ years of age.

4 or 5

Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language by:

4 to 6 months.

Infants begin to alter their behavior in response to adult facial expressions at about _________old.

6 months

Which of the following is true about synapses?

A single neuron may receive input from hundreds of other neurons.

Which of the following is NOT more common in adolescence than in childhood or adulthood?

Absence of peer influence

________ refers to a time in middle childhood when the adrenal glands begin producing the adrenal hormone DHEA and other hormones that affect cognitive and social development.

Adrenarche

_______________ would be most likely to challenge the client's thoughts directly, showing him why certain thoughts are irrational and misguided.

Albert Ellis

In the United States, the group at highest risk of suicide is:

American Indian men.

_______________ are nonaddictive, but they can produce some unpleasant physical reactions, including dry mouth, headaches, constipation, nausea, gastrointestinal problems, weight gain, decreased sexual desire, and delayed orgasm.

Antidepressants

Which of the following does NOT support the cognitive approach to dreaming?

As cognitive abilities change during childhood, dreams do not change.

Which of the following holds true for people in their old age?

As people get older, most become better able to regulate negative feelings and emphasize the positive

_______________ is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application.

Basic Psychology

________ disorder is characterized by extreme negative emotionality and an inability to regulate emotions

Borderline personality

Suzi and her boyfriend Clint both see marriage in their future, unfortunately they are not in agreement regarding the timing of the event. Whether they are getting married in one year or three years is of great emotional importance to both of them. Suzi tends to express these matters to others whereas Clint tends to suppress his feelings. It is likely that:

Clint's way of dealing with his feelings is likely to require physical effort that is stressful to the body.

_____________ is a process, during sleep, by which recently stored memories become durable and stable

Consolidation

Which of the following is an INCORRECT match?

Compulsion—recurrent, persistent, unwished-for images and thoughts

_______________ can trigger creative thinking.

Curiosity and wonder

Which of the following statements is true of schizophrenia with regard to prenatal problems?

Damage to the fetus may occur if the mother gets the flu virus during the first four months of prenatal development.

______________ waves are occasionally emitted by the brain in the third stage of non-REM sleep.

Delta waves

Ryan is a schizophrenic person. He often mixes up words and ends up talking things which make no sense. Which symptom of schizophrenia is Ryan exhibiting?

Disorganized, incoherent speech

In America, Wilhelm Wundt's ideas were popularized by one of his students, _______________, who gave Wundt's approach the name "structuralism."

E.B. Titchener

Balthazar's depression is being treated through a procedure in which electrodes are placed on both sides of his head and a brief current is turned on. The current triggers a seizure that lasts about a minute, causing his body to convulse. His treatment is known as:

ECT

Dr. McClelland is studying patterns of electrical activity in the brain which is being translated into wavy lines on a screen. Which method is she most likely to be using?

EEGs

Which of the following statements best summarizes Erik Erikson's theory?

Eight inevitable crises must be resolved as one moves through life.

Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia would not be relieved by antipsychotic drugs?

Emotional flatness

________ provides the energy of an emotion, that familiar tingle, excitement, and sense of animation.

Epinephrine

The dissociation theory of hypnosis was proposed by:

Ernest Hilgard

Which of the following is NOT a behavior therapy?

Family-system perspective

________ is the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve

Fluid intelligence

________is the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age

Fluid intelligence

The first psychological laboratory was officially established by Wilhelm Wundt in:

Germany

_______________ therapists focus on the inner, private self that exists beneath the external masks we present to the world.

Humanist

Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy?

Increased likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight

________ is a method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child's misbehavior.

Induction

Which of the following statements is true of insecure attachment?

Insecurely attached infants cry when they are separated from their mothers

Alcoholism is more likely to occur in:

Ireland

James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid, irregular waves. His blood pressure rises, his heart rate increases, and his skeletal muscles go limp. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during paradoxical sleep

Antipsychotic drugs offer little relief from which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia?

Jumbled thoughts

_______________ must be given in exactly the right dose because too little will not help people who suffer from bipolar disorder and too much is toxic.

Lithium carbonate

________ is a disorder involving disturbances in emotion, loss of interest in one's usual activities, thoughts of hopelessness, fatigue, and loss of appetite.

Major depression

Which of the following statements holds true for the middle years?

