PSY 200 - Chapter 3

Which statement BEST describes the forebrain in vertebrate species such as amphibians? A) They have small clusters of neurons at the end of the neural tube. B) They have a large forebrain and a complex cerebral cortex. C) They have the most complex forebrain. D) They have a large forebrain but almost no cerebral cortex.

A) They have small clusters of neurons at the end of the neural tube.

Charlese has a problem with anxiety. Her psychiatrist told her that her way of thinking about situations causes her adrenal glands to produce too much adrenaline and noradrenaline. If her anxiety is beginning in her brain, it is coming from her _____ nervous system, and if it is beginning in this gland, it is coming from her _____ nervous system. A) central; peripheral B) autonomic; somatic C) peripheral; central D) sympathetic; parasympathetic

A) central; peripheral

A ballet dancer's ability to make all of the precise moves necessary in a complex ballet can be credited to an area of the hindbrain called the: A) cerebellum. B) medulla. C) pons. D) reticular formation.

A) cerebellum.

Allen is on a subway car all alone. The train stops suddenly and the lights go out. Allen starts breathing harder, and his heart rate increases. His _____ is releasing stress hormones. A) endocrine system B) homunculus C) somatic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system

A) endocrine system

Which action is an all-or-none event? A) flushing a toilet B) brushing teeth C) accelerating in a car D) washing a glass

A) flushing a toilet

The brain can be organized into areas that perform simple functions to areas that perform more complex functions. Which order begins with the area that is most simple in its functions and ends with the area that is most complex in its functions? A) hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain B) hindbrain, forebrain, midbrain C) midbrain, forebrain, hindbrain D) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

A) hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Rachel recently suffered a stroke and now has paralysis in her left hand. If she wants to increase the likelihood that other areas of her brain will take over for the brain area previously allocated to her hand, she might try to: A) perform cardiovascular exercise. B) eat healthy foods. C) sleep more than eight hours a night. D) work on complex cognitive tasks.

A) perform cardiovascular exercise.

In some psychology experiments, participants are presented with conflicting visual and audio information. In these cases, an area of the brain called the _____ gives more or less weight to these signals, determining which information overrides the other. A) thalamus B) hippocampus C) pituitary gland D) hypothalamus

A) thalamus

Marcie is at a concert and is listening to music and watching the band's light show. In this experience, the area of Marcie's brain that receives and relays this sensory information to the cortex is the: A) thalamus. B) hypothalamus. C) pituitary gland. D) hippocampus.

A) thalamus.

Margo's father recently suffered a spinal injury, and she is worried that her father will lose his ability to walk. Margo should NOT assume this will happen because: A) the location of the damage influences the skills affected. B) spinal injuries are all unique. C) different people deal with spinal injury differently. D) affected skills are impossible to predict.

A) the location of the damage influences the skills affected.

Ilana is having a baby and it is only three and a half weeks since conception. At this stage, which central nervous system structure(s) will have begun to form? A) the spinal cord B) the cerebral cortex C) the cerebral hemispheres D) the cerebellum

A) the spinal cord

A neuron's resting potential is: A) −70 mV. B) −55 mV. C) 0 mV. D) 40 mV.

A) −70 mV.

_____ twins share 50% of their genes because they come from two fertilized eggs. A) Identical B) Dizygotic C) Monozygotic D) Van Arsdale

B) Dizygotic

According to the text, what did researchers who performed brain scans on hand amputees find when they stimulated the face and upper arm areas? A) The cortex only showed activation in the face areas. B) There was activation in the area of the cortex previously devoted to the hand. C) There was no cortical activation in response to stimulation. D) There was no activation in the area of the cortex previously devoted to the hand.

B) There was activation in the area of the cortex previously devoted to the hand.

Symptoms of anxiety and depression are associated with electrical activity in the right frontal lobe. This finding MOST likely reflects the use of a technique called: A) positron emission tomography (PET). B) an electroencephalogram (EEG). C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

B) an electroencephalogram (EEG).

The _____ nervous system processes and coordinates sensory input from the body to send signals from the brain and spinal cord back to the muscles and bones in the body. A) autonomic B) central C) peripheral D) sympathetic

B) central

Lee had a stroke and now cannot recognize the faces of any person he knows. Lee may have suffered damage to an area of the brain called the _____, which is located near the border of the temporal and occipital lobes. A) hippocampus B) fusiform gyrus C) amygdala D) prefrontal cortex

B) fusiform gyrus

Presynaptic neuron is to postsynaptic neuron as: A) synapse is to neurotransmitters. B) message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron. C) receptors are to neurotransmitters. D) electrical communication is to chemical communication.

