PSY 201 Chapter 7 practice questions

You eat because you like to. This best illustrates the idea that motivation is due to ____. reward/pleasure centers in the brain unconscious desires to reduce anxiety drive instinct

reward/pleasure centers in the brain

Research on the facial feedback hypothesis has shown that ____. smiles change blood flow to the brain and decrease brain temperature smiles change blood flow to the brain and increase brain temperature frowns change blood flow to the brain and decrease brain temperature frowns, but not smiles, change brain temperature

smiles change blood flow to the brain and decrease brain temperature

Tim just received his driver's license. On his way back from the Department of Motor Vehicles, Tim swerves to avoid a squirrel and smashes into a mailbox. Tim doesn't know how to react until he looks at his dad, who is laughing. Tim starts laughing in response. Tim's behavior is an example of attribution. transferred excitation. social referencing. facial feedback.

social referencing

In both men and women, sexual desire is influenced by ____. estrogens GnRH dopamine testosterone

testosterone

Levi drinks three cups of coffee. Then, as he walks to his first job interview, he feels his heart racing. Levi believes this is due to the caffeine in the coffee and stays relatively calm as he begins the interview. Levi's lack of nervousness can be explained best by __________ theory of emotion. the Schachter-Singer the opponent-process Cannon's central James's peripheral

the Schachter-Singer

Which part of the brain is responsible for evaluating emotional stimuli, both negative and positive, and initiating responses to the perception of these stimuli? the hypothalamus the amgydala the hippocampus the insula

the amgydala

Roberto tells Azzy that he's felt guilty about lying to his parents about a recent speeding ticket. Azzy suggests that Roberto is experiencing that emotion because he has attached a category label (guilt) to his unpleasant feelings. He believes this kind of labeling comes from our cultural training. Azzy's theory seems to be in agreement with __________ of emotion. the conceptual act model James's peripheral theory the social referencing model Cannon's central theory

the conceptual act model

The liver regulates hunger by monitoring the balance of ____. glucose and glycogen ghrelin and glucagon insulin and CCK leptin and glucose

glucose and glycogen

The liver sends signals to the brain to turn hunger on or off depending upon the body's level(s) of ____. CCK insulin and leptin glucose and glycogen leptin

glucose and glycogen

Hunger is described well by drive theories of motivation because hunger ____. helps maintain homeostasis in the body is influenced by learning and cultural factors is a secondary motive is instinctual

helps maintain homeostasis in the body

Ellen is shown a somewhat ambiguous picture of a person in a lab coat studying what looks like a medical chart. Ellen is then asked to tell a story about this person. She says that this person is a new resident in a hospital and is working very long hours, but is happy to have finally reached his goal of becoming a doctor. In this story, Ellen is illustrating ____. high fear of failure high achievement motivation a self-handicapping strategy low achievement motivation

high achievement motivation

The best motivation for superior academic performance is having a ____. reasonable excuse for occasional failure high need for achievement very efficient self-handicapping strategy high fear of failure

high need for achievement

Research exploring brain differences between heterosexual and homosexual individuals has found that these differences may exist in an area called the interstitial nucleus of the ________. amygdala hypothalamus medulla basal ganglia

hypothalamus

Which process best illustrates the effect of development stages on the interaction between instinct and learning? conditioning engulfing facilitating imprinting

imprinting

Which statement is true? Gays and lesbians have the same legal protection under United States law as other minorities. The APA regards homosexuality as a mental disorder. The children of gay and lesbian parents show adjustment and developmental problems. As of 2014, the U.S. federal government affords the same rights to same-sex couples as opposite-sex couples.

??As of 2014, the U.S. federal government affords the same rights to same-sex couples as opposite-sex couples??

