PSY 2012- Chapter 12

oxytocin

(neurotransmitter) a bonding hormone, babies nibbling on their mother's breasts, mother releases oxytocin

norepinephrine

(neurotransmitter) associated with eating and alertness hint: "an alert person wouldn't eat a pinecone nor pineapple rine" //epinephrine::: (neurotransmitter) involved in energy and glucose metabolism

dopamine

(neurotransmitter) correlated with movement, attention and learning

GABA

(neurotransmitter) inhibits(prevents) excitation and anxiety

endorphins

(neurotransmitter) involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure and contentedness, causes pleasure

acetylcholine

(neurotransmitter) involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, sleep

serotonin

(neurotransmitter) plays a role in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and aggressive behavior

altruism

a natural tendency to help others, most individuals will act this way when situation warns us, not usually when in a group

Jim Jones

a pastor who beban by being very caring, supporting, loving and nurturing. then began to brainwash his subjects

bystander effect

a phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decrease as the number of people present increases;

social facilitation

a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a persons performance

groupthink

a process by which individuals lose their identies and align with a group resulting in potentially dangerous results

frustration-aggression hypothesis

a proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior

deindividualization

a psychological state occurring in group members that results in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone

fundamental attribution error

a tendency to over attribute the behavior of others to internal factors, such as personality traits

culture and aggression

aggressive behavior is much more common in individualist than in collectivist cultures.

aggression

an act that is tended to cause harm to another person

culture and attribution

attributional errors can distort peoples views

pro-social behavior

behavior that benefits people around you such as community service

attitude change (persuasion)

changing attitudes usually requires more active efforts, mainly in the form of persuasive messages

obedience

changing behavior in response to a demand from authority figure

conformity

changing ones behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagined, though unspoken, group pressure

internal attributions (dispositional)

characteristics of the person. If you though your classmates failure to return your notes was due to lack of consideration or laziness.

external attributions (situational)

characteristics of the situation. if you thought your classmate's failure to return your paper was due to time pressure or a family crisis.

neural pathway

dendrites- recieve information, SOMA- processes the information, axon- sends the information(to the dendrites)

proximity

emotional closeness, not always meaning physically close

commitment

empty love?

social loafing

exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone.

Asch experiment

focuses on the power and strength of conformity, 5 pick wrong answer, subject then answers and usually agrees with wrong answer

coercion

force done by control, ex: cop says "if you don't get out of the car now, you're going to jail

real group

formed intentionally, has a common function and everybody is there willingly and voluntarily, tends to be stronger b/c was an intention to form

global attributions

idea that the negative events occur all the time. EX: you think you're bad looking all the time.

behaving predictively

if we anticipate behavior, we can control it to prevent chaos

passion

infatuation, happens fast, does not always last long, based on attraction

3 Key Components of Love

intimacy, passon commitment

social cognition

mental processes associated with peoples perception of and reactions to other people

attitude development (formation)

mostly from learned behavior that has been modelled by parents or other people around them

specific attributions

negative events are attributed to a specific time or circumstance. you think you're only bad looking when you wake up in the morning.

intimacy

not physical intimacy, togetherness/closeness

neurotransmitters

our brain's chemicals, a Neuron is a specialized nerve cell that recieves, processes and transmits information to other cells in the body

implicit theories

people tend to form these theories about why people (including themselves) behave as they do and about what behavior to expect in the future.

social categories

rather than remembering every detail about everyone we have ever encountered, we tend to put people into categories, such as 'doctor', 'senior citizen', 'republican', 'student', 'italian', ect.

three types of groups

real- ex: meeting with friends to study, imagined- ex: waiting in doctors office, implied- ex: Hudson river plane crash, passengers forced to work together to survive

reciprocity of liking

repeating what the other partner does back, get/give fairly, it keeps relationships going

imagined group

same place for the same function, did not plan to form a group, just happened to be there at same time for same purpose implied group::: created spontaneously due to the circumstances you're in, the situation is what motivates you to form the group social influence::: directly or indirectly influencing behavior, feelings or thoughts through interactions with others

cognitive dissonance

says that people want their thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to be consistent with one another and with their behavior. when people experience inconsistency, or dissonance, they become anxious and are motivated to make them more consistent.

environmental influences on aggression

stressful environments, high temperatures, and crowded living spaces all attribute to aggressive behavior

attitudes (and 3 components)

tendency to think, feel, or act positively or negatively toward objects in our environment. 3 types are cognitive, affective, and behavioral.

stereotype

the perceptions, beliefs, and expectations a person has about members of a group. schemas about an entire group of people.

attribution

the process of explaining the causes of peoples behavior, including our own.

sociology

the study of how a group(cultures) functions

social psychology

the study of how individuals behave when they are in groups; observation: individuals behave very differently and predictable when in groups

action potential

two neurons when communicating at the same time will communicate both electrically(produces action potential) and chemically(lock/key: neuron communication)

attraction

two people producing a mutual affiliation

unstable attributions

you failed but you failed because of a one time event such as you were sick or didn't have enough time to study

stable attributions

you took a test and you didn't do well because you're not good at test taking. a stable reason