B) message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.

Runners sprinting short distances in a relay race and handing off a baton is an analogy representing how the neural signal jumps between the _____, or the breaks in the myelin sheath. A) dendrites B) nodes of Ranvier C) synaptic gaps D) terminal buttons

B) nodes of Ranvier

Researchers have NOT found specialized neurons for: A) color. B) numbers. C) shape. D) orientation.

B) numbers.

Janae is digesting her dinner. Her muscles are relaxed and her heart is beating rather slowly. Janae's _____ nervous system is active. A) motor B) parasympathetic C) sensory D) sympathetic

B) parasympathetic

Which response is NOT an effect of sympathetic nervous system activation? A) increased heart rate B) pupil constriction C) inhibited digestion D) increased respiration

B) pupil constriction

Which scenario BEST exemplifies the way a signal is passed down an axon coated with myelin sheath? A) a single jogger running at a slow pace B) runners sprinting short distances in a relay race and handing off a baton C) many horses racing around a track simultaneously D) a drag car rapidly speeding down a drag strip

B) runners sprinting short distances in a relay race and handing off a baton When an electric current passes down the length of a myelinated axon, the charge seems to "jump" from node to node, rather than having to traverse the entire axon.

Janelle holds her hand close to a fire. Her _____ allow her to feel the heat, while her _____ allow her to move her hand away from the fire. A) motor neurons; sensory neurons B) sensory neurons; motor neurons C) Purkinje neurons; interneurons D) interneurons; bipolar neurons

B) sensory neurons; motor neurons

Needles frighten Janice. As she awaits a flu shot, Janice's _____ nervous system is probably going into "overdrive." A) sensory B) sympathetic C) parasympathetic D) somatic

B) sympathetic

Which major area of the brain deals with orienting a person toward or away from pleasurable or threatening stimuli? A) the forebrain B) the midbrain C) the hindbrain D) the hippocampus

B) the midbrain

_____ brain imaging provides information about the basic composition of the brain, while _____ brain imaging provides information about activity going on in the brain. A) Functional; whole B) Functional; structural C) Structural; functional D) Structural; partial

C) Structural; functional

There is a dance event going on with students attending from two different elementary schools. Students from one school are wearing purple shirts and students from the other school are wearing silver shirts. Imagine that the students in the purple represent potassium ions and the students in silver represent sodium ions, while the gymnasium represents the neuron. If their distribution is similar to what occurs during the resting potential for a neuron, which students would be more highly concentrated inside the building? A) They would be equally distributed. B) The students in the silver shirts would be more highly concentrated. C) The students in the purple shirts would be more highly concentrated. D) There would be no students inside the building.

C) The students in the purple shirts would be more highly concentrated. In the resting state, there is a high concentration of positively charged potassium ions (K+), as well as larger, negatively charged protein ions (A-), inside the neuron's cell membrane compared to outside it.

If the neurotransmitter dopamine is released into the synapse, and the receiving dendrites have dopamine and serotonin receptors, the dopamine: A) can bind only to the serotonin receptors. B) cannot bind to dopamine or serotonin receptors. C) can bind only to the dopamine receptors. D) can bind to either type of receptor.

C) can bind only to the dopamine receptors.

Amber steps on a piece of glass. Her sensory neurons allow her to feel the pain from the cut, while her _____ allow her to lift her leg, so the foot can move off the glass. A) mirror neurons B) sensory neurons C) motor neurons D) interneurons

C) motor neurons

Michelle has a very outgoing personality and claims that she inherited this trait from her mother. Michelle's opinion is consistent with the view of behavior that emphasizes: A) environmental factors. B) osmosis. C) nature. D) nurture.

C) nature.

An action potential is a sudden _____ change in the electrical charge of a neuron's ______. A) positive; axon B) positive; dendrites C) negative; axon D) negative; dendrites

C) negative; axon

Byung-hun is a cognitive scientist who formulates complex mathematical models of memory processes. The components of his brain that process information to formulate these models are his: A) nuclei. B) senses. C) neurons. D) glial cells.

C) neurons.

The occipital lobe: A) is responsible for hearing and language. B) processes information about touch. C) processes visual information. D) is specialized for movement, planning, memory, and judgment.

C) processes visual information.