Approximately what percentage of young women in the United States develops anorexia nervosa? About 1% About 5% 11 to 20% 5 to 10%

About 1%

Which of the following best illustrates a behavior that is motivated by physiological factors? Fulfilling a request made by your employer in the hope that she will return the favor Adding and removing clothes so as to maintain a comfortable body temperature Donating clothes, canned goods, and money to charitable organizations because you have plenty Turning down an offer from an extremely prestigious university because your parents attended State University

Adding and removing clothes so as to maintain a comfortable body temperature

Which specialty examines the relationship of emotion and how the brain produces or contributes to emotion? Mood dynamics Affective physiology Bioaffective psychology Affective neuroscience

Affective neuroscience

What is an instinct? An internal state that prompts stimulation-seeking behavior A factor that activates, directs, and sustains goal-directed behavior A drive that is acquired through experience An innate pattern of responding that is species-specific

An innate pattern of responding that is species-specific

Grandma got run over by an SUV. Afterward, she could no longer receive signals from her sympathetic nervous system about physiological arousal. Her doctor tells her that she can still experience emotions because emotion occurs solely in the brain. Grandma's doctor supports which theory of emotion? Cannon's central theory Maslow's theory James's peripheral theory Schachter-Singer theory

Cannon's central theory

The main difference between James's peripheral theory and Cannon's central theory of emotion is that the transfer of excitation can be adequately explained only by the Cannon central theory. Cannon's central theory says that the brain directly creates the experience of emotion. in James's peripheral theory cognitive appraisal of what caused your responses is especially important. in James's peripheral theory the thalamus plays a decisive role.

Cannon's central theory says that the brain directly creates the experience of emotion.

Myron is a manager. He has noticed that the majority of his employees seem unhappy and unmotivated in their jobs. What would be an effective way for Myron to improve the job satisfaction of his employees? Take a more active role in telling his employees how to solve problems Encourage workers to set their own work goals Create the goal of "increased production" for all employees and send it to them in an e-mail Increase the amount of supervision given to employees

Encourage workers to set their own work goals

Shortly after finishing his fifteen-mile run, Georgio sees a handsome man waiting at the bus stop. Georgio feels attracted to this man and introduces himself. They agree to meet later for lunch. During lunch, however, Georgio decides that the man is not nearly as attractive or interesting as he originally thought. What was most likely occurring when Georgio first met the "handsome" stranger? Facial feedback Excitation transfer Social referencing Pyramidal attraction

Excitation transfer

Which of the following is true about Abraham Maslow? He conducted most of his research on rats and pigeons. He developed a theory of personality based on his experience as a therapist. He was primarily interested in human motivation. He observed that exceptional people generally lacked a sense of humor but had many friends.

He was primarily interested in human motivation.

When we are motivated, we typically show three characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of these three characteristics? Different intensities of feelings regarding reaching a specific goal Increased arousal after reaching a specific goal The direction to reach a specific goal The energy to perform a task

Increased arousal after reaching a specific goal

After voluntarily forming his face into a smile for thirty minutes, Graeme actually starts to feel the emotion of happiness. This phenomenon is most consistent with __________ theory of emotion. James's peripheral the Clarke-Stewart the Schachter-Singer Cannon's central

James's peripheral

Regarding Maslow's theory of motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE? Maslow's theory has been criticized for focusing too much on psychosocial needs and not enough on biological needs. One criticism of Maslow's model is that the same behavior may reflect multiple needs. Maslow's model has intuitive appeal. Maslow believed that we all have the ability to follow our own paths toward achieving self-actualization.

Maslow's theory has been criticized for focusing too much on psychosocial needs and not enough on biological needs.

You are giving a presentation to your sales department about Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, when someone asks you if there is much scientific support for this theory. What is the best response to this question? No, this theory has not been tested yet by researchers. Maybe; there is limited scientific support for this theory. Yes, the majority of studies support this theory. No, study has ever shown support for this theory.

No, study has ever shown support for this theory.

Which of the following best illustrates the component of emotion referred to as overt behavior? An increased body temperature Raising one's fist in victory A feeling of happiness An increased heart rate

Raising one's fist in victory

At what point does Clarice experience an emotion? When she wakes up in a daze When she starts her laundry When she remembers that she has to do laundry When she encounters the spider

When she encounters the spider

Which substance tends to be associated with feeling hungry when it is at a high level in our body? ghrelin leptin CCK glucose

ghrelin

Even though Randa recently went through a divorce and her daughter moved across the country, she still feels relatively positive about her life and continues to maintain strong social ties. She knows that these hard times will fade and changes her expectations accordingly. Randa seems to have a high need for achievement. learned by using social referencing. achieved well-being. reached her optimal level of arousal.

achieved well-being.