Middle years are often a time of reflection and reassessment

The _______________ was the forerunner of modern cognitive therapies and made efforts to correct the false ideas that were said to make people anxious, depressed, and unhappy.

Mind Cure movement

Delta waves are characteristic of:

NREM sleep.

________ is a combination of excessive self-regard and a lack of empathy or interest in others.

Narcissism

_______________ are considered the building blocks of the nervous system.

Neurons

Which of the following research findings regarding cognitive development is NOT a challenge to Piaget's

New reasoning abilities depend on the emergence of previous abilities

Which of the following holds true for diagnostic labels?

Once a person has been given a diagnosis, other people begin to see that person primarily in terms of the label.

________ involve impairments in personality that cause great distress to an individual or impair his or her ability to get along with others, and the presence of pathological traits such as excessive hostility or callousness.

Personality disorders

________ is defined as an effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events.

Primary control

Laura has had many different jobs, but she always does something to get herself fired. After about fifteen therapy sessions, during which she explores her earliest memories, she has an insight. She comes to believe sabotaging her jobs is her way of expressing anger toward her father, who had always put his job before his family. What method of therapy is Laura most likely engaged in?

Psychodynamic therapy

Define puberty

Puberty is the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

Which of the following is NOT related to resilience in children?

Reactive temperament

Which of the following is a therapeutic effect of marijuana?

Reduction of nausea and vomiting in people undergoing cancer chemotherapy

_______________ is the aspect of psychology least recognized and understood by the public, according to Ludy Benjamin.

Research

_______________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

Seasonal affective disorder

Janet is three years of age. She likes to play with cars and trucks while her friends prefer dolls. She is also more aggressive than her other female friends. What could be the reason for Janet being different from other girls?

She was exposed to higher-than-normal prenatal androgens in the womb

The ideas of _______________ led to the evolution of psychoanalysis, an important school of psychological thought.

Sigmund Freud

_______________ founded the field of psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud

______________ focus on how groups affect attitudes and behavior, why people obey authority, and how each of us is affected by other people—spouses, lovers, friends, bosses, parents, and strangers.

Social psychologists

________ is the process in which children learn the rules and behavior expected of them by society.

Socialization

As the four winners of the grade-school spelling bee posed for a picture, each was recollecting over the day's success. Which of the following children exhibits an external locus of control?

Terry, who thinks, "This is my lucky day! I was really lucky to get such easy words!"

Which of the following statements is true of schizophrenia with regard to adolescence?

The first full-blown episode of schizophrenia occurs during adolescence or early adulthood

________ is particularly important for the recognition of facial expressions.

The right hemisphere

All successful therapies, regardless of approach, share what key element?

They are able to replace a client's self-defeating pessimistic life story with one that is more hopeful or attainable

Which of the following statements is true of psychoactive drugs?

They are classified as stimulants, depressants, opiates, and psychedelics.

Which of the following is true of psychedelic drugs?

They may be natural substances or may be synthesized in a laboratory.

What effect do depressants have on the body?

They slow down activity in the central nervous system

Which of the following statements is a structuralist most likely to ask?

What happens when an organism sleeps?

Andy claims that phrenology is a pseudoscience and not a true science. Which of the following statements supports her claim?

When phrenologists found large "stealing" bumps on the head of a person who was not a thief, they concluded that other positive bumps held this characteristic in check.

The founder of functionalism was:

William James

Circadian rhythm is defined as _______________.

a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak

Marvella has recurring bouts of trembling and shaking, dizziness, chest pain or discomfort, rapid heart rate, feelings of unreality, hot and cold flashes, and sweating. She feels that she is going crazy. Marvella is showing the symptoms of:

a panic attack.

A "hidden observer" is _______________.

a part of the mind of the hypnotized person that watches but does not participate

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which _______________.

a person periodically stops breathing during sleep

Which of the following would NOT be considered as a symptom of schizophrenia?

a person using elaborate con tricks to lie, seduce, or manipulate others

A person feels competent in acquiring skills, using tools, and learning to make things. According to Erikson's theory, she has successfully resolved the inevitable crisis that occurred when she was:

a school child

Kellie is fearful in situations where she must eat in public or write in the presence of others. She is worried that someone might say something embarrassing. Kellie is exhibiting the symptoms of:

a social phobia

Psychoanalysis is:

a theory of personality which emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

Hilda's husband is told that his wife is suffering from Alzheimer's disease. She has lost brain cells that are responsible for producing:

acetylcholine

A person is in the ________ when the muscles tense, blood pressure rises, and digestion shuts down.

alarm phase

In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called:

accommodation

Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says, "Birdie"! Her mother says, "That flies like a bird, Janis, but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying, "Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of:

accommodation

The biological and learning models of addiction differ in their explanations of drug abuse and in their proposed solutions. According to the learning model:

addiction is a way of coping and alcoholics need to find better coping methods.