The retina of the eye contains receptors that respond to different wavelengths of light, which allows humans to see different colors. These receptors connect to _____, which then send this signal to the brain. A) mirror neurons B) motor neurons C) sensory neurons D) interneurons

C) sensory neurons

Norah is cooking and accidentally grabs the pan in the wrong spot and burns herself. She can pull her hand away very quickly because of her: A) brain reflexes. B) automatic response. C) spinal reflexes. D) sympathetic response.

C) spinal reflexes.

When Mary wakes up in the morning, she naturally turns toward the sun shining through the window. This behavior is likely guided by an area of her midbrain called the: A) pons. B) medulla. C) tectum. D) amygdala.

C) tectum.

Jacob is studying the prefrontal cortex and wants to determine if there is a causal relationship between damage to this area and personality change. Brain scanning methods only allow him to establish correlational relationships. However, a method called _____ will allow him to turn off areas of the prefrontal cortex, mimicking damage to this area. A) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) B) positron emission tomography (PET) C) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) D) electroencephalography (EEG)

C) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A split-brain patient is shown a picture of a dog on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a tree on the right side of a computer screen. When asked to say what object he saw, he will report _____ and, when asked to use his right hand to draw the object he saw, he will draw a picture of a _____. A) dog; tree B) tree; dog C) tree; tree D) dog; dog

C) tree; tree

Dr. Rodriguez studies brain wave patterns that occur in people who are diagnosed with schizophrenia. To do so, he attaches a device, abbreviated as _____, to the outside of people's skulls to measure electrical activity in the brain during the dreams. A) CT (computerized axial tomography) B) PET (positron emission tomography) C) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) D) EEG (electroencephalograph)

D) EEG (electroencephalograph)

Heidi is explaining the endocrine system to her brother. She states that the _____ are involved in responses to stress. A) ovaries and testes B) potassium gates C) brain's reward circuits D) adrenal glands

D) adrenal glands

Which function is NOT a primary function of the central nervous system? A) processing information received externally B) coordinating different types of information C) receiving sensory information from the world D) carrying information to vessels and glands

D) carrying information to vessels and glands

Jamie went to the doctor because she has been having blurred vision that seems unrelated to the function of her eyes. While at the hospital, they decided they should scan her brain to make sure she has no tumors in the occipital lobe. A couple of nurses take her to a room with an X-ray machine and begin to take images. The nurses are using _____ to examine Jamie's brain. A) an electroencephalograph (EEG) B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C) positron emission tomography (PET) D) computerized axial tomography (CT)

D) computerized axial tomography (CT)

Bryant has a very rare disease in which his neurons transmit signals but some of his neurons have difficulty receiving the messages. The component of his neurons that is MOST likely affected by this disease is the: A) axon. B) soma. C) nucleus. D) dendrite.

D) dendrite.

A police officer was fatally wounded. He was shot in the head and immediately stopped breathing. It is likely the bullet pierced his: A) reticular formation. B) thalamus. C) cerebellum. D) medulla.

D) medulla.

The forebrain is MOST likely involved in: A) turning away from a gory scene in a movie. B) feeling alert after waking from a nap. C) increased respiration while running. D) mentally rotating an object.

D) mentally rotating an object.

Receptors are located on the dendrites of the neuron receiving a signal and allow the binding of: A) terminal buttons. B) vesicles. C) nodes of Ranvier. D) neurotransmitters.

D) neurotransmitters.

Natalie gets nervous when she is home alone and always feels as though she is hearing things in the apartment. Natalie's increased awareness of her immediate environment is likely caused by the neurotransmitter: A) acetylcholine (ACh). B) dopamine. C) glutamate. D) norepinephrine.

D) norepinephrine.

The saclike structures found inside the terminal button containing neurotransmitters are called: A) neurotransmitters. B) synapses. C) receptor sites. D) vesicles.

D) vesicles.

Which method is NOT one of the main ones used for understanding how the brain affects behavior? A) studying electrical activity in the brain during behavior B) testing people with brain damage and observing deficits C) conducting brain scans while people perform various tasks D) watching a person's behavior while they are sleeping

D) watching a person's behavior while they are sleeping

_____ is a relatively recent technology that can visualize white matter pathways, which are fiber bundles that connect both nearby and distant brain regions to one another.

DTI (Diffusion tensor imaging)

Phineas Gage primarily suffered damage to his _____ lobe.

frontal

Areas of the cortex will sometimes take over adjacent areas. The ability of the brain to change is this way is referred to as _____.

plasticity