PSY 2012- Chapter 12
oxytocin
(neurotransmitter) a bonding hormone, babies nibbling on their mother's breasts, mother releases oxytocin
norepinephrine
(neurotransmitter) associated with eating and alertness hint: "an alert person wouldn't eat a pinecone nor pineapple rine" //epinephrine::: (neurotransmitter) involved in energy and glucose metabolism
dopamine
(neurotransmitter) correlated with movement, attention and learning
GABA
(neurotransmitter) inhibits(prevents) excitation and anxiety
endorphins
(neurotransmitter) involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure and contentedness, causes pleasure
acetylcholine
(neurotransmitter) involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, sleep
serotonin
(neurotransmitter) plays a role in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and aggressive behavior
altruism
a natural tendency to help others, most individuals will act this way when situation warns us, not usually when in a group
Jim Jones
a pastor who beban by being very caring, supporting, loving and nurturing. then began to brainwash his subjects
bystander effect
a phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decrease as the number of people present increases;
social facilitation
a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a persons performance
groupthink
a process by which individuals lose their identies and align with a group resulting in potentially dangerous results
frustration-aggression hypothesis
a proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior
deindividualization
a psychological state occurring in group members that results in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone
fundamental attribution error
a tendency to over attribute the behavior of others to internal factors, such as personality traits
culture and aggression
aggressive behavior is much more common in individualist than in collectivist cultures.
aggression
an act that is tended to cause harm to another person
culture and attribution
attributional errors can distort peoples views
pro-social behavior
behavior that benefits people around you such as community service
attitude change (persuasion)
changing attitudes usually requires more active efforts, mainly in the form of persuasive messages
obedience
changing behavior in response to a demand from authority figure
conformity
changing ones behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagined, though unspoken, group pressure
internal attributions (dispositional)
characteristics of the person. If you though your classmates failure to return your notes was due to lack of consideration or laziness.
external attributions (situational)
characteristics of the situation. if you thought your classmate's failure to return your paper was due to time pressure or a family crisis.
neural pathway
dendrites- recieve information, SOMA- processes the information, axon- sends the information(to the dendrites)
proximity
emotional closeness, not always meaning physically close
commitment
empty love?
social loafing
exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone.
Asch experiment
focuses on the power and strength of conformity, 5 pick wrong answer, subject then answers and usually agrees with wrong answer
coercion
force done by control, ex: cop says "if you don't get out of the car now, you're going to jail
real group
formed intentionally, has a common function and everybody is there willingly and voluntarily, tends to be stronger b/c was an intention to form
global attributions
idea that the negative events occur all the time. EX: you think you're bad looking all the time.
behaving predictively
if we anticipate behavior, we can control it to prevent chaos
passion
infatuation, happens fast, does not always last long, based on attraction
3 Key Components of Love
intimacy, passon commitment
social cognition
mental processes associated with peoples perception of and reactions to other people
attitude development (formation)
mostly from learned behavior that has been modelled by parents or other people around them
specific attributions
negative events are attributed to a specific time or circumstance. you think you're only bad looking when you wake up in the morning.
intimacy
not physical intimacy, togetherness/closeness
neurotransmitters
our brain's chemicals, a Neuron is a specialized nerve cell that recieves, processes and transmits information to other cells in the body
implicit theories
people tend to form these theories about why people (including themselves) behave as they do and about what behavior to expect in the future.
social categories
rather than remembering every detail about everyone we have ever encountered, we tend to put people into categories, such as 'doctor', 'senior citizen', 'republican', 'student', 'italian', ect.
three types of groups
real- ex: meeting with friends to study, imagined- ex: waiting in doctors office, implied- ex: Hudson river plane crash, passengers forced to work together to survive
reciprocity of liking
repeating what the other partner does back, get/give fairly, it keeps relationships going
imagined group
same place for the same function, did not plan to form a group, just happened to be there at same time for same purpose implied group::: created spontaneously due to the circumstances you're in, the situation is what motivates you to form the group social influence::: directly or indirectly influencing behavior, feelings or thoughts through interactions with others
cognitive dissonance
says that people want their thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to be consistent with one another and with their behavior. when people experience inconsistency, or dissonance, they become anxious and are motivated to make them more consistent.
environmental influences on aggression
stressful environments, high temperatures, and crowded living spaces all attribute to aggressive behavior
attitudes (and 3 components)
tendency to think, feel, or act positively or negatively toward objects in our environment. 3 types are cognitive, affective, and behavioral.
stereotype
the perceptions, beliefs, and expectations a person has about members of a group. schemas about an entire group of people.
attribution
the process of explaining the causes of peoples behavior, including our own.
sociology
the study of how a group(cultures) functions
social psychology
the study of how individuals behave when they are in groups; observation: individuals behave very differently and predictable when in groups
action potential
two neurons when communicating at the same time will communicate both electrically(produces action potential) and chemically(lock/key: neuron communication)
attraction
two people producing a mutual affiliation
unstable attributions
you failed but you failed because of a one time event such as you were sick or didn't have enough time to study
stable attributions
you took a test and you didn't do well because you're not good at test taking. a stable reason