Psychologists regard _______________ as the "fear of fear."

agoraphobia

Coin-shaped electrodes are pasted onto Miranda's scalp, and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied with the help of:

an electroencephalogram

As Molly looks at the grade scored in her final exams, she thinks, "I did well in this exam, because my roommate helped me study." Molly's thoughts indicate that she has:

an external locus of control.

Critical thinkers should approach psychology textbooks as:

an opportunity to generate questions.

Psychosurgery is defined as

any surgical procedure that destroys selected areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or violent, impulsive behavior.

Beliefs that are taken for granted are called:

assumptions

Learning theorists believe that gender socialization begins:

at the moment of a child's birth.

During Erikson's stage of _______________, a person must learn to be independent about his actions.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Randy meets a Californian who grows his own vegetables and refuses to have nonorganic food. Randy concludes that Californians are overzealous about nutrition. Which critical-thinking guideline is Randy neglecting?

avoidance of oversimplification

Which of the following provides the best definition of consciousness?

awareness of ourselves and the environment

Outgoing neural signals pass along the_______________ of a neuron to terminal branches.

axon

Action potentials travel swiftly down:

axons with myelin and more slowly in axons without myelin

Which of the following is NOT a major component of emotion according to the text?

behavioral changes

Which of the following is a depressant?

barbiturates

A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that:

basic research is done to acquire knowledge and applied research to solve practical problems

Psychology is defined as the discipline concerned with:

behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment

________ is a mood depression in which episodes of both depression and mania occur.

bipolar disorder

When alcohol is abused, the resulting effects may include ______________.

blackouts, cirrhosis of the liver, mental and neurological impairment, psychosis, and possibly death.

Reflexes above the neck, such as sneezing and blinking, are controlled by the _______________.

brain

An effective way to deal with negative emotions is to:

confess them to someone else.

"My memory of getting knocked down by a wave at Newport Beach could be based on what my parents told me later, not on my own recollection." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate?

consider other interpretations

The chief characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder is:

continuous, uncontrollable anxiety or worry.

An important role of the spinal cord is the:

control of automatic reflexes below the neck.

Systematic desensitization is based on:

counter conditioning

David is a lawyer who is in his seventies. He is a senior partner in a prestigious law firm and is still actively practicing law. The fact that David is still active in his profession could be attributed to:

crystallized intelligence

Psychologists who practice behavioral therapy focus on the client's

current behavior and attitudes

Which of the following is more hazardous to health than a heavy work load?

cynical anger

Which part of a neuron acts like an antenna to receive messages from other neurons and transmits these messages toward the cell body?

dendrites

According to psychological scientists, ________is the mechanism that supposedly causes traumatized children to repress their ordeal and develop several identities.

dissociative amnesia

Stimulants are _______________.

drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system

Harmful effects can occur when neurotransmitter levels are:

either too high or too low.

Janet and her husband are thrilled as they look into Janet's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple is surprised to learn that the baby is only 1½ inches long. Janet's baby is in the:

embryonic stage.

_______________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.

emotion

Adrenal hormones are involved in:

emotion and stress

Expression of an emotion in which the person does not really feel is called:

emotion work

Thanks to new computer technology, virtual reality devices permit behavior therapists to conduct _______________ in their offices.

exposure therapy

Adolescent boys who are lonely, depressed, worried, or angry are more likely than girls to express these

externalizing their emotional problems in acts of aggression and other antisocial behavior.