The binge-purge cycling of bulimia involves processes similar to those of ____. the circadian cycle addiction a panic attack a hypoglycemic reaction

addiction

Abraham Maslow believed that after satisfying our esteem and cognitive needs, we can begin to work on our ____ needs. safety security belonging aesthetic

aesthetic

Shelly has been on a self-inflicted starvation diet for eight months and, as a result, weighs only 82 pounds. However, she still believes that she can stand to lose a couple of more pounds. It is likely that Shelly is suffering from ____. a hormonal imbalance depression anorexia nervosa bulimia

anorexia nervosa

According to the cognitive-mediational model of emotion, ____ is (are) the most important part of emotion. environmental cues physiological arousal motivational state appraisal

appraisal

According to current research, if you were to make and hold the facial expression associated with surprise for several seconds, your body would ____. not undergo any change in physiological arousal at all begin to produce arousal that would be different from the arousal experienced in response to a frown, but not different from the arousal experienced in response to a smile begin to produce arousal that would be unique to that emotion begin to produce arousal that would be identical to arousal produced in response to other types of facial expressions and their accompanying emotions

begin to produce arousal that would be unique to that emotion

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that ____. rewards and punishment are the keys to achieving personal satisfaction and happiness regardless of the status of basic needs, the needs for sex and aggression must be fulfilled first unless self-actualization has occurred, basic needs are meaningless biological needs must be satisfied before personal and social needs

biological needs must be satisfied before personal and social needs

The fact that homeostasis regulates hunger has led psychologists to conclude that the ____. stomach must be the ultimate source of all hunger weight of most people will fluctuate dramatically across their lifetime body is more likely to guard against obesity than starvation body naturally attempts to maintain a set point of weight

body naturally attempts to maintain a set point of weight

Research has shown that hunger is most likely regulated by ____. both the quality and the quantity of food we eat the quality of the food we eat only the quantity of the food we eat only neither the quality, nor the quantity of the food we eat

both the quality and the quantity of food we eat

In October, Emil decides to carve a pumpkin to look as scary as possible. In order for people from many different cultures to recognize his pumpkin as threatening, Emil should use circular elements. a witch hat. diagonal and triangular elements. a furrowed brow.

diagonal and triangular elements.

Beliefs, expectations, and goals are important concepts in which of the following theories of motivation? instinct theory self-actualization drive-reduction theory cognitive theory

cognitive theory

After a night of eating a gallon of ice cream and potato chips, Raven takes laxatives to purge the ingested food from her body. Raven, like many others who suffer from bulimia nervosa, is likely to feel what after purging? relief depression elation sense of control

depression

People who have had their stomachs removed ____. cannot eat high calorie foods still become hungry cannot eat low calorie foods do not become hungry

do not become hungry

The instinct theory of human motivation was replaced by the ____. drive theory incentive theory hierarchy of needs theory arousal theory

drive theory

In the United States, it is customary that men shake hands when greeting other male friends. However, in the Middle East, it is customary that men will greet each other with a kiss on the cheek. These differences in displaying emotions demonstrates the existence of the facial feedback hypothesis. transferred excitation. emotion culture. social comparison.

emotion culture.

One advantage of Maslow's hierarchy is that it ____. explains differences among people is universally accepted establishes a priority for taking care of various needs has a strong empirical database to support it

establishes a priority for taking care of various needs

The correct successive phases of human sexual responses are ____. excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution excitement, orgasm, resolution, and plateau plateau, excitement, orgasm, and resolution plateau, orgasm, plateau, and resolution

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Research on the role of estrogen on women's sexual desire shows that as estrogen levels drop, women ____. have a decrease in sexual responsiveness may or may not have a loss of sexual desire have an increase in sexual desires experience a loss of sexual desire

experience a loss of sexual desire

Juan is a CEO of Hoola-Hoops, Inc. He sees his employees as lazy, untrustworthy creatures with no interest in their work. Thus, he offers a highly structured, heavily supervised work environment. Juan assumes that his employees are primarily motivated by __________ rewards. primary personal extrinsic intrinsic

extrinsic

Carl works hard to get As on his report card because his mother rewards him with 25 dollars for each A. Carl's behavior is being influenced by ____. fixed action patterns a hierarchy of needs drive-reduction theory extrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

The sexual motivation of animals is almost totally regulated by ____. the hypothalamus the four stages of sexual response genetic and biological factors social-cultural factors

genetic and biological factors

Fernandez owns a business that employs several hundred people. He would like to increase both the satisfaction and the productivity of his employees. According to research, the least effective way for Fernandez to accomplish this would be to encourage employees to participate in decisions about how their work should be done. recognize employees publicly for good performance. increase employees' pay and benefits. give employees problems to solve without being told how to solve them.

increase employees' pay and benefits.