The immediate side effect of antipsychotic drugs is

extreme weight gain

Which of the following is typically NOT considered to be a primary emotion?

jealousy

Sigmund Freud would agree that _______________ may be useful in treating a psychological disorder

free association

Which of the following regions in the brain is involved in the ability to make plans, think creatively, and take initiative?

frontal lobes

Which of the following schools of psychological thought was influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin?

functionalism

Which school of thought in psychology tried to explain how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person adapt to the environment?

functionalism

Josephine, a five- year- old girl always sees her mother performing household chores and her father going out to work. Hence, she thinks that only females perform household chores and males go out to work. From the above example, it can be observed that Josephine has developed a ________ with regard to females.

gender schema

The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture is called:

gender typing

Sex hormones are secreted by tissue in the _______________ and also by the adrenal glands.

gonads

Across cultures, people generally recognize body language indicating all of the following EXCEPT:

grief

Ruth's parents frequently slap her when she misbehaves. They often bully her into doing things to their liking. Ruth is most likely to:

have reduced empathy for others and behave more aggressively.

Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how people reason, remember, understand language, and solve problems?

he cognitive perspective

When nicotine is abused, the resulting effects include _______________.

heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men

Dr. Samuel Cartwright's diagnosis of drapetomania, which purported to explain why slaves sought freedom, exemplifies:

how notions of mental disorder can serve the interests of those who are in power by putting a veneer of science on a subjective process.

Murray is a bright student but he procrastinates. He puts off writing term papers and gets incompletes which eventually become F's. Murray's _______________ therapist assumes that Murray's procrastination masks his low self-regard, and that he is out of touch with his real feelings

humanist

The _______________ school of therapy has, as one of its primary goals, new and optimistic perceptions of self and the world.

humanist

The vulnerability -stress model describes:

interactions between upsetting events and individual vulnerability lead to depression.

Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock, located in a teardrop-shaped cluster of cells in the _______________.

hypothalamus

The body's biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is located in the _______________.

hypothalamus

The sensory abilities of newborn infants:

include the ability to discriminate smells, tastes, and sounds almost immediately.

The polygraph is based on the assumption that a person who is guilty and fearful will have:

increased activity in the autonomic nervous system

When a neurotransmitter molecule binds briefly with a receptor site, changes occur in the receiving neuron's membrane. If there is a voltage shift in a negative direction, then the effect is:

inhibitory, and so the probability that the receiving neuron will fire decreases.

Wilhelm Wundt is known for:

initiating the movement to make psychology a science

A manuscript on human nature is discovered and scientists confirm that it is the work of an ancient scholar. In this manuscript, human nature is most likely explored through:

insights inferred from anecdotes.

Critics point out that one of the problems of the DSM is that:

it is not called the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and a Whole Bunch of Everyday Problems," yet the compilers keep adding everyday problems!

Glutamate functions as the:

major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Research on the prognosis for recovering from schizophrenia suggests that:

many people learn to control the symptoms and maintain good family relationships.

Which of the following drugs is a psychedelic?

mescaline

In the peripheral nervous system, _______________ enable us to move, and cause glands to contract and to secrete hormones.

motor nerves

In _______________, a person experiences sudden unpredictable and irresistible attacks of sleepiness during the day.

narcolepsy

The function of the _______________ is to gather and process information, produce responses to stimuli, and coordinate the workings of different cells.

nervous system

When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include _______________.

nervousness, loss of appetite, delusions, psychosis, heart damage, convulsions, and death.

Constrictions in the myelin sheath that surround many axons in the nerve cells are called _______________.

nodes

Which of the following regions in the brain contains the visual cortex?

occipital lobes

If Fergus takes _______________, it reduces his agitation and delusions, and shortens his schizophrenic episodes.

one of the neuroleptics, such as chlorpromazine

Which of the following statements is true of optimists?

optimists are more likely than pessimists to be active problem solvers

Emerging adulthood, the years between the ages of 18 and 25, are considered to be a new phase of life in

people feel that they have reached adulthood in certain ways

Sam, a business-owner, sought the help of a friend to find out which employees were likely to be loyal and honest if hired. The friend examined bumps on the heads of all applicants and gave Sam a list of the employees he should hire. Sam's friend is a _______________.

phrenologist

Stem cell research is one of the hottest areas in biology and neuroscience because stem cells are:

pluripotent

According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the _______________.

pons

Parts of the ________ are involved in the regulation of emotion, that is, the ability to control our impulses to approach or withdraw from a person or situation.

prefrontal cortex

During his lecture on dream theories, Professor Grant points out that some theorists are skeptical about the ability to resolve concerns during sleep. Which theory's weakness is Professor Grant talking about, in this scenario?

problem-focused

After their home in California is damaged during an earthquake, a couple looks into the federal loan programs to help them rebuild their home. Their behavior is an example of:

problem-focused coping

Finding out what your legal resources are when you have been victimized by a crime is an example of:

problem-focused coping

Joan is told by her physician that her symptoms are caused by a loss of myelin. Her symptoms would include:

problems with vision.

Social neuroscientists study:

processes such as attachment and attitudes.

Psychological tests used to infer motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of a person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli are called:

projective tests

Murray is a bright student but he procrastinates. He puts off writing term papers and gets incompletes which eventually become F's. After exploring his early memories, Murray comes to the insight that he procrastinates as a way of expressing anger toward his parents. The treatment method used to help Murray deal with his problem is:

psychodynamic therapy

Researchers in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory studied:

psychology

Anthony is a charming and manipulative man with an ambition to become rich and powerful. He uses his charm and manipulates rich women to marry him. He emotionally exploits them and gets all their assets transferred to his name. Then, he kills them in cold blood without any regret. Anthony is showing the characteristics of a:

psychopath

Psychosurgery is ________ today

rare

During the Prohibition years (1920-1933) in the United States,

rates of alcoholism actually increased, although there were reduced rates of per capita consumption

The technique invented by Albert Ellis, known as ____________________, is a form of cognitive therapy

rational-emotive therapy

April spots the boy that she has a crush on sitting with his friends. Her heart begins to pound, her hands get sweaty and her cheeks feel hot. April's _______________ has been activated.

sympathetic nervous system

Cherise finds out that she is being transferred to an office located on the tenth floor of a building. The problem is that she fears heights so much that she never goes above the third floor in any building. Her therapist teaches her how to relax deeply while imagining herself looking out over a balcony. As her therapy progresses, Cherise imagines herself on higher and higher floors. This technique is called

systematic desensitization

Clients who do well in therapy

tend to have the support of their families.

Which of the following outcomes would be most likely after a Japanese-American business session?

the Americans will complain that the Japanese smile too much to disguise embarrassment

The assessment method that would have the most validity and reliability would be:

the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

The therapeutic window refers to:

the amount of a drug that is enough but not too much.

An important movement in psychology that emerged in the early 1970s was:

the feminist movement

Which modern psychological perspective is behaviorism a part of?

the learning perspective

Which of the following modern psychological perspectives has strongly encouraged precision and objectivity in psychology?

the learning perspective

According to Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler, the term schizophrenia describes cases in which:

the personality loses its unity.

Adrenal hormones play an important role in:

the regulation of blood sugar.

The biological and learning models of addiction differ in their explanations of drug abuse and in their proposed solutions. According to the biological model:

the solution is medical treatment and group support

Which of the following is a part of the peripheral nervous system?

the somatic nervous system

Which part of the nervous system produces some behaviors on its own, without any help from the brain?

the spinal cord

After a six-week period of controlled trials, the FDA approves a drug that appears safe and effective in the treatment of school-age boys with ADHD. Once it is approved, doctors are permitted to prescribe it for any patients who:

they believe may benefit from it, regardless of the patient's condition or personal characteristics

Although it weighs only _______________, the brain is the bedrock of all behavior and mental activity.

three pounds

"I may never know for sure whether some of my childhood memories are real or accurate." Which of the following critical thinking guidelines does this example illustrate?

tolerate uncertainty

_______________ is a research method popularized by Wilhelm Wundt in which trained volunteers take as long as 20 minutes to report their inner experiences during a 1.5-second experiment.

trained introspection

A baby learns that when he is hungry, food is provided, and when he is in pain, he is cuddled and comforted. Erikson suggested that this baby would be developing a sense of _______________.

trust

Cases of schizophrenia:

vary in severity, duration, and prognosis

Researchers have found that:

when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal's button-like tip, the action potential releases molecules made of a neurotransmitter.

Heritable factors seem to be involved:

when alcoholism begins in adolescence and is linked to antisocial behaviors.

The ________ of the immune system, are designed to recognize foreign or harmful substances (antigens), such as flu viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells, and then destroy or deactivate them.

white blood cells

Physical and psychological symptoms that occur when someone addicted to a drug stops taking it are collectively termed as _______________.

withdrawal

If you put on an angry face then:

your heart rate will rise faster than if you put on a happy face.