Early in the 20th century, most psychologists believed that motivation was explained by ____. environmental incentives beliefs and expectations will power instincts

instincts

Carla works hard to get As on her report card because it is personally rewarding. Her behavior is being influenced by ____. extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation drive-reduction theory fixed action patterns

intrinsic motivation

Chris sings in a volunteer community chorus because he enjoys the feeling he gets when he masters a complicated piece of music. His behavior reflects ____. extrinsic motivation overjustification intrinsic motivation self-handicapping strategy

intrinsic motivation

Cross-cultural research on facial expressions has shown that ____. just as slightly different dialects occur within the same language, so slightly different facial expressions occur for the same emotions across different cultures anger and fear are expressed in very similar ways across cultures, but that happiness is expressed somewhat differently from culture to culture even though there are slight variations in the facial expression of emotions across cultures, judges make virtually no errors in their judgments of emotion from the facial expressions of others people of all cultures use the same muscles in the same ways when expressing different emotions

just as slightly different dialects occur within the same language, so slightly different facial expressions occur for the same emotions across different cultures

According to set point theory, when people lose weight, ____. metabolic rate is decreased metabolic rate is increased food intake is decreased stores of fat are released

metabolic rate is decreased

Frankie, a good basketball player, is extremely competitive and has high achievement motivation. In a psychology experiment, he was asked to throw a ball from anywhere on the court and try to make a basket. Frankie would probably shoot the ball from a __________ distance from the basket. short long moderate very short

moderate

A psychological or physiological factor that causes humans to act in a specific way at a particular time is called ____. drive instinct energy motivation

motivation

________ is the process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal. Stimulation Motivation Emotion Sensation

motivation

The motivation to set challenging goals and persist in meeting those goals, despite obstacles or setbacks is the definition of ____. attribution need for achievement self-handicapping self-determination

need for achievement

If you are hungry, your body's awareness of that motivation was made possible through a(n) ____ loop. one-way centrifugal endless negative feedback

negative feedback

Contrary to Maslow's beliefs about motivation, ____. most motives occur along with other motives and not in isolation to each other emotions seem to be separate and distinct from motives there appears to be only three different types of motives people often seek to fulfill "higher" needs while depriving themselves of "lower" needs

people often seek to fulfill "higher" needs while depriving themselves of "lower" needs

The mere exposure effect is the phenomenon of ____. emotions being easily determined by the expressions on one's face emotions being triggered by the slightest change in stimulus preferring the things that we have been exposed to with the greatest frequency one's motives being understood by the emotions exhibited

preferring the things that we have been exposed to with the greatest frequency

Research on mice who were bred to be genetically fat showed that when they were injected with leptin, ____. they could no longer absorb glucose into their cells they lost weight their set point increased their hunger could not be satisfied

they lost weight

The goal of hunger is ____. to maintain homeostasis based on a positive feedback loop to motivate us to pay attention a secondary motive

to maintain homeostasis

"I don't know why I did that!" Of the following concepts, which one best relates to this statement? self-efficacy unconscious motivation real self conscious thoughts

unconscious motivation

It is believed that Troy has a high set point. Dieting will be difficult for him because ____. Troy is particularly susceptible to learned cues to eating Troy will experience hunger more often than someone with a low set point hypothalamus dysfunction prevents Troy from feeling full when Troy diets, his metabolic rate may slow down

when Troy diets, his metabolic rate may slow down

In the classic study conducted by Schachter and Singer supporting their two-factor model of emotion, participants ____. whose spinal cord had been damaged were unable to experience certain emotions who had previously learned about the dangers of sharks were more fearful when they encountered a shark while swimming in the ocean who were injected with epinephrine, but who were told it would produce no symptoms, tended to take on the emotion of the person they were around who were involved in a dramatic accident tended to feel afraid even before they began to show physiological arousal

who were injected with epinephrine, but who were told it would produce no symptoms, tended to take on the emotion of the person they were around